碘的安全摄入量范围研究进展

动物实验表明,短期或长期高碘摄入会对机体产生一定的毒性,包括发育毒性、遗传毒性和致畸性等。目前世界各国家及组织对于碘的推荐摄入量（reference nutrition intake,RNI）和可耐受最高摄入量（tolerable upper intake level,UL）的制定一般是基于一些的人体实验研究和人群调查,但由于地理环境及人种差异等原因,所得数据并不统一。由于参照的研究数据不同,各国对不同人群设定的碘安全摄入量参照标准也不尽相同。鉴于此,分析了国际上主要的国家及国际组织制订标准的过程与依据,概述了我国相关标准的制订过程与依据以及El前的研究进展,明确了进一步探讨和研究更适合我国人群的碘的安全摄入量是当前和今后的工作重点之一,也是食盐加碘计划（universal salt iodization,USI）科学实施的重要保障。     

糖尿病患者维生素D的膳食摄入状况调查

目的：了解我国糖尿病患者群体维生素D的膳食摄入状况,为维生素D缺乏的防治提供依据。方法：收集2014年8月—2014年11月的糖尿病住院患者和门诊患者,收集患者年龄、性别、身高、体重、伴有基础疾病等基本资料,按年龄分成人组（26~64周岁）和老年人组（＞65周岁）。采用24h膳食回顾法调查就诊前一天的膳食情况,参考美国农业部发布的食物成分表,计算出膳食总能量和维生素D的摄入量。同时采用简化食物频率法调查过去1个月内患者高维生素D食物的进食频率,同时调查含维生素D膳食补充剂或功能性食品的摄入。结果：糖尿病患者机体维生素D的缺乏普遍存在,且更加严重,成人组和老年人组血清维生素D水平分别为409±114、362±155nmol/L。由于营养治疗限制了富维生素D食物的应用,糖尿病患者维生素D的总摄入（2717±913、3326±1113U）明显低于同龄正常人每日推荐量（400、600U）,这对糖尿病维生素D缺乏的防治提出了挑战。结论：糖尿病患者维生素D摄入明显不足,体内维生素D普遍缺乏,为防治维生素D缺乏,除户外活动动外可能需要膳食补充剂或强化食品额外补充。     

妊娠中晚期孕妇膳食营养及体内叶酸、维生素D等水平与妊高症的关系

目的：了解孕妇在妊娠中晚期的膳食营养状况,分析叶酸、维生素D等水平与妊高症的关系。方法：选取山东大学齐鲁医院青岛市院区2017年8月-2019年8月收治的妊娠期高血压疾病（PIH,简称妊高症）患者106例作为观察组,根据妊高症分型分为三个亚组：妊娠期高血压组（38例）、轻度子痫前期（36例）、重度子痫前期（32例）,选取同期在我院住院的正常孕妇126例为对照组。采用24h回忆法统计孕妇膳食状况,观察和比较两组患者血清叶酸、同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）、维生素D、血清钙、体重指数（BMI）等指标,分析影响PIH的相关因素。结果：孕妇不同膳食结构中,谷类、乳类、蔬菜类、鱼虾类、水果类摄入量均不足,豆类和油脂类摄入量适宜,畜禽肉类和蛋类摄入过量;对照组患者血清中叶酸、维生素D以及血清钙水平明显高于观察组中各亚组患者,随着妊娠高血压程度的不断加重,观察组中各亚组血清中叶酸、维生素D以及血清钙水平呈明显降低趋势,各组间比较差异具有统计学意义（P<0.01）;重度子痫前期组患者血清Hcy水平最高,正常对照组血清Hcy水平最低,各组间比较具有明显差异（P<0.01）;对影响PIH的单因素分析中,两组患者在年龄、BMI、血清叶酸、维生素D、血清Hcy和血清钙水平等方面比较具有统计学意义（P<0.05或P<0.01）。Logistic回归分析显示,孕期BMI、血清Hcy为PIH的独立危险因素,叶酸、维生素D、血清钙为PIH的保护因素。结论：孕妇在妊娠中晚期的膳食营养结构不均衡,谷类、乳类、蔬菜类、鱼虾类、水果类摄入量均不足,畜禽肉类和蛋类摄入过量,营养结构有待改善。PIH的发生与维生素D、叶酸和血清钙水平密切相关,BMI、Hcy是影响PIH发生的独立危险因素,叶酸、维生素D和血清钙是PIH的保护因素。孕妇在妊娠期间补充叶酸、维生素D、血清钙和控制能量过度摄入,对预防和降低PIH的发生具有重要的临床意义。     

北京某高校大学生膳食调查与评价

目的：了解高校大学生的膳食营养情况,为有针对性地开展营养改善工作提供依据。方法：采用连续3d 24h膳食回顾法,调查首都医科大学166名本科生日常膳食摄入情况。分析膳食能量、营养素摄入情况,与《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量》进行比较分析。结果：能量及多种营养素摄入不足,甚至有严重缺乏的情况。男生食物净重、能量、蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、硫胺素、尼克酸、磷和铁的摄入量均明显高于女生,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。各年级比较,食物净重、能量、脂肪、维生素C和钙的摄入量有统计学差异。脂肪（男生27.78%、女生29.05%）、蛋白质（男生17.10%、女生15.66%）提供能量比例偏高,碳水化合物（男生55.12%、女生55.29%）提供能量比例偏低。三餐能量分配基本合理,男女生间差别较小。结论：大学生营养素的摄入不够合理,应提高奶、蛋、瘦肉、蔬菜、水果的摄入量,加强对大学生的营养知识的教育。     

维生素D受体最新研究进展

维生素D受体(vitamin D receptor,VDR)是一种核转录因子,通过与配体特异结合,调控多种基因的表达,从而调节多种生命活动的进行.本文总结了近年来VDR的研究进展,主要包括VDR的作用机制、VDR行使功能所需共激活子及共抑制子、VDR在生长分化、免疫调节和抑制肿瘤等方面的作用及VDR配体类似物在药物开发研究领域的最新进展.     

维生素D与阿尔茨海默病的关系

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer disease,AD)是神经科学领域研究最热点的问题之一,同时也是老年痴呆的最常见类型之一。流行病学研究发现老年人血清中维生素D普遍缺乏,而阿尔茨海默病患者血清中维生素D也普遍缺乏,这可能是老年人患阿尔茨海默病的重要原因之一。老年人皮肤合成维生素D前体的能力下降,活动能力下降导致接受日光照射减少,进而影响血清中维生素D含量。近年的研究表明,维生素D具有保护神经元的潜在功能和调节多种大脑靶组织,如提高神经生长因子水平、神经保护作用、提高其抗氧化酶活性、增加抗氧化及水平、降低自由基含量、减少炎症因子的产生及影响APOE基因多态性等,这些功能与AD的病理生理改变相关。这些研究为AD的发病机制及其早期预防和治疗奠定了基础。     

维生素D介导肿瘤微环境调控的研究进展

肿瘤微环境(tumor microenvironment,TME)与肿瘤发生、转移、耐药等息息相关,研究肿瘤微环境的调控机制能为肿瘤治疗提供新的线索。维生素D作为机体代谢性物质,广泛分布在细胞微环境中,能够参与肿瘤微环境的调控并发挥抑制肿瘤的功能。本文总结了维生素D的代谢以及作用机制,并综述了维生素D在肿瘤微环境中影响肿瘤细胞、肿瘤干细胞、肿瘤相关成纤维细胞等研究进展,为维生素D及其类似物在肿瘤治疗中的基础研究和临床应用研究等方面奠定基础。     

维生素D及其受体在帕金森病中的作用

帕金森病(Parkinson's disease,PD)是一种常见的中枢神经系统退行性疾病,引起帕金森病的发病机制至今尚未明确。帕金森病患者及老年人普遍存在维生素D缺乏,这可能是帕金森病的重要发病机制之一。由于维生素D具有免疫调节,抗氧化,调节神经营养因子,降低神经毒性的功能,能同时针对几种导致神经退行性病变因素发挥作用,特别是老年人纠正维生素D缺乏可能会阻止神经元的损失和PD相关的认知功能下降。因此补充维生素D可能成为治疗PD的方法。近年来研究发现,维生素D受体基因多态性与帕金森病的发病有相关性。该文就维生素D及其受体在帕金森病中可能发生的保护作用及其机制作一综述。     

维生素D缺乏症和老年骨折

很多老年人骨骼脆弱,尤其在北方,老人和小儿久居室内,很少暴露在阳光下,患维生素D(V-D)缺乏症较多,但以症状隐蔽,往往被人们所忽视。该介绍测定人体V-D状况的方法和诊断V-D缺乏的重要性,以引起医学界的重视,增进人民的健康。     

Vitamin D Intakes of Ontario Children

A study to determine approximate intakes of vitamin D and sources contributing this nutrient was conducted among 1000 children, aged one week to 5½ years, in two Ontario Health Units in 1963 and 1964. Over 70% of the children obtained daily intakes above the recommended level, 400 I.U. Supplements provided about 60% of the total intake in children aged 7 months to 66 months who consumed 1000-1800 I.U. or more. In the intake range 1-399 I.U., fortified foods supplied 87% of the vitamin D to this age group. Influences of subsequent Food and Drug Directorate regulations, (a) withdrawing vitamin D from four foods used during the survey and (b) the effect of permissive vitamin D fortification of fluid milk products, were examined theoretically, by age and intake level. Programs directed to planning net intakes of 400 I.U. vitamin D, encouraging the use of fortified milk and discouraging the use of vitamin D supplements are described.     

UVB Exposure of Farm Animals: Study on a Food-Based Strategy to Bridge the Gap between Current Vitamin D Intakes and Dietary Targets

Vitamin D deficiency is a global health problem. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of ultraviolet (UV) B radiation for improving vitamin D₃ content of eggs and meat. In a two-factorial design hens that received diets with 0 (-D₃) or 3,000 IU (+D₃) vitamin D₃/kg were non-exposed (-UVB) or exposed to UVB radiation (+UVB) for 3 h daily over 4 weeks. Data show that UVB radiation was very effective in raising the vitamin D₃ content of egg yolk and meat. Egg yolk from +UVB/−D₃ hens had a higher vitamin D₃ content (17.5±7.2 µg/100 g dry matter (DM)) than those from the –UVB/+D₃ group (5.2±2.4 µg/100 g DM, p<0.01). Vitamin D₃ content in egg yolk of vitamin D₃-supplemented hens could be further increased by UVB radiation (32.4±10.9 µg/100 g DM). The content of 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃ (25(OH)D₃) in the egg yolk also increased in response to UVB, although less pronounced than vitamin D₃. Meat revealed about 4-fold higher vitamin D₃ contents in response to UVB than to dietary vitamin D₃ (p<0.001). In conclusion, exposure of hens to UVB is an efficient approach to provide consumers with vitamin D₃-enriched foods from animal sources.     

Dietary recommendations to meet both endocrine and autocrine needs of Vitamin D

In the most recent revision of the dietary recommendations for Americans and Canadians in 1997, a recommended intake for Vitamin D was set in the absence of an estimation of mean requirements. There are now new data to estimate average requirements; however, there must be consideration of factors affecting need in populations and of total body tissue needs including the prevention and treatment of cancer. A recent study provides dietary dose-response data in the absence of sun exposure, and a mean requirement of 12.5microg (500IU) was found for Caucasian men. A seasonal build up (summer) and waning (winter) of Vitamin D stores implies that the requirement of Vitamin D in complete absence of yearly summertime sun exposure would approach levels of intake that mimic Vitamin D gained from sun exposure. High prevalence of Vitamin D insufficiency and the re-emergence of rickets have been observed worldwide. For many countries without mandatory staple food fortification, Vitamin D intake is often too low to sustain healthy circulating levels of 25 hydroxyvitamin D. Even in some countries that require (mandatory) or allow fortification (optional), Vitamin D intakes are low in some groups due to their unique dietary patterns, such as low milk consumption, vegetarian diet, limited or no use of dietary supplements, or changes away from traditional food consumption. Supplement use can significantly increase Vitamin D intakes across all age and gender groups but the benefit is primarily gained in persons whose intakes are close to adequate. African American men and women have greater prevalence of Vitamin D insufficiency, which may be a factor in their susceptibility to certain cancers. New recommendations for Vitamin D should be made for the otherwise healthy populations in greatest need of dietary Vitamin D due to lack of adequate sun exposure.     

Biological Status and Dietary Intakes of Iron,Zinc and Vitamin A among Women and Preschool Children in Rural Burkina Faso

Background

Food-based approaches such as biofortification are meant to sustainably address micronutrient deficiencies in poor settings. Knowing more about micronutrient intakes and deficiencies is a prerequisite to designing and evaluating interventions.

Objective

The objectives of the study were to assess biological status and dietary intakes of iron, zinc and vitamin A among women and children aged 36–59 months in rural Burkina Faso and to study relationships between intake and status to better inform future food-based interventions.

Design

A cross-sectional survey was carried out in two rural provinces of Burkina Faso on a random cluster sample of 480 mother-child pairs. Dietary data was obtained by 24-hour recalls repeated on a random sub-selection of 37.5% of subjects to allow calculation of nutrient’s probability of adequacy (PA). Biomarkers were measured on a sub-sample of 180 mother-child pairs. Blood samples were analyzed for hemoglobin, serum ferritin, soluble transferrin receptors (sTfR), C-reactive protein, alpha-1-glycoprotein, serum zinc concentration (SZnC) and retinol. For each micronutrient the relationship between biomarker and dietary intake was investigated by multiple linear regression models accounting for inflammatory biomarkers.

Results

Mean PA for iron, zinc and vitamin A was 0.49, 0.87 and 0.21 among women and 0.61, 0.95 and 0.33 among children, respectively. Prevalence of anemia, corrected low serum ferritin and high sTfR was 37.6%, 4.0% and 77.5% among women and 72.1%, 1.5% and 87.6% among children, respectively. Prevalence of low SZnC and corrected low serum retinol was 39.4% and 12.0% among women and 63.7% and 24.8% among children, respectively. There was a tendency for a positive relationship between vitamin A intakes and serum retinol among women (β = 0.0003, P = 0.06). Otherwise, no link was found between micronutrients biomarkers and intakes.

Conclusion

Our study depicted different images of micronutrient deficiencies when based on dietary intakes or biomarkers results, thus highlighting the need for more suitable biomarkers and more precise measures of absorbable micronutrient intakes at the individual level. It thus points to challenges in the design and evaluation of future biofortification or other food-based interventions in rural areas of Burkina Faso.     

Relative Validity of Three Food Frequency Questionnaires for Assessing Dietary Intakes of Guatemalan Schoolchildren

ObjectiveTo determine the relative validity of three food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) compared with results from 24-hour dietary recalls for measuring dietary intakes in Guatemalan schoolchildren.DesignA cross-sectional study of primary caregivers (mothers or grandmothers) of 6–11 year-old children. Caregivers completed one of three constructed FFQs to measure the child’s dietary consumption in the last week: FFQ1 did not incorporate portion sizes; FFQ2 provided portion sizes; and FFQ3 incorporated pictures of median portion sizes. During the same week, each caregiver also completed three 24-hour dietary recalls. Results from the FFQ were compared with corresponding results from the 24-hour dietary recalls.SettingSanta Catarina Pinula, peri-urban Guatemala City.SubjectsCaregivers (n = 145) of 6–11 year-old children: 46 completed FFQ1, 49 completed FFQ2, and 50 completed FFQ3.ResultsThe mean values for all nutrients obtained from the 24-hour dietary recall were lower than for those obtained from the FFQs, excluding folic acid in FFQ3, cholesterol and zinc in FFQ2, and cholesterol, folic acid, magnesium, potassium, sodium, and zinc in FFQ1. Energy-adjusted Pearson correlation coefficients ranged from 0.07 (protein) to 0.54 (cholesterol) for FFQ1 and from 0.05 to 0.74 for FFQ2 and FFQ3. Agreement by both methods (FFQ and 24-hour dietary recalls) of classifying children into the same or adjacent quartiles of energy-adjusted nutrient consumption ranged from 62.0% for cholesterol to 95.9% for vitamin B12 across all three FFQs.ConclusionsOur FFQs had moderate to good relative validity in measuring energy and nutrient intakes for 6–11 year-old Guatemalan children. More evidence is needed to evaluate their reproducibility and applicability in similar populations.