蝰科(Viperidae)蝮亚科(Crotalinae)线粒体12S rRNA基因序列分析及其系统发育

对蝮亚科(蛇岛蝮Gloydius shedaoensis Zhao、黑眉蝮Gloydius saxatilis Emelianov、乌苏里蝮Gloydius ussurriensis Emelianov、竹叶青Trimeresurus stejnegeri Schmidt 和分别来自不同地区的尖吻蝮Deinagkistrodon acutus Guenther、短尾蝮Gloydius brevicaudus Stejneger各两条)6种蛇共8个个体测定、分析了约370bp线粒体12S rRNA基因序列,以游蛇科链蛇属半棱鳞链蛇Dinodon semicarinatus 序列为外群构建分子系统树.分子数据结果支持尖吻蝮形态学的属级分类地位;提示蛇岛蝮位于黑眉蝮的蛇岛亚种分类地位,同时探讨了蛇岛蝮的起源问题;并提示短尾蝮和乌苏里蝮同位于种级分类地位.     

蝰科(Viperidae)蝮亚科(Crotalinae)线粒体12S rRBA基因序列分析及其系统发育

对蝮亚科（蛇岛蝮Ｇｌｏｙｄｉｕｓ ｓｈｅｄａｏｅｎｓｉｓ Ｚｈａｏ、黑眉蝮Ｇｌｏｙｄｉｕｓ ｓａｘａｔｉｌｉｓ Ｅｍｅｌｉａｎｏｖ、乌苏 里蝮Ｇｌｏｙｄｉｕｓ ｕｓｓｕｒｒｉｅｎｓｉｓ　 Ｅｍｅｌｉａｎｏｖ、　竹叶青Ｔｒｉｍｅｒｅｓｕｒｕｓ 　ｓｔｅｊｎｅｇｅｒｉ 　Ｓｃｈｍｉｄｔ和分别来自不 同地区的尖吻蝮Ｄｅｉｎａｇｋｉｓｔｒｏｄｏｎ　ａｃｕｔｕｓ　Ｇｕｅｎｔｈｅｒ、短尾蝮Ｇｌｏｙｄｉｕｓ　ｂｒｅｖｉｃａｕｄｕｓ　Ｓｔｅｊｎｅｇｅｒ各 两条）６种蛇共８个个体测定、分析了约３７０ｂｐ线粒体１２Ｓ ｒＲＮＡ基因序列;以游蛇科链蛇属半 棱鳞链蛇Ｄｉｎｏｄｏｎ ｓｅｍｉｃａｒｉｎａｔｕｓ　序列为外群构建分子系统树。分子数据结果支持尖吻蝮形态 学的属级分类地位;提示蛇岛蝮位于黑眉蝮的蛇岛亚种分类地位,同时探讨了蛇岛蝮的起源 问题;并提示短尾蝮和乌苏里蝮同位于种级分类地位。     

华北地区的短尾蝮分类地位的确定及短尾蝮种下分类的探讨

华北地区的短尾蝮的鼻间鳞形状和斑纹与东北地区短尾蝮Gloydius brevicaudus和日本蝮G. blomhoffii相似,鳞片变化范围也有很大重合.尽管不少学者对此进行过研究,但它们的分类地位尚有争议.作者对中国产蝮亚科Crotalinae亚洲蝮属Gloydius乌苏里蝮G. ussuriensis、东北地区短尾蝮G. brevicaudus、长江中下游地区短尾蝮和华北地区短尾蝮共4个居群12个个体测定了约660 bp线粒体ND4基因序列,并从GenBank下载了日本产日本蝮3个个体的ND4基因序列,以尖吻蝮属Deinagkistrodon的尖吻蝮D. acutus和白头蝰属Azemiops的白头蝰A. feae序列为外群,用最大简约法构建分子系统进化树.结果 显示,亚洲蝮属的岩栖蝮G. saxatilis、中介蝮G. intereidius和高原蝮G. strauchii与日本蝮、乌苏里蝮和短尾蝮聚成姐妹群;乌苏里蝮与日本蝮聚集, 3个地区的短尾蝮聚集,且3个地区的短尾蝮不成单系,支持华北地区的短尾蝮不是日本蝮的结论.作者认为,华北地区的短尾蝮是短尾蝮的一个居群,而不是其亚种;短尾蝮暂不分亚种.     

长江中下游地区的短尾蝮分类地位的确定

长江中下游地区的短尾蝮的鼻间鳞形状与斑纹和短尾蝮（Cloydius brevicaudus）和日本蝮（G．blomhoffii）相似,鳞片变化范围也有很大重合。尽管不少学者对此进行过研究,至于它们的分类地位尚有争议。作者对中国产蝮亚科（Crotalinae）亚洲蝮属（Gloydius）短尾蝮（Gbrevicaudus）、乌苏里蝮（G．ussuriensis）和长江中下游短尾蝮共3个居群9个个体测定了825bp线粒体ND4基因序列,并从GeneBank下载了日本产日本蝮（Gblomhoffii）2个个体的ND4基因序列,以原矛头蝮属（Protobothrops）的菜花原矛头蝮（P．jerdonii）序列为外群,以亚洲蝮属的高原蝮（G．strauchii）序列为姐妹群,用MEGA3．1软件构建最大简约分子系统树。结果显示,长江中下游地区的短尾蝮与东北地区的短尾蝮聚集,而乌苏里蝮与日本蝮聚集,支持长江中下游地区的短尾蝮不是日本蝮的结论。还对其体长和鳞片（背鳞、腹鳞和尾下鳞）数据做了统计学分析,并和东北短尾蝮的数据比较。运用75％法则,两者所有数据的差异系数均小于1．28,认为长江中下游地区的短尾蝮是东北地区短尾蝮的南方居群,而不是其亚种。     

蝰科（Viperidae）蝮亚科（Crotalinae）线粒体12S rRNA基因序列分？…

对蝮亚科（蛇岛蝮Ｇｌｏｙｄｉｕｓ ｓｈｅｄａｏｅｎｓｉｓ Ｚｈａｏ、黑眉蝮Ｇｌｏｙｄｉｕｓ ｓａｘａｔｉｌｉｓ Ｅｍｅｌｉａｎｏｖ、乌苏里蝮（Ｇｌｏｙｄｉｕｓ ｕｓｓｕｒｒｉｅｎｓｉｓ Ｅｍｅｌｉａｎｏｖ、竹叶青Ｔｒｉｍｅｒｓｕｒｕｓ ｓｔｅｊｎｅｇｅｒｉ Ｓｃｈｍｉｄｔ和分别来自不同地区的尖吻蝮Ｄｅｉｎａｇｋｉｓｔｒｏｄｏｎ ａｃｕｔｕｓ Ｇｕｅｎｔｈｅｒ、短尾蝮Ｇｌｏｙｄｉｕｓ ｂｒｅｉｃａｕ     

红斑高山蝮卵胎生繁殖报道

正高原蝮类群隶属于亚洲蝮属Gloydius Hoge and Romano-Hoge,1981,分布海拔较高,数量较少,基础生物学资料较少。我国学者曾对高原蝮G. strauchii、雪山蝮G. monticola、若尔盖蝮G. angusticeps的卵胎生繁殖进行过报道(赵尔宓,2006;杨典成,黄松,2014;张勇等,2020)。本文对高原蝮类群中的红斑高山蝮卵胎生繁殖进行报道,补充其基础生物学资料。     

蝮蛇

蝮蛇属蝰科蝮亚科蝮属蝮蛇种,下分短尾亚种、中介亚种、乌苏里亚种及黑眉亚种蝮蛇在我国分布较广,东北白眉蝮蛇主要含血液毒,神经毒极微。蛇岛黑眉蝮蛇含血液毒外还含少量神经毒。主要分布在长江以南的短尾蝮蛇(亦称江浙蝮蛇)含血液毒及神经毒等混合毒。头部三角形,上颌长有较长的管状毒牙,生活在平原或丘陵地区,以昆虫、蛙、蜥蜴、鸟、鼠等为食。卵胎生、     

中国蝮属蛇类的RAPD分析

用ＲＡＰＤ技术研究了我国５种蝮属蛇类（中介蝮，蛇岛蝮，短尾蝮，高原蝮，乌苏里蝮）的系统发生关系，研究中使用了３３个蝮蛇标本和２个草原蝰标本，用１１个引物对样品分别作ＲＡＰＤ扩增，获得７２个扩增片段。     

中西医结合治疗蝮蛇咬伤中毒症(附3080例报告)

蝮蛇Agkistrodon blomhoffii brevicaudus别名:秃灰蛇、土公蛇、草上飞等各地不一。为一种管牙类毒蛇。隶属于蝰科蝮亚科蝮蛇属。早在三千年前以“虺”(音毁)一名见于《诗经》、《楚辞》之中。蝮蛇短尾亚种分布于我国广大地区,除青藏高原、东北北部、西北地区及两广尚未发现外,其余各地均可见到。为我国剧毒蛇类中分布最广的一种,而且在某些分布区里因数量极多而占优势。故蝮蛇伤病例占我国蛇伤病例总数一半左右。各地区的蝮属蛇类在形态及毒力大小上有差别:分布于西北地区的是中介蝮;东北北部的是蝮蛇乌苏里亚种及黑眉蝮。1980年赵尔宓氏…     

秦岭蝮和六盘山蝮分类地位的初步探究

秦岭蝮（Gloydius qinlingensis）和六盘山蝮（G.liupanensis）的鼻间鳞形状和斑纹与高原蝮（G.strauchii）相似,鳞片变化范围也有很大重合,但它们的分类地位尚有争议.作者对六盘山蝮和秦岭蝮的鳞片（背鳞、腹鳞和尾下鳞）数据做了统计学分析,并和高原蝮的数据比较.运用75%法则,秦岭蝮和高原蝮之间背鳞和尾下鳞多数数据的差异系数大于1.28,而六盘山蝮和高原蝮之间小于1.28.作者初步认为秦岭蝮应该是高原蝮的一个亚种,而六盘山蝮是高原蝮的一个北方居群.     

墨旱莲对4种蝮蛇毒引起的炎症和出血的影响

目的探讨墨旱莲提取液对短尾蝮蛇毒、蛇岛蝮蛇毒、白眉蝮蛇毒及尖吻蝮蛇毒所致的炎症和出血的影响。方法应用短尾蝮蛇毒、蛇岛蝮蛇毒、白眉蝮蛇毒及尖吻蝮蛇毒所致大鼠足跖肿胀的致炎模型,观察墨旱莲提取液对蛇毒所致大鼠足跖肿胀的影响。墨旱莲提取液分别与不同蛇毒混合,给小鼠腹部皮下注射,观察其对蛇毒引起的小鼠皮下出血的影响。结果墨旱莲提取液15g／kg连续2次灌胃给药,对短尾蝮蛇毒、蛇岛蝮蛇毒、白眉蝮蛇毒或尖吻蝮蛇毒所致大鼠足跖肿胀的急性炎症造模和短尾蝮蛇毒棉球肉芽肿的慢性炎症造模(20g／kg)均有明显的抑制作用,对这些蛇毒引起的小鼠皮下出血也能明显抑制。结论墨旱莲提取液对短尾蝮蛇毒、蛇岛蝮蛇毒、白眉蝮蛇毒及尖吻蝮蛇毒引起的炎症和出血均有明显的抑制作用。     

Characterization and cDNA cloning of dipeptidyl peptidase IV from the venom of Gloydius blomhoffi brevicaudus

Dipeptidyl peptidase activity was investigated in snake venoms from Gloydius blomhoffi brevicaudus, Gloydius halys blomhoffii, Trimeresurus flavoviridis and Crotalus atrox. The strongest dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) activity was found in venom from G. blomhoffi brevicaudus. The substrate specificity, susceptibility to inhibitors, and pH optimum of the partially purified enzyme were similar to those of known DPP IVs from bacteria and eukaryotes. The G. blomhoffi brevicaudus venom gland cDNA library was screened to isolate cDNA clones using probes based on amino acid sequences highly conserved in known DPP IVs. Two cDNA species encoding DPP IV were obtained, and designated as DPP IVa and DPP IVb. This is the first study to report the primary structure of DPP IV from a reptile. The deduced amino acid sequences for DPP IVa and DPP IVb both consist of 751amino acid residues and are highly homologous to each other. A putative catalytic triad for serine proteases, Ser-616, Asp-694, and His-726, is present. It is of particular interest that the deduced NH(2)-terminal sequence associated with the characteristic signal peptide is identical to that determined from the purified DPP IV. This indicates that the signal peptide of snake venom DPP IV is not cleaved off during biosynthesis, unlike those of other snake venom proteins.     

蛇岛蝮蛇消化道5-羟色胺细胞的形态与分布

采用ABC(avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex)免疫组织化学方法,观察蛇岛蝮蛇(Gloydius shedaoensis)消化道内5-羟色胺(5-HT)免疫阳性内分泌细胞的分布及形态.结果显示,5-羟色胺细胞从食管到直肠各段均有分布.细胞分布密度呈波浪式,其中胃贲门部分布密度最高(7.15±2.38),直肠部次之(4.55±3.14),食管部最低(1.2±0.71).5-HT阳性细胞广泛分布于消化道上皮细胞之间、上皮基部、腺泡上皮细胞之间以及固有膜内.形态多样,呈圆形、锥体形、梭形等.分析认为蛇岛蝮蛇消化道5-HT细胞具有内、外分泌两种作用途径,并且其密度分布可能与其食性、生存环境有关.     

河北兴隆县雾灵山蝮蛇分类地位的探讨

河北兴隆县的蝮蛇分类问题,以往有国外学者进行过报道.国内文献记载河北省只分布有一种蝮蛇即短尾蝮.2006年实地考察和饲养观察研究发现,雾灵山的蝮蛇不是同一种,而是两种蝮蛇.它们的形态、分布和习性均不同,依照中国动物志爬行纲第三卷鉴定,分别为短尾蝮和中介蝮,从而恢复了河北省中介蝮分布的纪录.     

影响蛇岛蝮蛇树栖分布相关因子的分析

目的了解影响蛇岛蝮蛇树栖分布的7个相关因子,探讨其间的关系。方法2006年10月12~15日,在蛇岛二沟南坡、北坡、西坡,测定不同年龄组蛇岛蝮蛇树栖环境的7个相关因子,进行比较分析。结果三种树栖环境中,老成体、成体、亚成体、幼体对因子的选择基本都有差异;不同年龄组的树栖高度与冠幅负相关不显著,与枝长(成体和亚成体中)负相关不显著,与其它正相关不显著;老成体和成体在林中和林缘,对树栖高度的选择差异显著,亚成体和幼体差异不显著;相同年龄组两两因子间线性关系明显。结论影响蛇岛蝮蛇树栖分布的因子具有一定的规律性。     

A phylogeographic, demographic and historical analysis of the short-tailed pit viper (Gloydius brevicaudus): evidence for early divergence and late expansion during the Pleistocene

The impact of quaternary glaciation in eastern China on local fanua and flora has been a topic of considerable interest. We used mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence data and coalescent simulations to test two general biogeographic hypothesis related to the effects of Pleistocene climatic fluctuations for a widespread ophidian species (Gloydius brevicaudus) in eastern China and Korean Peninsula. The phylogenetic analysis revealed three major lineages, the southeast Coastal, Yangtze and North Lineages. The latter two are closely related and jointly form a continental lineage. Divergence dating and coalescent simulations indicate a Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene divergence between lineages from the southeast coast and continental interior, followed by a mid-to-late Pleistocene divergence between lineages from the north and the middle-lower Yangtze Valley across East China, suggesting that all these lineages predated the last glacial maximum. An overlapping range between the two lineages within the continental lineage and a secondary contact associated with ecological transition zones on the margins of the North China Plain were also observed. These results show that vicariance patterns dominated the history of G. brevicaudus. Though the climatic events of the Pleistocene have had a marked effect on the historical distribution and intra-specific divergence of reptiles in China, coalescent and non-coalescent demographic analyses indicate that all lineages of G. brevicaudus seem not to have been adversely affected by glacial cycles during the Late Pleistocene, presumably because of an increase in the amount of climatically mild habitat in East Asia due to a decline in elevation and the development of monsoons since the Mid-End Pleistocene.     

双向电泳结合质谱初步分析蛇岛蝮蛇毒蛋白质组

采用荧光染料(Cy5)标记中国辽宁蛇岛蝮(Gloydius shedaoensis shedaoensis,GSS)蛇毒(snake venom,SV,GSS-SV)蛋白质,获得了该蛇毒的双向十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(2D SDS-PAGE)图谱,经DeCyder软件分析,分辨出1000多个蛋白点,分子量范围在10～150ku间,等电点在4～7的蛋白质点占78.8%。凝胶后染色(post-staining)采用蛋白荧光染料Deep Purple,选取的5个蛋白点经胶内酶解,产生的肽段经高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱(high performance liquid chromatography/HPLC-electro-spray ionization tandem mass spectrometry/ESI-MS/MS,HPLC-ESI-MS/MS)进行序列测定,质谱数据经Sequest Bioworks软件分析,为蛇毒L-氨基酸氧化酶、金属蛋白酶、类凝血酶、纤溶酶原激活物和磷脂酶A2的同源蛋白。本研究采用的荧光标记2DSDS-PAGE结合HPLC-ESI-MS/MS的技术适于高通量研究蛇毒蛋白组成。     

大林姬鼠两亚种线粒体DNA细胞色素b基因和控制区的序列多样性(英文)

为了研究大林姬鼠两亚种(韩国的指名亚种及中国东北和内蒙古地区的东北亚种)线粒体DNA的变异程度并确定朝鲜亚种的分类地位,我们分别将来自韩国和中国东北长白山地区的两亚种的线粒体DNA的细胞色素b基因和控制区进行了测序分析。我们将测序所得到细胞色素b基因序列与来自基因库的大林姬鼠5个亚种的相应的单倍型进行了分析,结果显示大林姬鼠可分为4个类群[类群1:韩国大林姬鼠指名亚种;类群2:中国长白山和内蒙古地区的东北亚种、俄罗斯外加贝尔的majuculus亚种;类群3:中国长春的东北亚种、俄罗斯Primorye(俄罗斯远东地区)rufulus亚种、俄罗斯库页岛(俄罗斯远东地区)和日本北海道地区的giliacus亚种;类群4:中国黑龙江海林地区的东北亚种]。线粒体的控制区序列分析显示韩国指名亚种也不同于中国东北地区的东北亚种。本研究的类群1,2和3与Serizawaetal.(2002)的研究的K、S和R的分支相对应。这表明韩国指名亚种(类群1和分支K)的线粒体DNA与其他类群不同。另外,我们还发现在细胞色素b基因构建的系统树中,东北亚种可以与类群2(分支S)及类群3(分支R的不同亚种聚合在一起。我们认为线粒体DNA的母性遗传与两个相邻亚种的个体之间的种内杂交造成了基于细胞色素b序列对东北亚种的聚类分析结果与基于形态学特征的分类结果的不一致。因此,我们提出对这些显示出核苷酸序列多样性的东北亚种不能只用细胞色素b的数据进行亚种分类,还应该结合形态学和核DNA特征进行进一步分析。最后,我们还发现韩国的指名亚种的细胞色素b序列在平均距离16.93%的基础上不同于来自基因库的A.speciosus。Jones and Johnson(1965)指出了韩国的大林姬鼠在形态上的区别,所以我们认为韩国的大林姬鼠指名亚种A.p.peninsulae是一种具有形态和遗传特异性的地方亚种。     

Molecular phylogeny and the underestimated species diversity of the endemic white‐bellied rat (Rodentia: Muridae: Niviventer) in Southeast Asia and China

The white‐bellied rat, Niviventer, is a genus endemic to Southeast Asia and China. However, the interspecific phylogenetic relationships and species diversity of this genus remain poorly understood. In the present study, single and multi‐locus analyses were performed. Phylogenetic reconstruction on Cytochrome b (512 individuals, including data from Genbank) revealed five major clades with approximately 35 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), a number twice the existing taxonomy. The first clade (N. langbianis species group) was the earliest diverged. The second clade (N. fulvescens species group) diverged in Southeast Asia, the south and lower altitude regions of the Hengduan Mountains, and Southeast China. The third clade (the N. eha species group) is endemic to high altitudes in Northwest Yunnan and the central region of Himalaya. The fourth clade (the N. andersoni species group), is mainly confined to alpine regions of the Hengduan Mountains. The fifth clade (N. confucianus species group) is mainly distributed in the north and higher altitude regions of eastern Himalaya, the Hengduan Mountains and Taiwan, with the complex also invading central and northern China. Results from the combined dataset of four genes (Cytochrome b, Cytochrome oxidase subunit I, the D‐loop sequence of the mitochondrial genome and the first exon of the nuclear interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein) for 82 representative individuals from China generally coincide with the result of the single gene, with 12 OTUs identified. These results provide a preliminary framework for the existing classification of this highly diversified genus. The divergence time of Niviventer based on the four gene topology was dated to the late Miocene ~6.41 Ma. Significant differences were detected in the general body form changes among these units based on voucher specimens. Moreover, geometric morphometric analysis of the cranium shape of voucher specimens indicated significant differences among five major species groups. Shape divergence of the cranium among several OTUs within the N. confucinaus complex is also significant. Our results provide further evidence for rapid and highly underestimated diversification of Niviventer both in genetics and morphology.