魏氏拟尾柱虫腹皮层纤毛器微管胞器的形态及形态发生

应用荧光紫杉醇直接荧光标记和抗α-微管蛋白抗体免疫荧光标记显示,魏氏拟尾柱虫(Paraurostyla weissei)腹面皮层纤毛器微管胞器由口围带、波动膜、额腹横棘毛和左右缘棘毛等纤毛器微管、纤毛器基部附属微管等组成。其中口围带基部微管包括小膜托架、小膜附属微管;额腹横棘毛和左右缘棘毛基部附属微管包括前纵微管束、后纵微管束和横微管束,它们由各自的纤毛器基部向皮层细胞质不同方向发射,形成腹皮层表面下微管网。结果表明,魏氏拟尾柱虫的纤毛器骨架、纤毛器附属结构也是一类以微管蛋白为基本成分的微管胞器,其中缘棘毛基部附属微管具有不同于其他纤毛虫(例如棘尾虫)中所观察到的同种微管胞器的建构特征。形态发生中,前仔虫口围带在老结构位置形成,其结构建成与部分老口围带的更新有关;老缘棘毛的结构物质对新的左、右缘棘毛的发生可能具有定位作用及物质贡献,但此后新的左、右缘棘毛列分别在老缘棘毛的右侧形成,而并非是在老缘棘毛位置分化的。在有些细胞中,新的左缘棘毛左侧另有一列棘毛,这可能是形态发生中老的左缘棘毛退化不完全产生的。     

腹毛目纤毛虫鬃棘尾虫纤毛器基部微管的荧光标记

腹毛目纤毛虫鬃棘尾虫的纤毛器微管骨架由口围带、波动膜、额腹横尾棘毛、左右缘棘毛和背触毛等纤毛器微管和纤毛器基部附属微管等组成,其中口围带基部含小膜托架、小膜后微管、小膜托架微管及小膜托架间的倒"V"形微管连接;波动膜基部形成微管骨架网;额腹横棘毛和左、右缘棘毛基部含前纵微管束、后纵微管束和横微管束,但不同位置的棘毛基部微管发达程度不一样;背触毛基部以纤毛基体为中心向前、后皮层发出前纵微管和后纵微管,形成背皮层微管网.     

华美游仆虫细胞微管胞器的直接荧光和免疫荧光标记

应用直接荧光和免疫荧光标记显示,腹毛目纤毛虫华美游仆虫(Euplotes elegans)细胞微管胞器由口围带、波动膜、额腹横棘毛、缘棘毛、尾棘毛、背触毛等纤毛器微管以及纤毛器基部附属微管和非纤毛区皮层微管骨架组成.其中,口围带基部含有小膜托架、小膜附属微管,波动膜基部含有波动膜托架,额腹横棘毛基部含有前纵微管束、后纵微管束、横微管束或放射微管柬,左缘棘毛和尾棘毛基部微管束分化不明显,背纤毛基部含有攻瑰花状的基体周围骨架,这些微管结构与细胞背腹面皮层纵微管与横微管网一起组织成该类纤毛虫的主要皮层细胞骨架.结果表明,游仆虫皮层细胞骨架是以微管为主要成分构建而成的,并且其棘毛基部微管的组成具有与其他类纤毛虫不同的特征;游仆虫间期细胞及形态发生时期纤毛基体或纤毛原基中存在中心蛋白,其可能与纤毛基体结构的维持及基体发生过程中微管的组装有关.     

冠突伪尾柱虫的腹皮层纤毛器微管胞器及其形态发生

应用荧光紫杉醇直接荧光标记和抗α-微管蛋白抗体免疫荧光标记方法,显示冠突伪尾柱虫腹皮层纤毛器微管胞器由口围带、波动膜、额腹横棘毛和左右缘棘毛等纤毛器微管、纤毛器基部附属微管等组成。口围带基部含小膜托架及与托架相联系的肋壁微管,其中领部小膜托架间由"∧"形微管相联接;额腹横棘毛基部含前纵微管束、后纵微管束、横微管束和周围微管束,其微管在不同棘毛基部的发达程度不一,其中两列中腹棘毛基部微管紧密联系成一条粗绳索样结构,且左、右中腹棘毛基部的横微管束定向相反;左、右缘棘毛基部含前纵微管束、后纵微管束和横微管束,其中横微管束不发达。与目前已知的腹毛目纤毛虫例如贻贝棘尾虫、魏氏拟尾柱虫的纤毛器基部微管相比较,冠突伪尾柱虫腹皮层纤毛器基部微管除具有腹毛目纤毛虫纤毛器基部微管的基本特征外,也具有一些特殊的组成模式。皮层纤毛器微管形态发生中,前仔虫口围带并非全部是由老口围带更新而来的,其老口围带只有翻领部发生更新,且翻领部与领部接续处有一小段老的翻领部小膜保留,领部的小膜保留,结果其领部小膜、接续处保留的小膜与更新的翻领部小膜三部分共同组成前仔虫的新口围带。在后仔虫口原基发生的位置,其邻近的老横棘毛没有变化,此时老的横棘毛或许能起到"参照点"或定位作用;各类纤毛器发生、分化过程中,处于非原基区的老额棘毛、横棘毛及左右缘棘毛在较长时间内均未见明显的变化。它们可能是在新结构形成时仍然起到运动作用继而逐渐失去功能而退化瓦解的。     

新伪尾柱虫腹皮层纤毛器微管胞器的形态和形态发生

应用荧光紫杉醇直接荧光标记法显示,腹毛目纤毛虫新伪尾柱虫(Pseudourostyla nova)腹皮层纤毛器微管胞器由口围带、波动膜、额腹横棘毛和左右缘棘毛等纤毛器微管及纤毛器基部附属微管组成.口围带基部含小膜托架及与托架相联系的肋壁微管,其中领部小膜托架间由"Λ"形微管相联接;额腹横棘毛基部含前纵微管束、后纵微管束、横微管束和周围微管束,其微管在不同棘毛基部的发达程度不一;缘棘毛基部含前纵微管束、后纵微管束.同时,对新伪尾柱虫纤毛器微管胞器的形态发生和生理改组过程进行了详细的追踪研究,并对细胞皮层的额腹棘毛定位及组成特征进行了补充报道.此外,发现形态发生末期新纤毛器微管形成时,残存部分老额棘毛、横棘毛和缘棘毛,此后老结构逐渐被吸收.结果表明,新伪尾柱虫的纤毛器基部微管具有其种的特异性,新纤毛器微管分化过程中老结构可能具有定位和物质贡献作用.     

鲤斜管虫的形态及形态发生的研究

本文报道了鲤斜管虫的形态、纤毛下器、核器、银线系及形态发生过程。其腹面口区具二环围口纤毛列及一口前纤毛列;背面具一列背刚毛;腹面纤毛列的数目可发生较大变动。在其形态发生过程中,左纤毛列在右纤毛列发生断裂前同时断裂;短基粒列形成后仔虫的背刚毛;前仔虫保留原口管前端部分,后仔虫的口管重新形成。本文还对鲤斜管虫的形态学特征、口管形成机理及分类问题等进行了讨论。     

多核织毛虫─新种,无性生殖周期中的形态及形态发生

本新种的典型特征为:表膜较薄但不弯曲,无表膜下颗粒;区别于该属其它种的最突出特点是具有多个大核(5.4±1.4);背触毛6列,在第3-4列之间具有一些额外散在的背触毛.口围由42.3±2.2片小膜组成;额、腹、横、尾棘毛恒为:5:5:3结构;本新种的形态发生结果与该属其它种类相同,6列新背触毛原基分别来源于背部的3列老背触毛和腹部的老右缘棘毛,在第3及第4列新背触毛列之间可见新出现并散在的几根背触毛.       

易动瘦尾虫的形态和核器二分裂过程

研究发现了易动瘦尾虫体腹面边缘各有缘棘毛一排,在各排缘棘毛的边上,又各有两排排列比缘棘毛疏松的棘毛,及它背面中央尚有一列背触毛。该虫是腹毛类纤毛虫中一种进化比较低等的类型,但其大、小核已明显分化。大核共进行了4次无丝分裂,小核共进行了3次分裂。     

多核织毛虫-新种,无性生殖周期中的形态及形态发生

本新种的典型特征为表膜较薄但不弯曲,无表膜下颗粒;区别于该属其它种的最突出特点是具有多个大核(5.4±1.4);背触毛6列,在第3-4列之间具有一些额外散在的背触毛.口围由42.3±2.2片小膜组成;额、腹、横、尾棘毛恒为8553结构;本新种的形态发生结果与该属其它种类相同,6列新背触毛原基分别来源于背部的3列老背触毛和腹部的老右缘棘毛,在第3及第4列新背触毛列之间可见新出现并散在的几根背触毛.     

包囊游仆虫包囊形成和解脱过程中纤毛器的分化

包囊游仆虫(Euplotes encysticus)形成包囊时,各类纤毛器中的纤毛杆被部分地或全部地吸收,毛基体被保留下来。休眠包囊中,背纤毛器的定位无明显变化,但原腹面纤毛器中的口围带和波动膜、额腹棘毛和横棘毛,以及左、右尾棘毛都按序陷入在细胞质内深处,并相互汇聚在一起。脱包囊时,纤毛结构在原毛基体上再分化,新纤毛器按口围带、横棘毛、额腹棘毛和左、右尾棘毛的顺序从细胞内显露出来。     

阔口尖毛虫无性生殖和生理改组过程的比较

阔口尖毛虫无性生殖中先后发生后口围带原基,前、后的波动膜原基,额腹横棘毛原基和左、右缘棘毛原基,老口围带也在此期间更新,结果形成2套新纤毛结构,原老结构瓦解消失;生理改组时按同样顺序产生口围带原基等几类腹面纤毛原基,结果形成1套新纤毛结构,替换老结构。在这两个截然不同的过程中,新纤毛结构的分化和老纤毛结构退化时也表现出某些相似的特征。作者据此推测,这种纤毛虫无性生殖和生理改组中,纤毛原基的发生、发育和定位在细胞控制机理上可能是相同的。     

一种游仆虫无性分裂生殖的研究Ⅱ.无性分裂过程中皮层结构的形态发生

应用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜,观察到在一种游仆虫无性生殖周期中,新口围带发育时老口围带的更新、新波动膜原基的发生、棘毛原基发生的最早形态和背触毛发生等在其他种游仆虫中未见报道的现象。     

红色角毛虫生理改组过程的研究

红色角毛虫在生理改组时,随着老纤毛器的瓦解,先后出现新的口器,额、腹、横棘毛,左、右缘棘毛和背触毛四个原基区,并发生原基区的分化、新结构的形成和定位。这种新、老结构的更替过程相似于同种纤毛虫正常形态发生时期纤毛器的演化过程,口围带改组时,新口围带原基在左列中腹棘毛左侧的范围形成,后来,随着老口围带的瓦解,它向前方移动并处于老口围带的右侧,并继续朝老口围带位置移动、替换老口围带。这不同于其他常见的腹毛类纤毛虫,生理改组时新口围带原基在瓦解着的老口围带的位置逐渐移动替换老口围带的情况。     

草丛土毛虫皮层纤毛器的微管胞器研究

本文应用FLUTAX直接荧光标记和抗α-微管蛋白抗体免疫荧光标记．显示了土壤纤毛虫草丛土毛虫（Territricha stramenticola）的皮层纤毛器微管胞器．其中纤毛器基部微管按口围带、波动膜、额腹横棘毛、左右缘棘毛、背触毛等纤毛器图式分布和定位,口围带和波动膜基部含小膜微管托架、小膜附属微管和波动膜微管骨架网;额腹横棘毛基部含前纵微管束、后纵微管束和横微管束：左、右缘棘毛基部含前纵微管束、后纵微管束、横微管束及后微管芽;背触毛基部含前纵微管束、后纵微管柬。横棘毛基部含有较发达的横微管束,缘棘毛基部含后微管芽及其横微管束的定位可能具有本种纤毛虫细胞的特异性。纤毛器微管胞器在细胞表膜下分化形成的基部微管及其微管层使细胞的运动纤毛器与强固的微管骨架结构网相联系．其微管胞器的建构可能是细胞对土壤生存环境的一种适应．是细胞运动胞器的功能活动与环境相互作用的结果。形态发生中,老口围带微管是逐步进行更新的：老棘毛微管胞器对新结构的发生和形成具有定位和物质贡献的作用．并且老结构在新结构分化和成熟期间也经历了行使相应的生理功能及逐渐退化和失去功能的过程．     

An Analysis of the Formation of Ciliary Primordia in the Hypotrich Ciliate Urostyla weissei*

SYNOPSIS. The protargol technic was used in a study of the development of oral, cirral, and dorsal primordia of Urostyla weissei fixed during division, reorganization, and regeneration following transection at different levels. While the course of development is similar in all situations, differences were observed in the way in which some primordia are initiaily formed. The primordium of the new AZM always appears posterior to the old AZM. It develops into an entire new membranellar band in dividing cells and in opimers (posterior fragments from equatorial transections), while it eventually joins with a portion of the old AZM in reorganizers, promers (anterior fragments from equatorial transections) and “large opimers” (cells whose anterior tip has been cut off). The UM-primordium of proters is derived from disaggregation of the kinetosomes of the 2 old UM's, that of opisthes and opimers is formed “de novo” to the right of the AZM-primordium, while the UM-primordium of reorganizers, promers, and “large opimers” is of composite origin, partly “de novo” and partly from the old UM's. The UM primordium differentiates into the new UM's and the 1st frontal cirrus. The primordia of the remaining frontal, ventral, transversal (F-V-T) and marginal cirri originate as “streaks” of cilia, most of which are derived from re-alignment of the constituent cilia of certain pre-existing cirri. New cirri differendiate from the streaks, and replace the remaining old cirri. The streaks are formed similarly in all developmental situations, except for the 1st 3 F-V-T streaks. In proters, reorganizers, and promers, these originate from the posterior 3 frontal cirri, while in opisthes and opimers they are formed “de novo” to the right of the UM-primordium. In the “large opimers” these streaks are formed “de novo” behind the 1st 3 frontal cirri, in spite of the continued presence of these cirri at the anterior tip of the fragments. The site of formation of these streaks thus appears to be determined by an anteriorposterior gradient, rather than by any preformed cortical structure. The new dorsal bristle rows I to III develop from the proliferation of portions of the old rows, while rows IV and V originate from short kineties formed “de novo” on the right margin. New caudal cirri differentiate at the posterior ends of the new rows I to III. The numbers of ventral cirral rows and transversal cirri are variable; these variations are correlated, and related to variations in numbers of developing streaks. A survey of hypotrich developmental patterns revealed extensive parallels, especially in the sites of appearance of primordia. The primordium site appears to be a more constant feature of cortical development than is the “source” of ciliary units. It is concluded that sites of primordia are determined by cellular gradients, with competent preformed structures being utilized if they are appropriately positioned within these gradients.     

Morphology and infraciliature of three species of Metaurostylopsis (Ciliophora, Stichotrichia): M. songi n. sp., M. salina n. sp., and M. marina (Kahl 1932) from sediments, saline ponds, and coastal waters

Two new urostylid ciliates, Metaurostylopsis songi n. sp. and Metaurostylopsis salina n. sp. and Metaurostylopsis marina (Kahl 1932) are investigated using live observation and protargol impregnation. These species were isolated in Korea from intertidal sediments, saline ponds, and coastal waters. Metaurostylopsis songi is in vivo about 120 microm x 25 microm, has a slenderly ellipsoidal body, colorless cortical granules in rows on ventral and dorsal body sides, about 54 macronuclear nodules, 28-47 adoral membranelles, five frontal, two or three frontoterminal and six or seven transverse cirri, and 9-12 midventral cirral pairs followed posteriorly by 1-3 single cirri. In vivo M. salina is about 60 microm x 25 microm, has a pyriform body, colorless cortical granules irregularly arranged, about 45 macronuclear nodules, 18-23 adoral membranelles, three frontal, three to five frontoterminal and two to five transverse cirri, and four or five midventral cirral pairs followed posteriorly by five to seven single cirri. Both species have three marginal cirral rows on each body side and 3 long dorsal kineties. The Korean specimens of M. marina match the Chinese population in all main features. Metaurostylopsis songi differs from M. marina by the more slender body, the number of frontal cirri (invariably five vs. four), and the arrangement of cortical granules (in rows on dorsal and ventral cortex vs. only along dorsal kineties and anterior body margin). Metaurostylopsis salina differs from its congeners by the distinctly smaller size, the pyriform body shape, the scattered cortical granules (vs. in rows), and number of frontal cirri. It differs from M. marina also by the number of midventral cirral pairs (four or five vs. seven to 11).     

Physiological Reorganization and Post-Traumatic Regeneration in Stylonychia mytilus: Reflections on Developmental Constraints and the Evolutionary Origin of Alternative Modes of Asexual Morphogenesis

We investigated development of cortical ciliature in Stylonychia mytilus during starvation-induced physiological reorganization, and during regeneration following amputation of the anterior part of the cell. Cortical reorganization in the two processes is generally similar. The posterior part of the adoral zone of membranelles is resorbed and replaced with newly assembled membranelles. The pre-existing set of ventral cirri and dorsal bristles is entirely resorbed and replaced with new ones. Regenerants exhibit posterior displacement of the frontal-ventral-transverse cirri primordium and the undulating membrane primordium, and recruit basal bodies from ectopic locations for the development of these ciliature. This illustrates flexibility in the initiation site of ciliary primordia, and opportunism in utilizing building blocks. Such morphogenetic versatility of hypotrichs provides the basis for the operation of a global control of pattern formation, which governs cortical reorganization in dividers, and additionally, in the absence of the prerequisites for binary fission, alternative modes of cortical development such as physiological reorganization or regeneration. These considerations suggest that the three processes are homologous and that physiological reorganization and regeneration have evolved from binary fission. In physiological reorganization and regeneration, the micro- and macronuclei reorganize to resemble that in binary fission; these nuclear events are considered evolutionary relics of the nuclear development of binary fission. Tetrahymena also exhibits such morphogenetic flexibility; stomatogenesis is under global control, so that asexual cells can replace its oral apparatus without undergoing binary fission. Paramecium , on the other hand, adopts a more rigid strategy in relying heavily on pre-existing structures for morphogenetic cues; this could have imposed constraints in the exploration of alternative modes of asexual development.     

New Aspects of the Morphology of Pleurotricha lanceolata (Ciliophora, Hypotrichida): Cirral and Membranellar Patterns and Fibrillar Systems

In Pleurotricha lanceolata, the ventral somatic infraciliature presents 13 frontoventral cirri, 5 transverse cirri, one row with 18–19 left marginal cirri and two rows of right marginal cirri of different length. On the dorsal side there are six longitudinal rows of dorsal bristles, four of them bipolar and the other two less than half body length. The oral infraciliature includes the adoral zone of membranelles, with 45–55 membranelles of three or four rows of kinetosomes each, and two undulating membranes (paroral and endoral membranes), each with two rows of kinetosomes. Some structures of the oral and somatic fibrillar systems have also been examined and are similar to those described in other species of hypotrichous ciliates.