钙质海锦之古生态

古生代生物礁中钙质海绵（纤维海绵、房室海绵、硬海绵）的生态位在中三叠世以后被生态竞争能力更强的六射珊瑚所占据。在古生代和中三叠世的钙质海绵礁上,０－１０ｍ深度内钙质海绵很发育。由于与钙藻共生,典型的造礁钙质海绵生活在透光带以内,并且在其上部更丰富。钙质海绵礁也会生长到破浪带内并受风浪的破坏而形成倒骨岩和骨屑岩。对古生代的钙质海绵礁而言,倒骨岩和骨屑岩形成于０－３ｍ水深范围内,亮晶骨架岩形成于３－１     

钙质海绵之古生态

古生代生物礁中钙质海绵(纤维海绵、房室海绵、硬海绵)的生态位在中三叠世以后被生态竞争能力更强的六射珊瑚所占据.在古生代和中三叠世的钙质海绵礁上,0-10m深度内钙质海绵很发育.由于与钙藻共生,典型的造礁钙质海绵生活在透光带以内,并且在其上部更丰富.钙质海绵礁也会生长到破浪带内并受风浪的破坏而形成倒骨岩和骨屑岩.对古生代的钙质海绵礁而言,倒骨岩和骨屑岩形成于0-3m水深范围内,亮晶骨架岩形成于3-10m深度范围内,灰泥骨架岩形成于10-20m的水深,障积岩形成于20-30m的水深,潜障积岩形成于30-40m的水深.钙质海绵的生长形态与水深的关系与六射珊瑚与水深的关系一样:细枝状的钙质海绵生长在最浅的水中(相当于礁生长带的上部),在稍深的水中(相当于礁生长带的中部和下部)各种形态的海绵都会出现,在更深的水中可以出现特别大的、锥状的海绵.     

湖南新邵巨口铺泥盆纪棋梓桥组的层孔虫及其造礁特征

湖南新邵巨口铺泥盆纪生物礁出现在中泥盆统棋梓桥组中上部,根据沉积特征的差异,礁体分上下两部分;下部成层性明显,以厚层生物格架灰岩为主;上部以灰白色块状徽晶一亮晶灰岩为主,灰岩成层性很差,生物也较单调。礁体可划分8种沉积微相,其发展过程有明显阶段性。这些阶段性与礁体群落的发展和演替相联系。它是开阔浅海与台地浅海相变过渡带上的一种层状礁。礁体内有丰富的层孔虫,计16属近40种。该文选择了较为常见、保存较好的10属18种进行了描述和研究。     

鄂东南晚二叠世菊石新材料

记述的菊石采自鄂东南大冶柯家湾晚二叠世大隆组,主要产于硅质页岩、硅质岩的灰岩透镜体中,共8属11种.此区大隆组仅相当于长兴阶的上部;Meitianoceras 在本区的出现,表明此属不仅分布于长兴阶的下部,也可延伸到长兴阶的上部.整个大隆组的化石,以自游生物为主,底栖类型很少.菊石中壳体大、壳面肋瘤发育者数量少,而壳饰弱、个体小者大量繁盛,呈现高丰度、低分异度的特点.保存化石的灰岩透镜体中具星散状的黄铁矿.本区晚二叠世晚期处于局部封闭的海湾环境.     

中国南方二叠纪海绵礁的成礁模式

广泛发育于我国南方碳酸盐岩台地区的二叠纪生物礁,其中绝大多数属于海绵生物礁。从该地区二叠纪海绵生物礁的内部成礁因素分析,即从主要造礁生物－钙质海绵和钙质藻类等的生物学和生态学特征、埋藏和保存特点等方面进行分析,提出了华南二叠纪海绵生物礁主要是由于其主要造礁生物钙质海绵和钙质藻类独特的生物学特征、生态学特征以及它们的共同作用所形成的。此模式与其它地质历史时期生物礁的成礁模式明显不同。     

黔东北石阡志留系雷家屯组的生物-岩相分异

黔东北石阡志留系兰多维列统埃隆阶上部的雷家屯组属灰岩和碎屑岩混合相,其分布限于滇黔桂古陆以北离岸几十千米范围内的浅海区。出露于枫香铺子沟、雷家屯、白沙龙口—筷子山、白沙均田和本庄岩门的5个剖面存在生物-沉积相的差异性。铺沟村粉砂岩—泥岩含量高于灰岩,达到4∶1,壳相化石丰度最低且无生物礁滩灰岩沉积;其它4个剖面的碎屑岩—灰岩比例约1∶1,雷家屯壳相化石最丰富,上部出现米级厚度的珊瑚-层孔虫点礁;筷子山剖面的雷家屯组下部开始出现雏形礁,之上的礁核灰岩现已被剥蚀掉,但从礁基的菲利普构造和礁翼塌积岩推测,点礁的正向隆起规模是很明显的;均田剖面仅出露雷家屯组上部约7m的地层,多为粉砂岩和生屑灰岩薄层;岩门剖面多为薄层细颗粒生屑滩相灰岩,近顶部出现钙质微生物形成的叠层石。偏西剖面的雷家屯组顶部展现侵蚀面、泥裂等现象,是桐梓上升期海底暴露的证据,唯有最靠东的铺沟村雷家屯组顶部未见暴露标志,与之上马脚冲组呈整合接触。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘陕西陇县晚奥陶世背锅山组生物礁

鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘的陕西陇县李家坡晚奥陶世背锅山组生物礁为典型的台地边缘礁,包括层孔虫礁、珊瑚礁、钙藻礁等几种类型,主要为层孔虫礁。经过系统古生物学研究,鉴定出层孔虫有5个属,分别为Ecclimadictyon(蜂巢层孔虫)、Clathrodictyon(网格层孔虫)、Tuvaechis(图瓦层孔虫)、Rosenella(罗森层孔虫)、Labechiella(小拉贝希层孔虫)等;珊瑚有6个属,分别为Tetradium(四分珊瑚),Hemiagetolitella(拟半阿盖特珊瑚),Plasmoporella(似网膜珊瑚),Eofletcheria(始弗莱契珊瑚),Catenipora(镣珊瑚),Reuschia(劳氏珊瑚);钙藻以Vermiporella(蠕孔藻)和Solenopora(管孔藻)为主。礁发育早期以层状层孔虫包卷砂屑、单体珊瑚、管状海绵、块状钙藻等形态为主要特征,礁发育中后期以块状和球状的层孔虫以及大型的床板珊瑚形成格架为主要特征。礁体发育过程中居礁生物都很丰富,有三叶虫、腕足类、介形类、大棘皮类和丛状的蓝细菌等。通过与塔中台地以及扬子台地的晚奥陶世台缘礁对比,发现造礁生物的属种和礁岩类型均有相似之处,说明中国晚奥陶世生物礁的分布具有等时性。     

陕南寒武纪早期仙女洞组生物礁灰岩微相序列

扬子地台北缘在寒武纪筇竹寺期—沧浪铺期出现海退,该时期的仙女洞组属浅海碳酸盐岩与碎屑岩的混合沉积单元,分布于陕西南部及四川北部。陕南南郑福成和碑坝剖面组成完整仙女洞组序列,其中包含8期生物礁相单元。单层礁体为米级厚度,形态特征显示丘状隆起或平缓延伸。水体的清澈度、深度以及水动力强度变化对各期礁相单元生长的控制力度因时而异,陆源碎屑数次侵入导致海水浑浊度增高,点断了礁体生长。礁灰岩微相类型包括钙质微生物粘结岩、古杯-钙质微生物绑结岩、古杯漂砾-砾屑灰岩、粒泥状-泥粒状灰岩以及泥状灰岩。早期礁灰岩中钙质微生物粘结岩含量丰富,之后古杯绑结岩在礁灰岩构建中具有丰度增长的趋势,且上部礁灰岩层位中不规则古杯占主要地位。仙女洞组沉积晚期海水变浅和水动力条件增强,常见漂砾灰岩和砾屑灰岩。     

塔里木板块塔中区上奥陶统良里塔格组的生物礁类型

塔里木板块塔中Ⅰ号坡折带附近上奥陶统良里塔格组取芯井段中可识别多种生物礁灰岩类型,包括珊瑚骨架/障积岩、海绵骨架/绑结岩、苔藓虫绑结岩、钙藻障积岩、钙质菌藻障积/绑结岩等礁灰岩类,藉此可归纳出珊瑚礁、珊瑚-钙藻礁、层孔虫礁、层孔虫-钙藻礁、珊瑚-层孔虫-钙藻礁、苔藓虫礁丘、钙藻礁丘、灰泥丘和微生物礁等生物建造单元。这些礁体的时空分布模式与古环境分异相关联,纵向上具有灰泥丘向珊瑚-层孔虫-钙藻礁至苔藓虫礁丘和钙藻礁的群落结构更替趋势;空间分布则向台地北缘,即I号坡折带延伸显示由低能带灰泥丘向高能带珊瑚-层孔虫-钙藻礁的相变,而且高能带珊瑚-层孔虫-钙藻主体礁和环其周缘相对低能带的钙藻礁丘、灰泥丘等在一定范围内构成造礁群落结构分异。     

浙西寒武—奥陶系的分界及所含三叶虫

浙西地区是东南区系江南一西北亚区上寒武统上部西阳山组及下奥陶统下部印渚埠组的标准地点。寒武系与奥陶系呈整合接触,界线上下的岩层连续沉积,岩性逐渐过渡,为灰黑色钙质页岩夹黑灰色薄层致密灰岩、瘤状灰岩及泥灰岩。所含的三叶虫化石大多沿层面分布,大小分选不显,常见保存较完整的个体标本,一般不见水流冲涮的迹象。根据岩性和化石埋葬的产状分析,反映了海水较深的还原或次还原条     

Microfacies of a Permian calcisponge reef in Lichuan,western Hubei,South China

The Lichuan Jiantianba reef is located at the platform margin between the carbonate platform and the marine trough in western Hubei, China. The water depth of this area became shallow in the late Permian Changhsingian Age, and a huge aggradation-progradation platform marginal reef developed. Based on precise field measurements and microscopic observation, this paper describes the petrological characteristics and biological assemblages of the reef in detail and distinguishes 10 microfacies: small echinoderm wackestone, sponge floatstone, bound sponge bioliestone, bound sponge framestone, large echinoderm wackestone, red algal limestone, bioclastic grainstone, dasycladales wackestone, shelly wackestone, and microbialites. Sponge floatstone and bound sponge bioliestone are defined as toppled sponge limestone. Comparisons of the petrological characteristics and biotic association of toppled sponge limestone, bound sponge framestone and bioclastic wackestone and grainstone revealed that the toppled sponge limestone and the bound sponge framestone are similar in sponge content in terms of the types and contents of reef-dwellers, except that the sponge content is slightly lower, and the preservation state is mainly toppled for the former and upright or inclined for the latter. The toppled sponge limestone is dominated by tabular calcite, and the bound sponge framestone is dominated by fibrous calcite. The bioclastic wackestone and grainstone do not contain reef-building sponge organisms, and the bioclast content is very high and often dominated by a certain class, such as echinoderms, foraminifers, green algae or shells. The toppled sponge limestone below the framework, which was classified as fore-reef breccia or bioherm bafflestone-bindstone in previous studies, should be defined as reef-core sponge limestone deposited in situ that experienced serious post-karstification. The vertical evolution of the sedimentary facies of the reef is analyzed based on the microfacies and sedimentary environment. The toppled sponge limestone and the bound sponge framestone should be classified as reef core, which is the only subfacies of the reef facies. The underlying small echinoderm wackestone should be classified as the shelf facies, whereas the overlying bioclastic wackestone and grainstone should be classified as the open platform facies. These classifications represent a modification of the sedimentary facies subdivision of the Jiantianba reef in Lichuan, Hubei Province, South China, and provide a new reference model for the subdivision of the Permian calcisponge reefs on platform margin.     

Microbial impacts on the genesis of Lower Devonian reefal limestones, eastern Australia

Microbial contributions to reefal limestones are evident in eastern Australian Lower Devonian microbial frame/bindstones, red algal-microbial-stromatoporoid bindstones, and microbial-stromatoporoid bindstones. Varied microbialite textures, such as stromatolites, thrombolites, and leiolites, originated as accumulations and partial aggregations of calcimicrobes, peloids, and micrites, which also derived from microbial activities. In microbial frame/bindstones, calcimicrobes (e.g., Rothpletzella and Wetheredella) and dense micrite layers covered and bound underlying substrates. Stabilized substrates promoted the subsequent construction of layered, domal, and columnar frameworks, which were produced by combined accumulations and intermixed associations of calcimicrobes and micritic microbialites. Microbes flourished in the microbial-stromatoporoid bindstones and red algal-microbial-stromatoporoid bindstones during repeated growth interruptions of the framework-building skeletal organisms. Microbes bored into and eroded the skeletal frameworks to subsequently leave micritic envelopes, on which microbial and skeletal encrustations took place in turn. The importance of microbial colonization on the skeletal frameworks was first as subsidiary encrusters that helped to preserve them from erosion, and second as modifiers of the spaces suitable for succeeding encrusters. Partial aggregations of Renalcis filled in the interstices of the skeletal and microbial frameworks, thereby enhancing their rigidity.The microbial impacts on the genesis of reefal limestones are: (1) origination of components (calcimicrobes, peloids, and micrites); (2) formation of characteristic microbial textures; (3) main and subsidiary reef construction and encrustation; and (4) destruction of these components, textures, and structures, but also the protection of resultant constructions in turn. The Lower Devonian reefal limestones treated herein, surprisingly, preserve excellent records of a variety of microbial impacts. Similar effects may also have been common, although variable in preservation, in other ancient reefal deposits.     

海洋生物礁类型、生态功能及其生态修复

海洋生物礁是由具有造礁能力的海洋生物聚集而成的一种三维礁体结构,其形成改变了海底地貌、增加了不同尺度上的地形复杂性,为其他海洋生物提供了栖息地并维持了生物多样性。近年来,由于自然因素和人为因素影响,海洋生物礁受到了严重威胁,已成为海洋生态保护和修复领域的重要研究对象。综述了海洋生物礁的类型、生态功能及其生态修复的研究进展。根据形成海洋生物礁的优势造礁生物种类,将海洋生物礁分为海藻礁、海绵礁、刺胞动物礁、贝类礁和多毛类礁,其优势造礁生物分别是珊瑚藻和仙掌藻、钙质海绵和硅质海绵、造礁珊瑚、牡蛎、龙介虫。目前国内对海洋生物礁的全面了解相对较少,主要集中在珊瑚礁和牡蛎礁。海洋生物礁的生态功能主要有海岸防护、提供栖息地、净化水体、固碳作用和能量耦合等。全球变暖和海洋酸化等全球气候变化以及海洋污染、破坏性渔业捕捞、海岸工程、水产养殖和敌害生物等自然和人为因素对海洋生物礁构成了严重威胁。海洋生物礁的生态修复方法分为两类：在退化生物礁区投放造礁生物逐渐成礁,投放人工礁体补充造礁生物逐渐成礁。针对海洋生物礁保护和修复的需要,提出下一步应加强海洋造礁生物生态特征、海洋造礁生物种群丧失因素和海洋生物礁保护与...     

The effects of posture changes on blood pressure and heart rate of anesthetized and reserpinized sloths

1. Tilting sloths anesthetized with chloralose from erect to supine or supine to erect produced little or no effect on heart rate. 2. Tilting anesthetized sloths from erect to supine increased both systolic and diastolic pressures significantly and by about the same amounts. The maximum effect was produced in 20 sec. 3. Pressures stabilized at a higher level than in the erect posture but below the maximum reached in tilting. 4. Tilting these sloths from the supine to the erect posture resulted in a rapid (20 sec) and dramatic fall in pressures to below the initial erect pressure levels. Return to initial erect levels took place slowly. 5. Tilting reserpinized sloths from erect to supine or supine to erect produced little or no effect on heart rate. 6. Tilting reserpinized sloths from erect to supine increased both systolic and diastolic pressures materially and by similar amounts. The maximum effect took 50 sec. 7. Pressures stabilized at higher levels than in the erect posture but less than maximum reached with tilting. 8. Tilting these sloths from supine to erect caused significant falls in pressure to slightly below the initial erect pressure, with maximum effect reached in 30 sec and eventual return to control level. 9. Pressure changes were almost entirely the result of altered venous return. 10. Neither chloralose nor reserpine completely blocked vascular control but reduced it materially.     

西安附近苹果林地的土壤干层

根据西安附近苹果林下土壤含水量测定,研究了0~6m之间土壤含水量的变化与土壤干层问题。资料表明,西安附近15龄苹果林下2~3.5m深处土壤含水量为9.1%~9.2%,形成了发育弱的长期性土壤干层,10龄苹果林地2~4m深处也有干层发育,表明黄土高原的土壤干层分布已达黄土高原南部的关中地区;6龄苹果林下土壤有干化的显示,但无干层发育。分析得出,由降水少量决定的、埋藏深度小而厚度大的薄膜水带的存在是引起土壤干层发育的直接作用的因素。土壤干层的出现会引起土壤与植被的退化,应当避免严重的土壤干层出现。     

黑龙江省黄鼬冬季毛被分层结构及保温功能

为了解黄鼬毛被的保温机制,选取黑龙江省通河林区黄鼬东北亚种(Mustela sibirica manchurica)冬季皮张,通过观测雄性5个部位和雌性4个部位毛被的分层结构,并结合热物性测试比对,发现了毛被的各层结构具有不同的保温隔热功能且存在部位差异。结果表明:1)毛被由外及里表现出4层结构,各层毛被厚度分别为:(12.7±3.0)mm、(6.0±1.8)mm、(5.5±2.2)mm和(1.4±0.5)mm。2)4层毛被的颜色、结构及保温机制依次为:最外层毛被棕黄色或金黄色,仅由2种类型被毛构成,耐磨损能力较强,保护下层毛被,阻挡冷空气侵入并降低毛被的热量散失;第二层毛被淡黄色,此层开始均由4种类型被毛构成,毛干细度较小,被毛间形成细小空隙,滞留大量静止空气,增强保温功能;第三层毛被灰色或灰白色,4种类型被毛的毛干更细,绒针毛和绒毛弯曲程度更大,使被毛间滞留静止空气的能力更强、更稳定,保温能力更强;最内层毛被为白色,为近毛根处,4种类型被毛均较直,便于热量传递。3)4层毛被的对整体的贡献率分别为:16.11%、27.40%、44.40%和12.09%。4)背面毛被较腹面的颜色深,厚度大,保温能力强;沿吻端至尾基的体轴方向毛被厚度增加,保温性增强。5)雄性毛被较雌性的厚度大,保温能力强。以上,反映了黄鼬冬季多部位毛被由表及里不同的空间布局及各层毛呈现的不同的形态结构,从整体上兼顾保护、保温、散热等多种功能,以适应当地的寒冷环境。     

长期不同施肥模式对双季稻田土壤酸解有机氮组分的影响

为明确南方双季稻区长期不同施肥模式对稻田不同耕层(0～10和10～20 cm)土壤酸解有机氮组分及其含量的影响,本研究以长期(36年)定位施肥试验田为平台,系统分析了单独施用化肥(CF)、秸秆还田+化肥(RF)、30%有机肥+70%化肥(OM)和不施肥对照(CK)下双季稻田0～10和10～20 cm土壤酸解有机氮及其组分氨基酸氮、氨基糖氮、铵态氮和酸解未知氮含量的变化特征及其与土壤全氮、有机碳含量的关系。结果表明: 与CK相比,OM和RF处理均显著增加了双季稻田0～10和10～20 cm土壤全氮、碱解氮和有机碳含量。OM、RF和CF处理双季稻田0～10和10～20 cm土壤酸解有机氮含量均显著高于CK,分别比CK增加10.7%～42.6%和12.2%～51.5%。与CF和CK相比,OM和RF处理显著提高了双季稻田0～10和10～20 cm土壤氨基酸氮、铵态氮、酸解未知氮和氨基糖氮含量。不同施肥处理稻田0～10和10～20 cm土壤酸解有机氮和非酸解性氮含量大小顺序均表现为OM>RF>CF>CK。各施肥处理稻田0～10 cm土壤氨基酸氮、铵态氮、氨基糖氮和非酸解性氮含量均高于10～20 cm土壤。土壤酸解有机氮含量与土壤全氮、有机碳含量均存在极显著的正相关关系。综上,RF和OM处理有利于增加双季稻田0～10和10～20 cm土壤有机氮含量,增强稻田土壤供氮能力,提高土壤肥力。     

扬子鳄胚胎中脑视叶的组织发生

观察了16例不同时间扬子鳄胚胎中脑视叶的组织发生过程。胚胎孵育第6d,三个脑泡明显;孵育第9～10d,中脑泡可分细胞层和边缘层或纤维层,中脑水管未形成;孵育第18d,视叶隆起于中脑背侧,中脑水管形成,视叶分三层;孵育第24d,视叶分5层;孵育第34d,视叶分化为6层;孵育第51d,视叶分化为8层,与初生扬子鳄中脑视叶分层相同。     

水旱轮作下长期免耕和施用有机肥对土壤某些肥力性状的影响

１９８３年６月至１９９７年１０月进行的水旱轮作下连续免耕并配合施用有肥料的长期定位田间试验研究结果表明,长期免耕和施肥造成土壤养分的表层富集,０－５ｃｍ土层有机磷、全氮、速效氮含量显著增加,而５－１０ｃｍ和１０－２０ｃｍ土层上述养分含量明显低于常规耕翻处理;免耕对土壤结构破坏少,使０－２０ｃｍ土层水稳性团粒结构增多,综合各项肥力性状,不同施肥处理对提高土壤肥力的贡献为：猪粪〉秸秆〉绿肥〉化肥〉不施     

Adaptive significance of vegetative sprouting for a tropical canopy tree, Scaphium longiflorum (Sterculiaceae), in a peat swamp forest in Central Kalimantan

Scaphium longiflorum Ridley (Sterculiaceae), a common canopy tree in peat swamp forests in the Far East, produces vegetative sprouting in its juvenile stage. We investigated morphological features and allometric properties of the species in a peat swamp forest in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, to determine under what conditions ramets are produced and discuss the adaptive significance of the vegetative sprouting in a peat swamp environment. Larger juveniles were more toppled, and the toppled ones sprouted vegetatively. Therefore, the vegetative sprouting acts as a countermeasure for a shoots mechanical failure and fall on an unstable peat soil. We propose three hypotheses to explain the reason why larger juveniles are more often toppled in a peat swamp environment.