黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎与胆囊癌的临床特征分析及螺旋CT检查的鉴别诊断价值

目的:研究黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎(XGC)与胆囊癌的临床特征分析及螺旋CT检查的鉴别诊断价值。方法:选取从2018年1月-2020年12月于我院接受腹部螺旋CT检查的41例XGC患者纳入研究,记作XGC组,另取同期医院接受腹部螺旋CT检查的45例胆囊癌患者作为胆囊癌组。分析两组临床特征、螺旋CT检查结果表现,比较两组血清血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、糖类抗原19-9(CA19-9)水平的差异。并以病理检查为金标准,分析螺旋CT检查用作XGC与胆囊癌鉴别诊断的价值。结果:XGC组患者食欲下降、体重下降人数占比均低于胆囊癌组(均P<0.05);而两组腹痛、黄疸、发热、白细胞(WBC)升高、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)升高、谷草转氨酶(AST)升高、胆囊扩张发生率对比差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。XGC组囊壁增厚均匀、壁内有低密度结节人数占比均低于胆囊癌组,而有肿大淋巴结人数占比高于胆囊癌组(均P<0.05)。螺旋CT检查诊断XGC的灵敏度、特异度、准确度分别为95.12(39/41)、95.56%(43/45)、95.35%(82/86)。XGC组患者血清VEGF、CA19-9水平均低于胆囊癌组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论:XGC患者食欲下降、体重下降发生率低于胆囊癌患者,螺旋CT检查鉴别诊断XGC与胆囊癌的价值较高,值得临床关注。     

一步法腹腔镜胆囊切术联合胆总管探查取石术在慢性胆囊炎胆囊结石合并胆总管结石治疗中的有效性及安全性探究

摘要 目的：探究一步法腹腔镜胆囊切术（LC）联合胆总管探查取石术（LCBDE）在慢性胆囊炎胆囊结石合并胆总管结石治疗中的有效性及安全性。方法：纳入2018年6月至2021年9月行一步法LC+LCBDE治疗的慢性胆囊炎胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者49例（观察组）,并以行开腹胆囊切除术+胆总管切开取石治疗的慢性胆囊炎胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者43例为对照组,比较两组手术疗效及手术相关指标;观察患者手术前后肝功能指标、胆红素水平及免疫功能变化,并统计患者术后并发症发生情况。结果：观察组及对照组手术成功率均为100%,两组对比无明显差异（P>0.05）;观察组手术时间、肠鸣音恢复时间、肛门恢复排气时间及住院时间短于对照组,术中出血量少于对照组（P<0.05）;观察组术后丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶（GGT）、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）及总胆红素（TBIL）、直接胆红素（DBIL）、间接胆红素（IBIL）水平均低于对照组（P<0.05）;观察组术后7 d的免疫球蛋白A（IgA）、免疫球蛋白G（IgG）、免疫球蛋白M（IgM）水平均高于对照组（P<0.05）;观察组术后并发症发生率低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：一步法LC+LCBDE治疗慢性胆囊炎胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的成功率高,可促进术后胃肠功能及肝功能恢复,提高机体免疫力,并能降低术后并发症发生率。     

Fine needle aspiration cytology in xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis, gallbladder adenocarcinoma and coexistent lesions

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in gallbladder mass lesions and to explore the possibility of overlooking malignancy in coexistent adenocarcinoma with xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC) on fine needle aspiration smears. STUDY DESIGN: In a retrospective, seven-year study, ultrasound-guided needle aspirates from 25 histologically proven cases of gallbladder adenocarcinoma, 11 cases of gallbladder adenocarcinoma associated with XGC and 20 cases of XGC were evaluated for the presence of mesotheliumlike, foam, inflammatory and multinucleate giant cells; pink, granular background; bile; and degenerated cells, along with atypical or frankly malignant cells. Detailed clinical findings were retrieved from the records. RESULTS: The overall sensitivity of detecting carcinoma was 90.63% and specificity 94.74%. The sensitivity of detecting malignancy was 80% when adenocarcinoma was associated with XGC. CONCLUSION: FNAC plays an important role in making the preoperative diagnosis of adenocarcinoma, XGC and coexistent lesions. The probability of detecting malignancy is greater than with XGC in coexistent lesions. Thus, a preoperative FNAC diagnosis would help in determining the urgency of treatment and in planning for the surgical procedure in gallbladder lesions.     

胆囊癌组织中IL-8表达及TAM计数的临床病理意义

目的:检测胆囊腺癌组织中白细胞介素-8(IL-8)mRNA的表达、肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(TAM)计数并探讨其临床病理意义。方法:收集中南大学湘雅二医院及湖南省人民医院近五年胆囊腺癌手术切除标本36例及慢性胆囊炎手术切除标本10例,采用原位分子杂交方法检测IL-8表达,ABC免疫组化法进行TAM计数。比较胆囊腺癌和慢性胆囊炎标本组织中IL-8 mRNA表达和TAM计数的差异,并分析其与胆囊腺癌临床病理特征之间的关系。结果:胆囊腺癌组织中IL-8 mRNA表达阳性率及其评分均明显高于慢性胆囊炎(P0.01),IL-8 mRNA表达阳性率及其评分与其侵犯胆总管及发生淋巴结转移显著相关(P0.05)。胆囊腺癌组织中TAM计数(24.89±0.84)明显高于慢性胆囊炎组织(16.19±0.66),差异有统计学意义(P0.01);侵犯胆总管、肝脏及发生淋巴结转移的胆囊腺癌组织中TAM计数高于未侵犯胆总管、肝脏及发生淋巴结转移的胆囊腺癌组织TAM计数,其中侵犯胆总管和发生淋巴结转移之间差异显著(P0.01)。IL-8 mRNA阳性病例的TAM计数均明显高于阴性病例(P0.01),TAM计数与IL-8 mRNA评分间也存在显著正相关(r=0.748,P0.001)。结论:IL-8和TAM计数与胆囊癌的发生和发展密切相关,IL-8可能在促进TAM向胆囊癌组织迁移浸润中起作用。     

Early cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis

A series of 65 cases of acute cholecystitis from among 500 patients on whom cholecystectomy was performed by the author is presented. Early cholecystectomy was the operation of choice in 63 and cholecystostomy in two. The operative mortality for cholecystectomy was 1.6%; the postoperative morbidity was low and there were no serious complications such as common bile duct injury or biliary fistula. Operation for acute cholecystectomy is recommended within 48 hours of diagnosis to avoid serious complications such as perforation and suppurative cholangitis.     

Cholecystostomy: Its Place in the Treatment of Acute Cholecystitis

Conservative management of acute cholecystitis has frequently been too prolonged, particularly in the aged. Early cholecystostomy followed by interval cholecystectomy improved the results of treatment as demonstrated in a series of 41 patients at Shaughnessy Veterans Hospital, Vancouver. The following advantages were noted. Advanced disease in the elderly toxic patient was successfully treated by a minor and short surgical procedure, cholecystostomy. Per-cholecystostomy cholangiography revealed dilatation and/or stones in the common bile duct. Interval cholecystectomy was facilitated by the absence of general toxicity, by the presence of a subsiding inflammatory process, and by the availability preoperatively of knowledge of the status of the common bile duct.     

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy as a safe and effective treatment for severe acute cholecystitis.

OBJECTIVE--To evaluate the feasibility and safety of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in severe acute cholecystitis. DESIGN--Analysis of data collected prospectively from a consecutive series of 350 laparoscopic operations. SETTING--Two general surgical units in a teaching hospital. SUBJECTS--31 patients with a diagnosis of severe acute cholecystitis based on clinical examination, investigation results, and operative findings. INTERVENTIONS--Initial intravenous fluids and broad spectrum antibiotics followed by laparoscopic cholecystectomy within 72 hours of presentation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Failure to complete the operation laparoscopically, length of postoperative stay in hospital, early postoperative morbidity, interval from operation to full activity, and return to work. RESULTS--Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was attempted in 19 patients with empyema of the gall bladder and 12 who had severe cholecystitis which failed to settle on medical management. A total of 29 operations were successfully completed with two conversions to open surgery. Two minor postoperative complications occurred, and one case of retained common bile duct stones with jaundice was treated by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and papillotomy. Median postoperative hospital stay was two days, with return to normal activity in seven days and to work in two weeks. There were no deaths related to the operation. CONCLUSIONS--In the presence of severe acute cholecystitis laparoscopic cholecystectomy is feasible in most patients, with minimal risk of injury to surrounding structures and considerable benefits. It is recommended that laparoscopic cholecystectomy should be attempted in these patients when appropriate surgical skill is available.     

Cytologic diagnosis of suppurative cholecystitis due to Candida albicans and actinomyces. A report of 2 cases

BACKGROUND: Cholecystitis is a common inflammatory disease of the gallbladder. Actinomycosis and candidiasis of the gallbladder are uncommon causes of acute cholecystitis. There has been no previous report on the cytologic diagnosis of actinomycosis and candidiasis from aspirated gallbladder bile intraoperatively. CASES: Purulent bile was intraoperatively aspirated from the gallbladder of 71-year-old Indian and a 30-year-old Australian woman. The specimens were sent for cytologic examination. The first case revealed sulphur granules characteristic of Actinomyces spp. The second case showed budding spores and pseudohyphae of Candida spp. Pure colonies of Candida albicans grew from the bile culture. CONCLUSION: Actinomycosis and candidiasis rarely cause acute suppurative cholecystitis. Initial diagnosis can be made by cytologic examination of the aspirated purulent bile intraoperatively.     

Cholecystitis in Teenage Girls

Cholecystectomy was carried out in 17 teenage girls for cholecystitis at Virginia Mason Hospital, Seattle, between 1971 and 1980. The incidence increased with increasing age. Gallbladder disease was associated with recent pregnancy or birth control pill use (71%), obesity (65%) and family history of gallbladder disease (47%). All but one patient had at least one of these risk factors. No patient had congenital anomalies, blood dyscrasias or other underlying illness. Patients most commonly had recurrent attacks of abdominal pain; seven had symptoms for more than six months. Although the clinical presentations were often mild, six patients had jaundice, three had chemical pancreatitis, one had hemorrhagic pancreatitis, one had pancreatic pseudocyst and abscess and one had a common duct stone. One patient had cholesterosis and 16 had cholelithiasis. All patients were cured by operation. During the same time period, only two boys, both aged 14 years, nonobese and with no family history of gallbladder disease, underwent cholecystectomy, both for acaculous cholecystitis.     

Identification of parasite DNA in common bile duct stones by PCR and DNA sequencing

We attempted to identify parasite DNA in the biliary stones of humans via PCR and DNA sequencing. Genomic DNA was isolated from each of 15 common bile duct (CBD) stones and 5 gallbladder (GB) stones. The patients who had the CBD stones suffered from cholangitis, and the patients with GB stones showed acute cholecystitis, respectively. The 28S and 18S rDNA genes were amplified successfully from 3 and/or 1 common bile duct stone samples, and then cloned and sequenced. The 28S and 18S rDNA sequences were highly conserved among isolates. Identity of the obtained 28S D1 rDNA with that of Clonorchis sinensis was higher than 97.6%, and identity of the 18S rDNA with that of other Ascarididae was 97.9%. Almost no intra-specific variations were detected in the 28S and 18S rDNA with the exception of a few nucleotide variations, i.e., substitution and deletion. These findings suggest that C. sinensis and Ascaris lumbricoides may be related with the biliary stone formation and development.     

Neutrophils injure gallbladder interstitial Cajal-like cells in a guinea pig model of acute cholecystitis

Acute cholecystitis is a common disease with gallbladder dysmotility. Disease pathogenesis involves immune cell infiltration as well as changes in gallbladder interstitial Cajal-like cells (ICLCs). However, it remains unclear if or how the immune cells affect ICLC morphology, density, distribution, and function in gallbladder tissue during acute cholecystitis. In this study, we explored the acute cholecystitis-related alterations in gallbladder ICLCs in a guinea pig model, focusing on the effects of neighboring neutrophils. Adult guinea pigs were randomly divided into four groups (control, 24 hr common bile duct ligation [CBDL], 48-hr CBDL, and antipolymorphonuclear neutrophil [PMN] treated) and analyzed using methylene blue staining and immunofluorescence. Gallbladder contractility was also monitored. To culture gallbladder ICLCs, collagenase digestion was performed on tissue from 10- to 15-day-old guinea pigs. Neutrophils isolated from the peripheral blood of experimental animals 48-hr postsurgery were also cocultured with the gallbladder ICLCs. Intracellular calcium was detected with Fluo-4 AM dye. Our results showed that gallbladder ICLC density significantly declined during acute cholecystitis and was accompanied by shortening of the cellular processes and damage to their network-like structure. However, pretreatment with anti-PMN partially prevented these changes. Gallbladder contraction was also significantly decreased during acute cholecystitis, and this appeared to be mediated by the neutrophils. Moreover, ICLCs cocultured with neutrophils also had shortened and reduced processes and impaired network-like structure formation. Intracellular calcium transient was less sensitive to contraction agonists and inhibitors when cocultured with neutrophils. Taken together, neutrophils greatly affect gallbladder ICLCs and dysmotility during acute cholecystitis.     

Feasibility of breast conservation after neoadjuvant taxene based chemotherapy in locally advanced breast cancer: a Prospective Phase I trial

Background

Acute cholecystitis can be the result of retention of bile in the gallbladder with possible secondary infection and ischaemia. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether internal drainage of the gallbladder could protect against the development of acute cholecystitis in a pig model.

Materials and methods

Twenty pigs were randomized to either internal drainage (drained) or not (undrained). Day 0 acute cholecystitis was induced by ligation of the cystic artery and duct together with inoculation of bacteria. Four days later the pigs were killed and the gallbladders were removed and histologically scored for the presence of cholecystitis. Bile and blood samples were collected for bacterial culturing and biochemical analyses.

Results

The histological examination demonstrated statistical significant differences in acute cholecystitis development between groups, the degree of inflammation being highest in undrained pigs. There were no differences in bacterial cultures between the two groups.

Conclusion

Internal drainage of the gallbladder protected against the development of acute cholecystitis in the present pig model. These findings support the theory that gallstone impaction of the cystic duct plays a crucial role as a pathogenetic mechanism in the development of acute cholecystitis and suggest that internal drainage may be a way to prevent and treat acute cholecystitis.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗高龄患者急性胆囊炎的临床观察

目的：探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗高龄患者急性胆囊炎的应用价值。方法：回顾性分析2005年1月．2011年12月我院收治的210例65岁以上因急性胆囊炎实施胆囊切除术的老年患者的临床资料,按手术方式分为腹腔镜组（LC组）和剖腹胆囊切除术组（OC组）,分析和比较两组患者的手术时间、术后肠功能恢复时间及住院时间,术中出血、腹腔引流量和术后并发症的发生情况。结果：与OC组比较,LC组的手术时间、术后肠功能恢复时间及住院时间均显著缩短,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;但两组之间术中出血、腹腔引流量和术后并发症的发生率差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。LC组中转开腹10例,占7_35％;其中粘连严重导致胆囊三角解剖不清6例,无法控制的出血2例,结石嵌顿胆囊管2例。结论：老年急性胆囊炎患者在条件合适的情况下行腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗有助于患者更快地恢复．具有较强的临床应用价值。     

胆道系统探查中术中超声的应用及临床价值

目的:探讨胆管系统探查中术中超声(intraoperative ultrasound,IOUS)的应用及临床价值。方法:2007年3月至2014年8月应用术中超声对胆道系统进行探查的病例资料58例,对其术前影像学表现、手术过程、术中超声所见以及术中和术后诊断进行分析,研究术中超声对胆道探查的应用价值。结果:(1)58例应用术中超声病人中,肝内外胆管结石35例、肝门部胆管癌及胆总管癌11例,急性胆囊炎8例,胃癌1例,先天性胆总管囊肿1例,胆总管炎性狭窄1例,胰腺癌1例。术中超声确认取净结石或胆总管未见明显异常34例,定位肝内胆管残余结石6例,发现胆总管内尚有结石2例,术中超声确诊胆管癌2例;另发现胆总管先天性解剖异常2例;(2)在发现胆管结石方面,与术前MRCP无显著性差异(P=0.643);与术前CT、B超比较有显著差异(P0.05),诊断率分别为B超74.3%,MRCP 91.4%,CT 77.1%,IOUS 94.3%。结论:术中超声胆道系统的探查可以在广泛的疾病中得到应用,可以对术前影像学检查起到验证和补充的作用,且在术中引导各种介入操作中起到独特作用。     

Distribution of opioidergic,sympathetic and neuropeptide Y-positive nerves in the sphincter of Oddi and biliary tree of the monkey,Macaca fascicularis

Summary The opioidergic, sympathetic and neuropeptide Y-positive innervation of the sphincter of Oddi (common bile duct sphincter and pancreatic duct sphincter), as well as other segments of the extrahepatic biliary tree was studied in the monkey by use of immunohistochemistry. Methionine-enkephalin-positive nerves were seen to innervate the smooth muscle of all portions of the sphincter of Oddi and also local ganglion cells. No methionine-enkephalin-positive nerves could be detected in the common bile duct, pancreatic duct or gallbladder. Tyrosine hydroxylase-positive nerves occurred between smooth muscle bundles and also ran to local ganglion cells as well as along the common bile duct. Neuropeptide Y-positive nerves were observed within smooth muscle of the sphincter of Oddi (all portions), common bile duct, pancreatic duct and gallbladder. No evidence of any differential innervation of the pancreatic duct and common bile duct sphincters could be detected with these markers.     

Cytopathologic diagnosis of xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis and coexistent lesions. A prospective study of 31 cases

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy and reliability of preoperative ultrasound (US)-guided fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in the diagnosis of xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC) and coexistent lesions (carcinoma) and also to evaluate the possibility ofmissing either carcinoma or XGC on cytology. STUDY DESIGN: The cytologic diagnoses of XGC and coexistent lesions were made according to standard criteria. In a prospective, 5-year study, preoperative US-guided FNAC from 42 cases of XGC was compared with follow-up histologic diagnoses, which were available in 31 cases. When FNAC after the first aspiration showed the aspirate to be nondiagnostic, FNAC was repeated under US guidance. RESULTS: Preoperative US-guided FNAC diagnoses of XGC were made in 31 cases, for which follow-up histology was available in all cases. US-guided FNAC diagnosis ofXGC only was made in 30 cases and coexistent lesions in 1 case. Followup histology revealed 26 cases of XGC, 4 of a coexistent lesion and 1 of squamous cell carcinoma only. The overall diagnostic accuracy of preoperative US-guided FNAC was 96.77%. The overall possibility of missing XGC was 3.33% and that of carcinoma, 12.01%. CONCLUSION: Preoperative US-guided FNAC is safe, rapid, reliable, cost-effective and accurate in diagnosing XGC. However, the possibility ofcoexistent carcinoma cannot be definitely ruled out. It is therefore recommended that FNAC be performed from multiple suspicious sites under radiologic guidance. Thus, preoperative US-guided FNAC diagnosis would help in determining the urgency of treatment and also in planning the surgical procedure for gallbladder lesions.     

Has laparoscopic cholecystectomy changed patterns of practice and patient outcome in Ontario?

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) on patterns of practice (number of cholecystectomy procedures, case-mix and length of hospital stay) and patient outcomes in Ontario. DESIGN: Cross-sectional population-based time trends using hospital discharge data. SETTING: All acute care hospitals in Ontario where cholecystectomy was provided. PATIENTS: All 119,821 Ontario residents who underwent cholecystectomy between 1989-90 and 1993-94. After exclusions (initial bile duct exploration, cancer, incidental cholecystectomy, or missing codes for age, sex or residence) 108,442 patients remained. OUTCOME MEASURES: Number of cholecystectomy procedures, proportion of patients with acute or chronic gallstone disease, length of hospital stay, and rates of death, readmission, and bile duct injury and other in-hospital complications after cholecystectomy by year. RESULTS: The number of cholecystectomy procedures increased by 30.4% between 1989-90 and 1993-94. The number of patients with chronic gallstone disease increased by 33.6%, and the number who underwent elective surgery increased by 48.3%. The proportion of procedures performed as LC increased from 1.0% in 1990-91 to 85.6% in 1993-94. Patients who received LC tended to be younger female patients with chronic gallstone disease with no coexisting conditions undergoing elective operations. The mean length of stay, adjusted for case-mix differences, was significantly lower in 1993-94 than in 1989-90 (2.6 days v. 7.5 days) (p < 0.05); the values for LC and open cholecystectomy in 1993-94 were 1.8 days and 7.3 days respectively. The decrease in the crude death rate over the study period (0.3% to 0.2%) was not significant (relative odds 1.10, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.72 to 1.69). In 1993-94 the adjusted risk of readmission to hospital within 30 days was 1.38 (95% CI 1.19 to 1.58) as compared with 1989-90. Over the 5 years the rate of bile duct injuries tripled (0.3% in 1989-90 v. 0.9% in 1993-94). The adjusted risk of having at least one complication after cholecystectomy in 1993-94 was 1.90 (95% CI 1.75 to 2.07) as compared with 1989-90. CONCLUSIONS: LC has had a substantial effect on the number of cholecystectomy procedures performed, the type of patient having the gallbladder removed and the length of hospital stay. Death rates are unchanged, but the odds of readmission and in-hospital complications are both increased. Future research should be directed toward determining the reasons for the overall increase in rates, developing methods to reduce bile duct injuries and identifying other relevant outcomes, such as patient satisfaction with the procedure.     

腹腔镜下胆道镜经胆囊管行胆道探查取石术的临床分析

目的：探讨腹腔镜下胆道镜经胆囊管行胆道探查取石术（LTCBDE）的可行性以及安全性。方法：124 例胆囊合并胆总管结石 患者,根据手术方式分为LTCBDE 组和腹腔镜胆总管切开取石T管引流术（LCTD组）,各62 例,比较两组的手术情况、疗效及安 全性。结果：LTCBDE 的手术时间、术后引流时间、肛门排气时间、术后住院时间及补液量较LCTD 组显著减少（P<0.05）;LTCBDE 组并发症发生率及复发率分别为3.23%、1.61%,显著低于LCTD 组的20.97%、11.29%（P<0.05）。结论：LTCBDE 创伤小、患者痛 苦少、术后恢复快、并发症少且复发率低,是治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的一种安全可行的微创治疗手段,值得在临床中推广 应用。     

Perforation of the gallbladder: analysis of 19 cases.

Perforation of the gallbladder occurred in 19 (3.8%) of 496 patients with acute cholecystitis treated at one hospital in an 8-year period. The average age of the 19 patients was 69 years and the female:male ratio was 3:2. Most had a history suggestive of gallbladder disease and most had coexisting cardiac, pulmonary, renal, nutritional or metabolic disease. The duration of the present illness was short, perforation occurring within 72 hours of the onset of symptoms in half the patients; the diagnosis was not suspected preoperatively in any. In the elderly patient with acute cholecystitis who has a long history of gallbladder disease, cholecystectomy should be performed early, before gangrene and perforation of the gallbladder can occur.     

Ultrasonographic guidance in diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in diseases of the internal organs

A hundred fifty four invasive diagnostic and therapeutical interventions were made in patients with diseases of the abdomen and retroperitoneal space under ultrasonographic guidance. Various biopsies were performed in 139 patients; positive results were achieved in 120 (86.3%) cases. In 15 patients, diagnostic biopsies were combined with therapeutical interventions, such as aspiration of cysts in the liver (n = 3) and kidney (n = 2); drainage of abscesses in the abdomen (n = 5) and liver (n = 5). Fourteen patients with mechanical jaundice caused by extrahepatic bile duct tumors or pancreatic head cancer underwent percutaneous transhepatic cholecystocholangiography followed by external drainage. Percutaneous transhepatic drainage of the gallbladder was made in 1 patient with acute cholecystitis.