浑河太子河流域地形和土地利用对表层土壤养分空间变异的影响

应用GIS技术,综合统计学和地统计学方法,探讨了浑河太子河流域表层土壤养分的空间分布,同时分析了地形因子、土地利用及其交互作用对土壤养分空间变异的影响。结果表明:海拔、坡度与土壤有机质、全氮、全磷呈极显著正相关,与全钾呈极显著负相关;坡向的影响不显著。林地和草地的有机质、全磷平均含量相对较高;水田和旱地的全钾平均含量较高。地形因子与土地利用方式的交互作用显著影响土壤养分含量。有机质、全氮和全磷含量高的区域集中在海拔较高、坡度较大的林地和草地。地形条件和土地利用方式能够解释研究区土壤养分的空间变异。     

基于最小数据集的青藏高原南北部不同土地利用方式土壤质量评价

为了评估青藏高原南北部林地、草地和农地的土壤质量状况，明确3种土地利用方式下生产力水平的关键影响因子，在青藏高原南部和北部采集了101个(0～30 cm)土壤样品测定土壤理化性质，通过主成分分析选择3个指标作为最小数据集(MDS),综合评估青藏高原南北部土壤质量。结果表明：3种土地利用方式下土壤理化特性在青藏高原南、北部差异显著。北部土壤有机质(SOM)、全氮(TN)、速效磷(AP)、速效钾(AK)含量均高于南部，且南北部的林地SOM、TN含量均显著高于农地和草地。土壤铵态氮(NH₄⁺-N)含量表现为农地>林地>草地，且在南部差异显著，而南北部硝态氮(NO₃^--N)含量均表现为林地最高。农地的土壤容重(BD)和电导率(EC)显著高于草地和林地，且北部农地和草地的BD和EC高于南部。南部草地pH显著高于林地和农地，北部林地pH最高。北部土壤质量选取指标为SOM、AP和pH,林地、草地和农地的土壤质量指数依次为0.56、0.53和0.47;南部选取指标为SOM、全磷(TP)和NH_4...     

广东省不同土地利用方式对土壤微生物量碳氮的影响

通过野外调查与室内分析,研究了广东省韶关红壤、广州赤红壤、雷州砖红壤3个地区4种不同土地利用方式(林地、果园、草地和农田)表层土壤(0～20cm)微生物量C、N特征.研究结果表明:不同土壤类型和不同土地利用方式对土壤微生物量C、N均有一定影响,其中土地利用方式影响更为明显.不同土地利用方式下土壤微生物量C、N差异显著,均表现为果园和林地高于农田和草地.土壤有机C、全N同样以果园较高.而对微生物商分析结果表明,不同的土地利用方式对土壤有机C总量和微生物生物量C的影响程度并不一致.相关分析表明,土壤微生物量C、N与全N、有机C、速效N显著正相关;土壤微生物量C、N之间显著相关,证实土壤微生物量C、N是可以表征土壤肥力的敏感因子.     

土地利用方式对黑土剖面有机碳分布及碳储量的影响

以典型黑土区29年长期定位试验处理下的土壤为对象,研究了农田、裸地、自然草地和落叶松林地4种土地利用方式下土壤剖面(0~200 cm)有机碳及碳储量的分布特征.结果表明:不同土地利用方式下表层(0~10 cm)土壤有机碳含量差异最大,表现为草地>农田>林地>裸地.农田10~120 cm各土层有机碳含量均低于草地、林地和裸地.与农田相比,自然草地对土壤有机碳提升作用明显,其0~60 cm各层土壤有机碳含量均显著高于农田;裸地表层(0~10 cm)土壤有机碳含量显著低于农田;落叶松林地0~20 cm有机碳含量与农田相比无明显变化,但其20~140 cm土层有机碳含量均高于农田.土壤剖面有机碳含量与p H值、容重、粉粒和粘粒含量呈显著负相关,与全氮和砂粒含量呈显著正相关.农田0~200 cm剖面有机碳储量显著低于其他3种利用方式,分别比草地、裸地和林地低13.6%、11.4%和10.9%.农田黑土在增加碳储量及改善环境方面具有很大潜力.     

不同土地利用方式对三峡库区消落带土壤细菌和真菌多样性的影响

旨在为三峡消落带选择适合的生态恢复方式提供参考依据。以三峡库区重庆忠县汝溪河流域典型消落带为研究区域,于2015年6月进行原位取样,利用末端限制性片段长度多态性(Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism,T-RFLP)方法,对消落带的耕地、林地、弃耕地土壤细菌和真菌群落多样性进行研究。研究发现:(1)除容重和密度外,不同用地类型对土壤各理化特性均产生显著影响,林地的含水量、有机质(OM)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、速效氮(AN)、速效钾(AK)、速效磷(AP)的含量显著高于耕地和弃耕地(P0.05)。(2)在三峡库区消落带不同土地利用方式下细菌和真菌多样性均有显著性差异。(3)耕地和林地的细菌多样性无显著性差异,均显著高于弃耕地;不同用地方式中,土壤全磷(TP)和速效磷(AP)显著影响细菌群落结构(P0.05)。(4)真菌群落的Shannon-Weiner指数和辛普森指数在耕地中均为最低,但均匀度指数在3种用地类型之间没有显著性差异;在不同用地方式的土壤中,土壤有机质(OM)、全氮(TN)含量和p H显著影响真菌群落结构(P0.05)。结论:与弃耕地和耕地相比,林地可固持、滞留和保有更多的土壤养分,有较高的细菌多样性和真菌多样性。在三峡消落带165—175 m海拔高程,林地为最适宜的用地方式,建议限制耕作,推广人工生态修复林地建设。     

基于137Cs示踪技术的土壤侵蚀及养分流失特征评价

研究不同土地利用方式对小流域土壤侵蚀及其养分流失特征的影响有助于更好的理解土地利用方式变化引发的环境效应问题,对区域生态保护和高质量发展具有重要意义。选择陕北延安市湫沟小流域为研究对象,利用¹³⁷Cs示踪技术,定量评价了不同土地利用方式的土壤侵蚀和养分流失状况及其相互变化关系,结果表明：（1）土地利用方式显著影响小流域土壤侵蚀状况。土壤侵蚀模数介于-18.67-151.27 t km^-2 a^-1之间,大小顺序为沟道 > 苹果园 > 林地 > 草地 > 灌木,均为微度侵蚀。其中,除灌木地发生沉积以外,其它土地利用方式均发生了土壤侵蚀现象。（2）不同土地利用方式下的土壤侵蚀模数空间变异明显,除沟道为轻度变异以外,其它土地利用均为中等变异。（3）土壤全氮含量、有机质含量、N/P比和C/P比在不同土地利用方式下的变化特征表现一致,大小顺序均为灌木 > 草地 > 林地 > 沟道 > 苹果园,且在不同利用方式间均存在显著性差异。但全磷含量表现为灌木>苹果园>沟道>草地>林地,且与土壤全氮含量和有机质含量极显著正相关。同全国平均水平相比,土壤全氮含量偏低,全磷含量适中;C/N超过全国平均水平,而N/P和C/P远低于全国平均水平,小流域土壤氮限制严重。（4）土壤侵蚀是该小流域养分流失的重要诱因。不同土地利用方式土壤养分流失变化特征与土壤侵蚀模数表现一致,且两者呈极显著正相关关系;但与土壤全氮、全磷、有机质、N/P比及C/P比呈极显著负相关关系,与C/N比关系不显著。     

基于GIS的农田土壤肥力评价及其与土体构型的关系

以河南省延津县中低产田为例,选取土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾、pH和阳离子交换量（CEC）等指标作为评价因子,利用ArcGIS 9.2软件和模糊数学方法对土壤肥力进行了综合评价,根据评价结果,分析不同土体构型土壤肥力状况差异.结果表明：该区土壤呈偏碱性状态,全氮、全磷、速效氮、CEC、有机质、速效钾含量偏低,速效磷、全钾含量中等,土壤肥力综合指数为0.14～0.63,整体水平偏低.除速效磷和全钾外,其他土壤肥力指标在不同土体构型间均表现出显著差异,土壤肥力与土体构型关系密切,上壤下粘型土壤的肥力等级相对较高,上壤下砂型次之,通体砂型最低.根据各指标在剖面上的分布状况判断,该区土体结构不良,保水保肥能力差,可针对此特征进行土壤改良.     

不同土地利用类型下氮、磷在土壤剖面中的分布特征

在北京市东南郊大兴区采取了44处0～20cm,20～40cm,40～60cm,60～80cm,80～100cm5个不同深度的土壤剖面样品。按土地利用类型,采样点可分为农田、菜地、果园、林地、草地。土壤剖面中,由表层向深层,pH值升高,有机质、速效磷、全磷、硝态氮、全氮降低,且在20～40cm处有较大变化。表层土壤受土地利用影响,不同土地利用类型的土壤性质差别较大,尤以菜地土壤,pH为8.01低于其他类型土壤的平均值8.27,有机质、速效磷、全磷、硝态氮、全氮都高于其他类型的土壤,分别是其他类型土壤的110%～198%,355%～1629%,162%～224%,724%～1540%,130%～248%,速效磷和硝态氮远高于其他土壤。深层土壤性质差异不大,各项土壤性质差异随深度而变小,但菜地80～100cm处,硝态氮含量为18.8mgkg-1,是同深度其他类型土壤的175%～389%。土壤中硝态氮的积累情况,菜地>农田、果园、林地>草地。磷的积累与氮不同,速效磷在0～20cm大量积累,不同类型的土壤,速效磷积累差异显著,在40～60cm处,菜地速效磷含量是其他利用类型土壤的161%～602%;在80～100cm处,不同利用类型的土壤中速效磷无显著性差异。这一情况表明,菜地的过量施用氮、磷肥导致了土壤中的磷和氮大量积累,并以速效磷、硝态氮的形态向下淋溶并在深层土壤中积累。硝态氮在80～100cm的积累仍相当严重,有继续向下淋溶的可能,速效磷的淋溶在80～100cm处已较为微弱,其淋溶过程主要在0～60cm处。对速效磷和硝态氮的累积进行多元线性回归分析,发现速效磷与全磷含量有着良好的线性相关性,而与有机质和全氮含量关系不大。硝态氮则受土壤中pH、有机质和全氮3因素的共同影响。     

红松洼自然保护区草地群落物种多样性和土壤肥力与地上生物量的相关性研究

物种多样性与生物量之间的关系已经成为现代生态学研究的重要问题, 而土壤肥力也是影响生物量的重要因素。 文章以红松洼自然保护区为例, 通过对红松洼自然保护区核心区和实验区植物的种类、数量、高度、盖度、物候期的实地采样调查, 以及对两区土壤的含水量、有机质含量、全氮含量、全磷含量的实地采样调查, 系统地分析了红松洼自然保护区植物物种多样性、土壤肥力与草地地上生物量三者之间的相关性。结果表明, 草地群落植物物种多样性与草地地上生物量呈显著正相关(P＜0.05), 植物物种多样性指数、均匀度指数与草地地上生物量也呈显著的正相关(P＜0.05), 土壤肥力中土壤水分、土壤全氮含量与草地地上生物量之间并无显著相关性(P＞0.05), 但是与土壤有机质含量呈显著的正相关性(P＜0.05), 与土壤全磷呈显著的负相关性(r＜0)。揭示可以通过提高植物物种多样性和土壤有机质含量来提高草地地上生物量。     

青藏高原高寒草甸不同季节土壤理化性质及酶活性对施肥处理的响应

分析了青藏高原东缘高寒草甸不同施肥处理对土壤全量养分、速效养分、pH、含水量、有机碳和土壤脲酶活性的影响,以揭示高寒草甸土壤养分和酶活性对施肥的响应。结果表明:(1)随施肥量的增加,土壤pH明显趋于降低,施肥引起高寒草甸土壤酸化;全磷、速效磷均显著增大;(2)土壤全氮、有机碳和脲酶活性随施肥量增加呈单峰曲线变化,在施肥量为30或60g·m-2时最高,施肥量增加到90g·m-2时土壤资源逐渐降低;(3)季节变化对土壤养分也有一定的影响,全氮和全磷含量均于9月份较高,而速效氮含量一般于9月份较低,而速效磷含量5月份较低;(4)施肥对土壤养分的影响并不是简单的线性正相关关系,30~60g·m-2施肥量可作为高寒草甸最佳施肥水平。施肥处理下土壤有机碳和脲酶活性可作为衡量土壤肥力和土壤质量变化的重要指标。高施肥量(≥90g·m-2)可作为影响高寒草甸土壤养分及土壤酶活性的阈值。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.