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1.
桃花水母属一些种类命名的有效性仍存在争议,本文建立了两个新的形态度量学参数,即触手密集度和平衡囊密集度,采用形态度量学方法对在我国采集到的索氏桃花水母、嘉定桃花水母、中华桃花水母和短手桃花水母进行了比较研究,并讨论这两个参数在种类区分上的应用。此外,利用Spearman秩相关系数检验桃花水母各形态学参数之间的相关性。结果表明,短手桃花水母和中华桃花水母在形态上没有明显的差异,可能与中华桃花水母为同一物种。嘉定桃花水母与中华桃花水母和索氏桃花水母在形态上均存在显著的差异,应该是一个有效种。桃花水母的触手数和平衡囊数均与伞径显著正相关,除嘉定桃花水母外,其他三种桃花水母的平衡囊密集度都与触手密集度显著正相关。  相似文献   

2.
桃花水母属Craspedacusta隶属于刺胞动物门Cnidaria水螅纲Hydrozoa淡水水母目Limnomedusae笠水母科Olindiidae。我国的桃花水母种类丰富,分布广泛,近年来多地有新种和分布新纪录的报道。安徽曾发现桃花水母,但均未进行详细描述和研究。本文对采自安徽省金寨县梅河河谷水潭内的桃花水母进行了初步研究,依据其伞形、缘膜宽度、触手及平衡囊数目、刺丝囊疣形状和排列方式、生殖腺形状和颜色等形态特征对其进行初步的分类鉴定。结果表明,此次在金寨县发现的桃花水母更接近于宜昌桃花水母Craspedacusta kawaii Oka,1907。这是对安徽省发现的桃花水母首次进行较为明确的分类鉴定和初步的形态学研究。  相似文献   

3.
秭归桃花水母( Craspedacusta ziguiensis )   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
"春来桃花水,中有桃花鱼.浅白深红画不如,是花是鱼两不知".这首古诗中描述的比画还要美丽的"桃花鱼",实际上就是我们今天说的桃花水母.虽然早在1250年,我国对桃花水母及其生活习性就有详细的描述,但按照现代生物学概念命名的桃花水母却是在1880年. 由于这一类群有着数亿年的生存历史,是进化过程中的关键物种,桃花水母被认为有重要的保护价值.  相似文献   

4.
桃花水母(Craspedacusta),为生活在淡水中的腔肠动物。我国古称桃花鱼,四川乐山又称金钱鱼,重庆称降落伞鱼、马鼻子,宜宾称保险伞鱼。这种动物在四川省最早的记载系南宋淳佑十年,熊文稷“忠州桃花鱼记”文中记有“……犹疑为逐杨花落者,睇视之,觉花蕊蠕蠕然动,且浮沉于勺水之中,而悠悠然自适……”。这是对桃花水母的生动记述。桃花水母属动物在我省已发现有三种,即索氏桃花水母Craspedacusta sowerbyi Lan-kester1880,中华桃花水母Craspedacusta sinensis Gaw&Kung1939和四川桃花水母Craspedacusta sichuanensis He&Kou1984。中华桃花…  相似文献   

5.
2003年7月9日至10月16日于浙江省宁波市鄞州和象山分别采得多个桃花水母标本,经鉴定这两种桃花水母为信阳桃花水母。鉴于这几年,我国许多地方相继报道发现有桃花水母出没,在此基础上,参阅了我国在研究桃花水母方面的相关资料,介绍了目前我国关于桃花水母的研究现状, 并指出其研究价值所在,以期为今后桃花水母的研究提供参考依据。  相似文献   

6.
一小型水池中浮游生物数量动态与桃花水母消长的关系   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
2005年和2006年夏秋季,宁波一消防池中出现信阳桃花水母(Craspedacusta sowerbyi xinyangensis),对池中的浮游生物种类组成及种群数量变动特征进行了研究,并与未出现桃花水母的年份进行了比较分析。共记录浮游植物85种,分属8门53属,以绿藻门居优势占种类总数的42.35%,优势种为蓝、绿藻门的小球藻(Chorella vulgaris)、银灰平裂藻(Merismo pedia glauca)和不定微囊藻(Microcystis incerta);浮游动物记录44种属,原生动物和轮虫占绝对优势,分别占种类总数的47.74%和45.45%,优势种为多肢轮虫(Polyarthra sp.)。浮游植物丰度值高峰出现在11月为14065.60×104ind/L,蓝藻丰度居首位占61.05%;浮游动物丰度呈现5月和11月两个高峰,5月最高达5580ind/L,7月最低为900ind/L;原生动物和轮虫的丰度分别占总丰度的48.28%和43.92%,桡足类只占7.73%,生物量以轮虫最大。轮虫和桡足类数量在桃花水母出现前均达到高峰;桃花水母出现盛期轮虫丰度最低;桃花水母消失后再度回升;浮游植物、浮游动物和桃花水母三者处于动态平衡。桃花水母出现前至出现中期的4—8月份,池水为"寡污-中富营养类型"水质;水母出现末期及消失后的9—11月,发展为"中污-极富营养类型"水质。  相似文献   

7.
在我国沿海出产的腔肠动物水母类中,与国民经济有关的,首先要数海蜇,其次便是这里所要叙述的霞水母。海蜇是东海和黄、渤海的丰产食用水母;霞水母体型虽大,却没有食用价值,但是由于它在黄、渤海的渔汛时期的大量出现,却成为当地渔业很大的一种敌害。在它大量出现时期,可使渔获量锐减乃至停止,所以它是一种可注意的有害水母。本文把它的形态构造、生活习性和为害情况作一简要  相似文献   

8.
马喜平  高尚武 《生态学报》2000,20(4):533-540
水母类是海洋生态系统中非常重要的一个类群。根据1959年以来在渤海进行的几次较为全面的调查资料,对渤海水母类的种类组成、数量分布与季节变化作了较为详细的研究。共记录到水母类41种,其中水螅水母35种,钵水母4种,栉水母2种。主要以近岸低盐类型为主,高盐种类少并且出现时间短。渤海水母类密度季节变化有3个高峰,出现在冬季,夏季和秋季,分别出八斑黄氏水母,酒杯水母属、和平水母属、五角水母构成。渤海水线类  相似文献   

9.
桃花水母   总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9  
桃花水母是水螅纲有世代交替的一类淡水生活的刺胞动物。由于我国的秭归桃花水母的生境在三峡水库蓄水后将被淹没,它的生存受到各方的关注。近期媒体也做了较多的报道,为有利于读者了解这一方面的知识,介绍了桃花水母的螅状体和水母体的形态和生活习性,以及世代交替的情况,提出了有关对桃花水母的研究和保护的一些看法。  相似文献   

10.
云南澄江早寒武世水母化石   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5       下载免费PDF全文
水母(jellyfish;medusa)是现代腔肠动物(Coelenterata)刺胞动物门(Gnidaria)中较为常见的代表。大多数水螅水母(hydrozoanmedusae;hydromedusae),又称缘膜水母(cras-pedote medusae),各种具浮囊(pneumatophore)的群体多态的软壳水母(chondrophorans)和所有的钵水母(scyphozoan medusae;scyphomedu-sae),又称真水母(true medusac),广泛分布于世界各大海域。腔肠动物只具有双胚层,身体辐射对称,是后生动物(Metazoa)中最低等的门类。水母在地史上也是后生动物中出现最早的类型之一。水母的演化分异可以追溯到寒武纪以前的时代。澳大利亚南部前寒武纪末期的埃  相似文献   

11.
陈玲玲  林振山  梁仁君 《生态学报》2007,27(11):4506-4515
似Allee效应对物种续存是潜在的扰动因素,稀有物种更易受其影响,可能增加生存于破碎化栖息地中的珍稀物种的死亡风险;但似Allee效应对多物种集合种群续存的影响及其在珍稀物种保护中的应用未能引起足够重视。将似Allee效应引入集合种群动力模式,建立了生境丧失下具有似Allee效应的n-珍稀物种的集合种群模式,并以江苏盐城滩涂湿地中的29种珍稀物种为研究实例。研究结果表明:(1)似Allee效应导致n-物种集合种群多度作长期变周期振荡,原本竞争共存物种可能无法继续共存,甚至灭绝。(2)似Allee效应增强对次强种及劣势种的生存极为不利,导致次强物种由强至弱灭绝,劣势物种由弱至强依次灭绝。(3)盐城天然湿地丧失29%后,11种劣势物种的集合种群由弱到强将最终依次灭绝,灭绝迟豫时间为304~890a,这些物种即Hanski所指的"活死者"。(4)适度增加栖息地面积是保护珍稀物种多样性的有效方法之一,在盐城现存3200km2的天然湿地基础上适度增加1801~2064km2左右栖息地面积,可以有效保护29种濒危物种的多样性,同时应注意结合针对具体物种的保护措施来提高濒危物种多度。研究结果对物种多样性保护及自然保护区建设具有重要的理论指导意义。  相似文献   

12.
Because habitat loss is a leading cause of extinction, it is important to identify what kind of species is most vulnerable. Here, I use algebraic and graphical techniques to study metacommunity models of weak competition or locally facultative mutualism in which species may coexist within patches. Because a competition–colonization trade‐off is not required for regional coexistence of competitors, poor competitors are often regionally rare and most prone to extinction, in contrast to results from previous models of strongly competitive metapopulations. Metacommunities of mutualists can suffer the abrupt extinction of both species as habitat destruction is increased. These highlight the importance of identifying the mechanisms by which species coexist to predict their response to habitat loss.  相似文献   

13.
Originality measures how different a given species is from all other co‐occurring species regarding either their phylogenetic history or functional traits. Since it is important to preserve the various aspects of diversity and original species carry more phylogenetic or functional information, originality may be used to assign conservation priorities. Our goal was to evaluate the relationships between phylogenetic and functional originalities, and their simulated losses under extinction scenarios based on abundance, fire tolerance and habitat preference. We placed 100 plots in a cerrado reserve located in central Brazil, sampled all woody plants species within the plots, measured 14 functional traits and measured fire history. We assembled a phylogenetic tree and a functional dendrogram, with which we calculated the originalities. Phylogenetic‐ and functional‐based originalities were correlated. However, the loss of functional originality was different from random extinctions on the abundance and fire tolerance scenarios, whereas the loss of phylogenetic originality was not. When compared with phylogenetic originality, functional originality brought more information to be used in conservation strategies because it was sensitive to differences in species abundance and fire tolerance. Thus, the extinction of rare or fire‐sensitive species would result in important functional changes due to loss of distinctive traits.  相似文献   

14.
集合种群动态对生境毁坏空间异质性的响应   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
刘会玉  林振山  梁仁君  温腾 《生态学报》2007,27(8):3286-3293
首次将分形几何(Fractal geometry)与元胞自动机(Cellular automata)相结合,研究了破碎化生境中集合种群的空间分布格局动态,以及集合种群动态对生境毁坏空间异质性的响应。研究发现:(1)各个物种种群在生境中的分布具有很好的分形特征,物种的计盒维数(Box dimension)不仅可以很好地反映种群的空间分布结构,也能很好地反映种群动态。(2)如果将空间因素考虑进来的话,生境毁坏的灭绝债务(Time debt)将大于空间隐含模式所模拟的结果。(3)物种灭绝同时存在强物种灭绝和弱物种灭绝。并且只有在生境随机毁坏下,才与空间隐含的模拟结果比较接近,即强物种中将是最强物种率先灭绝。而在边缘毁坏这种比较集中成块的开发方式下,将是较强的物种灭绝。(4)边缘毁坏相对随机毁坏有利于物种,尤其是弱物种的长期续存。  相似文献   

15.
The Meishucun stage is the prelude in decipher-ing the Cambrian Explosion. In this prominent stage, rapid radioactive evolution and body-plan innovation have taken place and different associations of organism have been shaped. In this paper we report several 3D-preserved rare star-like fossils with finely preserved soft tissues which were recovered from the Kuanchuanpu Member of the Dengying Formation in South Shaanxi, China in 2003. By studying on functional morphology and analogy with mouthpart of Punctatus, there are evidences that this star-like organism approaches the coelenterates in systematic classification and the centre of star-like organism is its mouth. The appearance of coelenterates marks the real beginning of metazoan evolution. Therefore, it has the prominent position in the origin and evolutionary history of organisms. Perhaps the star-like organism represents the early types of coelenterate with original tentacles. These new materials provide new evidence for the origin, evolution and the functional evolution of the metazoan during the early stage of the Cambrian Explosion.  相似文献   

16.
It is well documented that habitat loss is a major cause of biodiversity decline. However, the roles of the different aspects of habitat loss in local extinctions are less understood. Anthropogenic destruction of an area of habitat causes immediate local extinction but subsequently three additional gradual drivers influence the likelihood of delayed extinction: decreased habitat patch size, lower connectivity and habitat deterioration. We investigated the role of these drivers in local extinctions of 82 declining species in a UK biodiversity hotspot. We combined a unique set of ≈ 7000 vegetation surveys and habitat maps from the 1930s with contemporary species’ occurrences. We extrapolated from these surveys to the whole 2500‐km2 study area using habitat suitability surfaces. The strengths of drivers in explaining local extinctions over this 70 yr period were determined by contrasting connectivity, patch size and habitat quality loss for locations at which a species went extinct and those with persisting occurrences. Species’ occurrences declined on average by 60%, with half of local extinctions attributable to immediate habitat loss and half to the gradual processes causing delayed extinctions. On average, locations where a species persisted had a 73% higher contemporary connectivity than those suffering extinctions, but showed no differences in historical connectivity. Furthermore, locations with extinctions experienced a 37% greater decline in suitability associated with changes in habitat type. The strength of the drivers and the proportion of extinctions depended on the species’ habitat specialism, but were affected only minimally by life‐history characteristics. In conclusion, we identified a hierarchy of drivers influencing local extinction: with connectivity loss being the strongest, suitability change being moderately important, but changes in habitat patch size having only weak effects. We suggest conservation efforts could be most effective by strengthening connectivity along with reducing habitat deterioration, which would benefit a wide range of species.  相似文献   

17.
Extinction is difficult to detect, even in well-known taxa such as mammals. Species with long gaps in their sighting records, which might be considered possibly extinct, are often rediscovered. We used data on rediscovery rates of missing mammals to test whether extinction from different causes is equally detectable and to find which traits affect the probability of rediscovery. We find that species affected by habitat loss were much more likely to be misclassified as extinct or to remain missing than those affected by introduced predators and diseases, or overkill, unless they had very restricted distributions. We conclude that extinctions owing to habitat loss are most difficult to detect; hence, impacts of habitat loss on extinction have probably been overestimated, especially relative to introduced species. It is most likely that the highest rates of rediscovery will come from searching for species that have gone missing during the 20th century and have relatively large ranges threatened by habitat loss, rather than from additional effort focused on charismatic missing species.  相似文献   

18.
Species can be rare or common in three different dimensions: geographic range size, habitat breadth, and local abundance. Understanding drivers of rarity are not only fundamentally interesting; it is also pertinent for their conservation. We addressed this challenge by analyzing the rarity of 291 native freshwater fishes occurring in ca 3500 independent stream reaches that span a broad environmental gradient across continental USA. Using phylogenetic regression and path analysis, we examined the concordance among the three rarity dimensions, and identified possible mechanisms by which species life‐history, habitat affinities, and biogeography drive variation in rarity. Weak double extinction jeopardies were driven by weakly positive correlations between habitat breadth and local abundance, and between habitat breadth and geographic range size. However, a triple extinction jeopardy was averted as local abundance and range size were not positively linked in our study. This is because large‐river and lacustrine habitat use mediated a trade‐off between local abundance and range size. Large rivers and lacustrine habitats represent important dispersal pathways and refugia that enabled fishes to acquire wide ranges; however, species using these habitats are less abundant overall because they are less adapted to small lotic channels, which comprise the majority of stream habitats in the US. Life‐history traits were key in governing the relationship between abundance and range size as large‐river and lacustrine habitat use were driven by body size, egg size, and parental care. Our analysis contributes novel insights into mechanisms that underlie multiple dimensions of rarity in freshwater fish and informs the prioritization of multiply rare species for conservation.  相似文献   

19.
Extinction is notoriously difficult to study because of the long timescales involved and the difficulty in ascertaining that extinction has actually occurred. The effect of habitat subdivision, or fragmentation, on extinction risk is even harder to study, as it requires copious replication of habitat patches on large spatial scales and control of area effects between treatments. I used simple small-scale communities of bacteria and protozoa to study extinction in response to habitat loss and habitat fragmentation. I studied several different community configurations, each with three trophic levels. Unlike most metapopulation studies (experimental as well as theoretical), which have tended to deal with inherently unstable species interactions, I deliberately used community configurations that were persistent in large stock cultures. I recorded the time to extinction of the top predator in single habitat patches of different sizes and in fragmented systems with different degrees of subdivision but the same amount of available habitat. Habitat loss reduced the time to extinction of isolated populations. Fragmented systems went extinct sooner than corresponding unfragmented (continuous) systems of the same overall size. Unfragmented populations persisted longer than fragmented systems (metapopulations) with or without dispersal corridors between subpopulations. In fact, fragmented systems where the fragments were linked by dispersal corridors went extinctly significantly sooner than those where subpopulations were completely isolated from each other. If these results extend to more "natural" systems, it suggests a need for caution in management programs that emphasize widespread establishment of wildlife corridors in fragmented landscapes.  相似文献   

20.
The mass-extinction events caused by human-driven habitat loss are a current concern in conservation science. However, the observed number of extinctions is considerably smaller than predicted. The overestimation of extinction rates comes from the time-delay which depends on the species sensitivity to habitat changes. The standard method of predicting the effect of habitat loss on biodiversity is to use the species–area relationship and progressively following it backwards to smaller areas. The difference between the actual number of species and the one provided by the backwards species–area relationship is dubbed extinction debt. Previous studies in general adopt a static view for the spatial distribution of species. Nonetheless, a precise understanding of the problem urges us to adopt a dynamic framework to this issue since the time between disturbances of the landscape plays an active role in influencing the strength of the extinction debt. In this context, here we address two distinct approaches for this question: a static and a dynamic view of fragmentation. In the former we quantify the extinction debt in a quenched spatial distribution of species, whereas in the latter the community is let to evolve between disturbance events of the landscape. Here we show that the size of the extinction debt depends on the pattern of the fragmentation. It is found that random distributions of destroyed habitats provide larger extinction debts than those obtained for contiguous areas of fragmentation. Furthermore, in the dynamic approach it is observed that dispersal can lead to unexpected outcomes such as lower biodiversity levels than ones inferred from the backwards species–area relationship.  相似文献   

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