黄山短尾猴（Macaca thibetana）的主要食性分析

2011年11月至2012年10月,作者采用粪便显微分析法研究了黄山短尾猴的四季食性.结果表明：黄山短尾猴共取食植物26科50种;不同季节间黄山短尾猴食性具有明显变化,冬季取食13科25种植物,春季取食23科46种植物,夏季取食14科32种植物,秋季取食17科37种植物;壳斗科、樟科是黄山短尾猴全年的主要食物,占短尾猴总取食量的51.26%～59.75%,其他科属植物也占有重要地位;甜槠在四季均为黄山短尾猴的主要取食食物,豹皮樟在冬季取食量相对较高,秋季最低,红楠、杉木在冬春季节的取食比例差异最大;黄山短尾猴采取与其他灵长类相似的觅食策略;黄山短尾猴四季食物生态位宽度差异不明显,受人为影响较为明显.     

黑麂食物组成及其季节变化

2002年12月至2003年11月在浙江省九龙山和古田山自然保护区,分季节采集黑麂 (Muntiacus crinifrons)粪便,采用粪便显微组织学分析方法为主,辅以野外观察,对其食性进行研究。结果表明 :黑麂食物包括29科43种(属)植物。食物中的植物类型包括乔木、灌木、藤本、非禾草类草本和禾草类草本五种类型;灌木是黑麂全年的主要食物,它在食物组成所占的比例为55.4%;三尖杉 (Cephalotaxus fortunei)、光叶菝葜(Smilax glabra)、矩圆叶鼠刺(Itea chinensis var. oblonga)、南五味子(Kadsura longipedunculata)和络石(Trachelospermum jasminoides)为黑麂四季都取食且在食物组成中所占比例较高的植物,分别为 17%、16.5%、9%、8.7%和 4.3%,是黑麂取食的主要食物。方差分析表明 :黑麂的主要食物及其主要种类都存在季节变化。夏秋季节,乔木植物在黑麂食物组成的比例低于冬春季节 ,而藤本植物和草本植物则相反,灌木植物变化较小;黑麂取食的五种主要食物中,其中三尖杉和光叶菝葜季节变化极显著,在冬季,三尖杉和光叶菝葜在食物组成比例中最高,达到 21.7%和 24 .3%;在夏季,它们在食物组成比例中下降到最低点,分别是 11.3%和 11.6%,但相对密度(RD)值仍保持最高序位 ;矩圆叶鼠刺和南五味子变化较平缓 ,基本变化趋势相同:冬春季节比例较高,夏秋季节比例有所下降;络石季节变化不明显;由于黑麂的食物组成中禾草类占的比例很小,说明黑麂更接近嫩食者     

陕西凤县林麝的冬、春季食性的初步研究

利用粪便显微组织分析法对陕西凤县野生林麝冬季和春季的食性进行了研究.结果表明:林麝冬季主要取食常绿或半常绿灌木和乔木的落叶,经检验确认的有14科16种;春季主要以当年生枝条以及非禾草类草本植物为食,共确认17科18种.其中黄瑞香Daphne giraldii和色木槭Acer mono分别为冬季和春季主要食物,分别占该季食物的20.51%和11.16%.另外,林麝也取食禾草类植物,取食量从冬季的3.01%上升至春季的9.02%.     

新疆北部鹅喉羚的食性分析

2006年10月至2007年8月,作者采用粪便显微分析法研究了新疆卡拉麦里山有蹄类保护区鹅喉羚的四季食性以及冬季绵羊的食性.结果发现:鹅喉羚共采食16科47种植物;不同季节间鹅喉羚食性有明显变化,秋季采食7科24种植物,冬季采食6科17种植物,春季采食16科41种植物,夏季采食12科30种植物;藜科、禾本科植物是鹅喉羚全年的主要食物来源,占鹅喉羚总采食量的38.8～85.1%,非禾本科草本植物也在鹅喉羚食物组成中占有重要地位;春季短命和类短命植物对鹅喉羚有重要意义,占春季采食量的27%.针茅在四季都是鹅喉羚采食的主要植物;春季和夏季鹅喉羚采食较多的驼绒藜,秋季和冬季梭梭被较多采食.由于干旱胁迫,春季、夏季和秋季鹅喉羚喜食含水量较高的多根葱、骆驼蹄瓣、粗枝猪毛菜等非禾本科草本植物.冬季鹅喉羚与绵羊间的生态位宽度相近,食物重叠指数高达76.6%,绵羊与鹅喉羚之间食物竞争明显.     

小兴安岭地区原麝冬季食性研究

2004年2—3月和2004年11月至2005年1月在黑龙江省通河县龙口林场,对原麝冬季的食性进行了研究。采用粪便显微组织学分析技术分析原麝冬季采食植物的种类组成和比例,并测定了主要取食的9种木本植物及苔藓和蕨类植物的营养成分。研究结果表明,原麝冬季取食的植物共计46科66种,其中兴安杜鹃、光萼溲疏、五角槭、羊胡子苔草分别占32．7％、7．8％、5．81％、5．56％,是原麝冬季主要取食的植物种类,占取食植物的51．9％。木本植物枝叶是原麝冬季的主要食物,在冬季食物组成中所占百分比最高,达75．0％。对草本植物、蕨类、苔藓、地衣的取食量均较小。冬季原麝比较喜欢采食蛋白含量高的植物,采食部位主要为植物木质化较低的当年枝顶端部分。藓类主要出现在1—3月份的食物中。     

青木川自然保护区川金丝猴食性的季节性变化

2005～2008年于陕西省青木川自然保护区使用瞬时扫描法观察了川金丝猴的食性.结果表明,川金丝猴冬季和夏季共取食42种植物,可鉴定植物归属23科34属.川金丝猴食物类型包括果实、花、树叶、树皮、树芽.夏季取食21种植物的果实或树叶;冬季取食25种植物.树叶是其冬季主要食物,取食频次占总取食频次的73.0％;夏季取食果实的频次占总取食频次的72.2％,灯台树果实是其主要食物.啃食树皮行为主要发生在落叶阔叶林、针叶林与落叶阔叶混交林;在常绿和落叶阔叶混交林中,树皮啃食强度则相对较小.与其它地区金丝猴的食性比较,该地区川金丝猴食物谱较宽.蔷薇科和壳斗科植物在川金丝猴食物组成中最多,杨柳科、桦木科、山茱萸科、槭树科和忍冬科植物也取食较多.     

云南龙马山滇金丝猴(Rhinopithecus bieti)冬季食性分析

2006年11月-2007年12月,对云南云龙县龙马山滇金丝猴(Rhinopithecus bieti)冬季食性进行了研究.采用粪便显微组织学分析技术分析龙马山滇金丝猴冬季采食植物的种类组成和比例,并测定了该猴群主要取食的15种植物(包括两种松萝科植物)(取食食物百分比>1%)和次要取食的10种植物(取食食物百分比<1%)的化学成分.研究结果表明,龙马山滇金丝猴冬季取食的植物共计26科45种,其中云龙箭竹、长松萝、花松萝、实竹、空心箭竹分别占19.78%、10.28%、8.37%、4.93%、4.46%,是滇金丝猴冬季主要取食的植物种类,占取食植物的47.99%.木本植物和草本植物的叶是滇金丝猴的主要食物,在冬季食物中所占百分比最高,达75%.冬季滇金丝猴比较喜欢采食P/F值较高、单宁含量较低的食物,其主要食物比次要食物含有较高的P/F值和较低的单宁(P<0.05).     

夏秋季四川雉鹑植物类食物资源及其分布

2006年6月～2009年10月,采用直接观察法和样带样方法在四川省雅江县帕姆岭对四川雉鹑夏秋季的植物性食物及其资源分布状况进行了调查.四川雉鹑采食的植物种类有34种,其中草本植物32种,木本植物2种.在夏季取食的种类有28种,秋季18种,两个季节同时取食的植物种类有12种.四川雉鹑取食强度高的物种有15种,中度的有11种,低度的有8种.夏季四川雉鹑主要取食草本植物的叶与根茎,秋季主要采食的是成熟的种子和果实.在不同生境类型中四川雉鹑的食物组成与丰富度存在差异,光亮杜鹃灌丛和高山杂草类草甸生境的食物种类和食物总量都相对较高,是四川雉鹑的食物基地,而鳞皮冷杉-川滇杜鹃林和高山松林的食物种类和数量相对较低.     

藏雪鸡(Tetraogallus tibetanus)春夏季食性

藏雪鸡(Tetraogallus tibetanus)生活在青藏高原及其毗邻地区,是国家二级保护动物。2016年5—8月,在青海省尖扎县,采集藏雪鸡新鲜粪便及可能食用的植物,采用粪便显微分析法研究了藏雪鸡食性。结果表明:藏雪鸡能以各种植物器官为食,叶片是其食用的主要器官,茎次之,再次是花和果(种子),根极少;藏雪鸡所食植物器官比例有明显季节变化,叶片的比例逐月下降,花的比例在7月显著增加,而果(种子)比例在8月陡增至28%;藏雪鸡能以生境中24科72种草本植物中的19科49种为食,还取食苔藓和地衣;禾本科和菊科植物是其主要食物,占食物总量的42%;草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis)(22.35%)是主要食物种,蒲公英(Taraxacum mongolicum)等20种植物是其常见食物种;藏雪鸡所食植物种类比例季节变化明显,如草地早熟禾比例5—7月稳定在20%左右,但8月上升到30.20%,而蒲公英比例5—8月持续增加;藏雪鸡所食植物种类数稳定在35~36种,仅7月稍多(41种);不同月份的食物成分相似性较高(>73%),食物的Shannon多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数相似,但8月食物生态位宽度指数明显低于其他月份。综上,藏雪鸡是广食性鸟类,且食性有明显的季节变化。本研究结果可为藏雪鸡救护和迁地保护时人工饲料配方的设计提供依据。     

植物生长季节不同栖息地高原鼠兔的食物选择

本文采用胃内容物镜检分析法,对栖息于青藏高原矮嵩草草甸、垂穗披碱草草甸和杂类草草甸中的高原鼠兔的主要食物组成进行了比较分析,旨在探讨栖息地变化对高原鼠兔食物组成的影响,揭示高原鼠兔对栖息地变化的生存对策和适应性.研究结果表明:在矮嵩草草甸,高原鼠兔主要取食垂穗披碱草、早熟禾、蓝花棘豆和甘肃棘豆;在垂穗披碱草草甸,主要选择垂穗披碱草、甘肃棘豆、蓝花棘豆、矮嵩草和二柱头蔗草;在杂类草草甸,喜食植物种类为垂穗披碱草、蓝花棘豆、甘肃棘豆、早熟禾、弱小火绒草、长茎藁本、兰石草和红花岩生忍冬.在整个植物生长季节,高原鼠兔在3种栖息地共取食27种植物,其中垂穗披碱草、甘肃棘豆和蓝花棘豆在不同栖息地中选择指数较高,为高原鼠兔优先选择的食物;在不同栖息地,高原鼠兔取食植物有差别,垂穗披碱草草甸为16种、矮嵩草草甸为22种,杂类草草甸为24种;喜食食物比例也存在着明显差别,在垂穗披碱草草甸,垂穗披碱草比例高达40.5%,在矮嵩草草甸,甘肃棘豆比例也达到23.7%,而在杂类草草甸,选食比例最高的兰石草仅为14.6%,说明在该草甸高原鼠兔食物选择呈现泛化趋势.相似性指数分析结果也表明,杂类草草甸中高原鼠兔主要食物组成与其它两种栖息地有较大的区别.从而说明当栖息地植物群落种类组成发生变化后,高原鼠兔可以通过改变其食物组成而适应新的栖息地.     

Food habits of sika deer and nutritional value of sika deer diets in eastern Hokkaido, Japan

Rumen content analysis and field observations were used to investigate the food habits and diet quality of sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis Heude) from 1991 to 1993 in eastern Hokkaido, Japan. Diets varied seasonally, with deer consuming graminoids and browse in winter, forbs and agricultural crops in spring and summer and all of these plant foods in autumn. Eighty-four plant species with sika deer bite marks were identified and their use also varied seasonally. The diversity of food resources available provided both critical protein and digestible energy, allowing for physiological maintenance and seasonal growth. With these high-quality diets, deer maintained good body condition in eastern Hokkaido, where the population density was relatively low.     

Food–niche relationships within a guild of alpine ungulates including an introduced species

To assess competition for trophic resources within a guild of ungulates, we studied the food niches of sympatric ungulates in an alpine area of the Italian Western Alps and evaluated the extent of their dietary overlap, especially with regard to the presence of the introduced mouflon Ovis musimon . The roe deer Capreolus capreolus had the most diverse diet including dicotyledons, young sprouts of trees and an unusually high percentage of graminoids. The red deer Cervus elaphus and chamois Rupicapra rupricapra mainly consumed graminoids, supplemented with dicotyledonous herbs and woody plants. The mouflon was a grass feeder, with graminoids representing the majority of items ingested in all seasons. Among the native species, we recorded a high overlap of feeding choices between red deer and chamois, which frequently used the same areas and are both intermediate feeders. The mouflon showed considerable dietary overlap with the chamois and red deer in all seasons, while the similarity with roe deer was low. High food–niche overlap can imply competition but only if resources are limited and the species use the same habitats.     

Summer feeding strategy of Spanish ibexCapra pyrenaica and domestic sheepOvis aries in south-eastern Spain

The feeding strategies of the Spanish ibexCapra pyrenaica Schinz, 1838 and sheepOvis aries Linnaeus, 1758 during summer in the alpine area of Sierra Nevada in south-eastern Spain were compared. The degree of vegetation use by the two ungulates, food availability, diet composition, species selection indices and the effect of plant availability and chemical composition on diet selection were analysed. The available biomass of herbaceous and woody resources was 87 and 13%, respectively. The degree of use was 15% for herbaceous vegetation and 10.3% for woody vegetation. The most used species were those with moderate amounts in diet composition of both ruminants. The main plant groups consumed by Spanish ibex were graminoids (57.5%), shrubs (20.5%) and chamaephytes (14.3%). Sheep consumed graminoids (41.6%), forbs (32.3%) and chamaephytes (20.9%). There was a significant correlation between the two diets, with an overlap of 56.3%. The highest indices of selection were found in items with moderate-low availability and which comprised moderate levels in the diet composition of the two species. Spanish ibex mainly selected diet according to availability, while sheep selection depended on protein content. The ibex consumed cell wall-rich resources such as grasses and shrubs, while the sheep consumed higher quality feed and includes more forbs in its diet.     

Seasonal food habits of a sika deer population in the warm temperate forest of the westernmost part of Honshu, Japan

The rumen contents of 63 sika deer (Cervus nippon Temminck) shot in the westernmost part of Honshu were analyzed by the point-frame method. The rumen contents were dominated by forbs and the majority of these were evergreen monocotyledonous plants, probably Ophiopogon spp. Evergreen browse leaves (woody leaves), such as Eurya japonica Thunb., Ilex crenata Thunb. and Trachelospermum asiaticum Nakai, were also important, constituting 20–40% of the rumen contents. Other categories accounted for only small proportions, although in summer, graminoids increased but twigs and bark decreased in importance and in fall and winter, fruits and seeds increased in importance. The diet of the deer was characterized by high-quality foods even in winter and by a stability or less-pronounced seasonality throughout the year than found in the northern deer. These results were compared with those from other populations, including a northern sika deer population in Japan.     

Feeding diets of the Korean water deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus) based on a 202?bp rbcL sequence analysis

The water deer (Hydropotes inermis) is one of the rare small ruminants in the world. There are two distinct subspecies in Far East Asia: one (H. i. inermis) lives in China, and the other (H. i. argyropus) lives in Korea. Unlike the Chinese subspecies, the diet of the Korean subspecies in the wild has rarely been studied. Here, we analyzed the diets of the Korean water deer by using 202 bp rbcL sequences of plants found in fecal samples. Both similarity (%) and phylogeny (NJ tree) of the sequences were considered for the sequence assignment. These methods successfully assigned each sequence to only one family of one order without exception. We found that the Korean water deer fed on a total of 18 orders and 24 families of plants in the summer season. It fed mainly on Asteraceae family (28.4%) followed by Fagaceae (15.9%) and Polygonaceae (11.5%). There was a significant difference in diet composition between lowland area and mountainous area deer (P < 0.001). The Korean water deer on Daebu Island are presumably browsers feeding mainly on forbs or woody plants.     

贺兰山同域分布岩羊和马鹿的夏季食性

2008年78月贺兰山对同域分布的岩羊和马鹿粪便进行采集,利用粪便显微分析法对二者夏季食性进行了研究。从10个沟系中一共收集了297堆岩羊和305堆马鹿粪便,每堆中捡拾2粒粪粒,组成40个复合样本进行分析。结果表明,夏季在岩羊采食的19科35种(属)植物中,针茅(29.74%)、早熟禾(18.82%)、内蒙古邪蒿(10.30%)、灰榆(7.76%)、冰草(7.47%)是其主要食物,针茅是岩羊夏季的大宗食物;夏季在马鹿取食的11科18种(属)植物中,小红柳(36.26%)、山杨(23.10%)、灰榆(16.84%)等是其主要食物,小红柳为马鹿夏季的大宗食物。夏季岩羊采食植物中,乔木占8.67%,灌木占3.97%,禾本科草本占69.43%,非禾本科草本占17.94%;马鹿采食植物中,乔木占89.61%,灌木占5.38%,禾本科草本占1.03%,非禾本科草本占3.99%。从食物多样性和食物生态位宽度来看,岩羊的Shannon-Wiener指数高于马鹿,而马鹿的Pielou均匀性指数和食物生态位宽度指数高于岩羊,岩羊和马鹿共有9种食物重叠,生态位重叠指数为65.17%。     

Feeding activity and dietary composition of roe deer at the southern edge of their range

We studied feeding activity and dietary components of hand-reared European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in Israel. Our ultimate goal was to assess habitat suitability for future reintroduction of the species, which has been locally extinct for nearly a century. Activity patterns, diet composition, and body mass of four does were monitored in two (fenced) typical east Mediterranean habitats: mature forest and scrubland recovering from fire. Food supplements were provided between trials. Throughout the year, the deer exhibited diurnal and nocturnal activity, mostly at dawn and dusk. Diet composition varied considerably between seasons and habitats, demonstrating the opportunistic flexibility of the deer. In both habitats, the deer fed on over 85% of the plant species but preferred a particular plant species or parts. In summer and early autumn, fruits and seeds became the dominant portion of their diet. In our semi-natural experimental setup, deer maintained body mass through the winter and spring. Weight loss occurred as the dry season advanced, but the animals rapidly regained mass when annuals and grasses became available following the first rains. In the east Mediterranean habitats, water availability seems more problematic for deer survival than food availability.     

Does Supplemental Feed Increase Selective Foraging in a Browsing Ungulate?

ABSTRACT Provision of supplemental feed to large herbivores is a common management practice that may motivate selective foraging, thereby influencing plant community composition. Our objective was to assess the effect of a high-quality supplement on diet composition and nutritional quality for white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). We permanently released hand-reared deer into 4 81-ha enclosures; in 2 enclosures we provided a pelleted supplement. We conducted bite-count studies seasonally to assess diet composition and quality. Supplemented deer reduced mast (fruits and pods of woody plants and cacti) in their diets (P < 0.019) during spring and autumn compared to unsupplemented deer. Diets of deer in supplemented enclosures had 2 times greater proportion of browse during spring (P = 0.065) and 5 times greater proportion of forbs during autumn (P = 0.007). Quality of the forage portion of the diet did not vary by treatment during winter or summer. Metabolizable energy concentration was 13% greater (P = 0.054) in spring and digestible protein content was 3 times greater (P = 0.006) during autumn in diets of supplemented compared to unsupplemented deer. Our results support the selective foraging hypothesis during autumn but not during winter, spring, or summer. Furthermore, white-tailed deer did not reduce the proportion of their diet composed of browse, but did reduce consumption of mast. Supplemented deer continued to eat poor-quality, chemically defended forage, perhaps to alleviate ruminal acidosis induced by the supplement or because nutrients in the supplement increased the deer's ability to detoxify chemically defended browses. A decline in mast consumption by supplemented deer could influence plant communities, depending on the role of deer in seed dispersal and seed predation. Impacts of supplemental feed on selective foraging of white-tailed deer in shrub-dominated rangelands are more complex than suggested by previous research. Long-term studies of vegetation communities are needed before wildlife managers will be able to fully incorporate effects of supplemental feed into management decisions.     

Controls of primary productivity and nutrient cycling in a temperate grassland with year‐round production

Abstract Net primary production (NPP) and nutrient dynamics of grasslands are regulated by different biotic and abiotic factors, which may differentially affect functional plant groups. Most studies have dealt with grasslands that have extremely low or zero production over a significant period of the year. Here we explore the relative importance of a few environmental factors as controls of aerial and below‐ground plant biomass production and nutrient dynamics in a grassland that is active throughout the year. We investigate their effect on the response of three main plant functional groups (warm‐ and cool‐season graminoids and forbs). We conducted a factorial experiment in a continuously grazed site in the Flooding Pampa grassland (Argentina). Factors were seasons (summer, autumn, winter and spring), and environmental agents (mowing, shade, addition of phosphorus [P] and nitrogen [N]). N addition had the largest and most extended impact: it tripled aerial NPP in spring and summer but had no effect on below‐ground biomass. This positive effect was accompanied by higher N acquisition and higher soil N availability. Mowing increased aerial NPP in winter, increased root biomass in the first 10 cm during autumn and winter and promoted N and P uptake by plants. Shading did not affect aerial NPP, but stimulated N and P uptake by plants. P addition had no effect on aerial NPP, but increased shallow root biomass and its N content in spring, and tripled P accumulation in plant biomass. The three plant functional groups differentially accounted for these ecosystem‐level responses. Graminoids explained the greater biomass production of N‐fertilized plots and mowing tended to promote forbs. These results suggest that the environmental controls of aerial NPP in this grassland vary among seasons, differentially impact the major floristic groups, and affect the energy and nutrient transfer to herbivores.