兽药恩诺沙星(enrofloxacin)的水解特性

研究了恩诺沙星在不同pH、不同光照及不同微生物条件下的水解,为其生态风险评价提供依据.结果表明,恩诺沙星的水解产物中没有环丙沙星;50 ℃时,避光5 d后恩诺沙星在pH 1～10缓冲液中的水解都小于10%,表明恩诺沙星在恒温避光下的水解半衰期将超过1年,同时溶液pH值的变化对恩诺沙星的水解速率无显著影响;恩诺沙星在天然水中的降解与光照有关,在室外自然光照条件下恩诺沙星降解很快,3 d后水中已经检测不出恩诺沙星.在室内自然光下,恩诺沙星降解较慢,在初始浓度分别为0.05、0.2、1.0 mg·L^-1条件下,31 d试验期内分别降解了48%、72%和65%;在避光条件下,恩诺沙星非常稳定,不易降解.在不同初始浓度下,微生物对恩诺沙星的水解无显著影响.由于恩诺沙星在室外自然光照条件下会迅速降解,因此不会对水环境构成直接的危害,但不能忽视其潜在的生态风险.     

二甲基硅油的环境行为与生态效应研究进展

二甲基硅油(polydimethylsiloxane, PDMS)广泛应用于工业产品、医药保健品和个人护理品中.PDMS在污水处理过程中几乎不被生物降解,主要随剩余污泥排放进入环境,仅有少量PDMS吸附在悬浮固体或污泥颗粒表面随污水排放进入水体和沉积物中.现有研究表明,PDMS在沉积物中较难迁移和降解;而在不同类型土壤中均可以降解.PDMS对水生态系统风险较低,对底栖生物的急性毒性也不明显;在土壤环境中,PDMS及其降解产物对土壤微生物、土壤动物及农作物的生长和活动没有显著的影响.根据目前为数不多的研究,PDMS及其降解产物在各种环境中的生态毒性都较小,但随着PDMS产量和使用量的快速增长,其在环境中的含量呈快速上升趋势,有必要进一步明确PDMS对环境的潜在威胁.     

二甲基硅油的环境行为与生态效应研究进展

二甲基硅油(polydimethylsiloxane,PDMS)广泛应用于工业产品、医药保健品和个人护理品中.PDMS在污水处理过程中几乎不被生物降解,主要随剩余污泥排放进入环境,仅有少量PDMS吸附在悬浮固体或污泥颗粒表面随污水排放进入水体和沉积物中.现有研究表明,PDMS在沉积物中较难迁移和降解;而在不同类型土壤中均可以降解.PDMS对水生态系统风险较低,对底栖生物的急性毒性也不明显;在土壤环境中,PDMS及其降解产物对土壤微生物、土壤动物及农作物的生长和活动没有显著的影响.根据目前为数不多的研究,PDMS及其降解产物在各种环境中的生态毒性都较小,但随着PDMS产量和使用量的快速增长,其在环境中的含量呈快速上升趋势,有必要进一步明确PDMS对环境的潜在威胁.     

不同氮磷浓度下周丛生物对水体中磺胺和恩诺沙星的去除

周丛生物膜是一种对水体污染物净化的新兴生物技术。有关水体不同氮磷营养水平下周丛生物对水体抗生素类污染物去除作用的研究还未见报道。本研究设置4个氮磷营养盐浓度水平[N-P (mg·L^-1):2-0.2、5-0.5、8-0.8、11-1.1],用塑料筐装置在室外培养周丛生物膜,对其生长、光合活力、物种组成以及对磺胺和恩诺沙星去除作用进行中型模拟试验。结果表明: 各处理组中周丛生物的生物量随培养时间的增加而升高,光合色素含量和光合活力则呈现先降低后上升的“单峰”模式,表明生物膜中的藻类会受到抗生素的胁迫,但可快速适应并恢复活力。除此之外,不同氮磷浓度处理造成各组生物群落组成差异,随营养盐浓度的升高,周丛藻类物种丰富度逐渐下降,但各处理胶网藻和小球藻都具有较高的相对丰度;16S rRNA高通量测序发现,根瘤菌科、放线菌门和莫拉氏菌科菌群在(N-P)2-0.2组显著富集,而几丁质嗜菌科在4个处理中的相对丰度都处在最高水平。所有处理的磺胺去除率均高于50%,而恩诺沙星去除率均达到90%以上,其中,(N-P)2-0.2 mg·L^-1组对磺胺的去除率(65.8%)显著高于其他各组,但各处理对恩诺沙星的去除率差异不显著,表明周丛生物在较宽的N-P营养水平范围内对磺胺和恩诺沙星均具有良好的去除能力。各处理组对水体可溶性氮的去除效果不明显,但对可溶性磷的去除效果显著。本研究为水体磺胺和恩诺沙星的生态去除提供了基础数据,为研发水体抗生素类新型污染物生态去除技术提供了新思路。     

微囊藻与水体细菌相互关系的研究进展

近年来, 微生物群落在水生态系统中的结构和功能受到了越来越多的关注。在富营养化水体中细菌在微囊藻水华的发生、发展及衰亡、降解过程中发挥着重要的作用。文章总结了水体中微囊藻与细菌独有的群落结构特征,以及微囊藻与细菌群落对环境因素变化的响应等方面的研究成果。在微囊藻与细菌的相互作用方面, 从藻细胞微环境中附着细菌对微囊藻生长的促进或抑制作用, 细菌在微囊藻群体的形成和维持过程的作用, 细菌参与的微囊藻水华的聚集和降解过程, 细菌对微囊藻毒素的降解作用等方面进行了综述。文章还对未来微囊藻与细菌相互关系的研究热点以及可利用的组学技术等进行了展望。     

拟柱孢藻(Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii)入侵对水生态系统群落结构和物种多样性的影响

由于全球气候变暖及水体富营养化程度的加剧,拟柱孢藻(Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii)逐渐由热带、亚热带地区向温带地区扩散,并在全球众多水体中占优势,甚至形成水华。拟柱孢藻的大量增殖不仅影响当地水生态系统的群落结构和物种多样性,破坏水生态系统平衡,其产生的有毒代谢物质还会在生物富集和食物链传递作用下,最终对人类和其他动物造成威胁。本文系统评估了拟柱孢藻的入侵和繁殖对当地水生态系统群落结构和物种多样性造成的潜在影响,分析了拟柱孢藻入侵对水生生物多样性的影响机制。拟柱孢藻入侵对水生态系统的影响不仅取决于拟柱孢藻自身特性及其入侵情况,还与当地水生态系统的环境因子和物种组成有关。因此,不同地域和时间范围内,拟柱孢藻入侵的生态后果有显着差异。在一定的环境条件下,拟柱孢藻主要通过种间竞争作用、生态毒性作用及对水生细菌群落的调节作用等途径,影响本地水生态系统的物种组成和生物多样性。最后,针对拟柱孢藻入侵的生态后果、生物间相互作用及有效防控等热点问题进行了展望,为全面认识拟柱孢藻入侵对水生态系统的影响提供理论依据。     

大型水生植物在维持水生态系统健康中的作用

大型水生植物对维持水生态系统的健康非常重要。水生植物通过为水生动物和微生物提供食物和栖息地、对进入水体的径流进行拦截、过滤和吸附、从水体和沉积物中吸收氮、磷和重金属元素等污染物、进行光合作用为水生态系统提供氧气、化感作用抑制藻类生长等途径维持水体生态系统的健康发展。认识到水生植物是水生态系统的重要组成部分, 又是水生态系统健康的一项重要指标, 对水生态健康的维持、水资源的保护和永续利用具有重要的意义。     

伊维菌素在环境中的降解及其对七种水生生物的急性毒性研究

伊维菌素作为一种高效的抗寄生虫兽药,在畜禽业有着广泛的应用。但药物随着畜禽动物的代谢产物的排放而进入自然生态系统也成为逐渐显现的环境问题。由于药物具有在自然环境中难以快速降解和对水生枝角类高毒性的特点,因此流入天然水体的伊维菌素存在着影响水生态平衡的风险。为了比较全面评估药物对水生动物潜在的毒害作用,研究模拟天然河道环境,对药物在底质中的降解速率进行了测定,并选取7种占据不同生态位的水生生物作为试验对象,通过关于急性毒性的国家标准试验方法来初步评价药物对水生态系统的风险。结果显示伊维菌素在自然水体中降解缓慢,在泥水混合25℃恒温条件下,70d的降解率仅为28.3%。急性毒性试验结果显示伊维菌素对发光细菌(Photobacterium)并不表现出毒性,对淡水小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)的96h EC50=19.80 mg/L,属中毒;而对其他实验生物则表现出了较高的毒性,伊维菌素对斑马鱼(Brachydanio rerio)、食蚊鱼(Gambusia affinis)和鲫鱼鱼苗(Carassius carassius)的96h LC50分别为40.48、34.81和13.79μg/L,对罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)的96h LC50=7.87μg/L,对大型溞(Daphniamagna)的24h LC50=4.81 ng/L,均属极高毒。因此残留在天然水体的伊维菌素对水生态中的生物有较大影响,对含伊维菌素的废弃物排放进行监控和科学管理非常必要。     

恩诺沙星残留对土壤细菌种群基因多样性的影响

为了解恩诺沙星在环境中残留对土壤微生物的影响,应用扩增核糖体DNA限制性分析(ARDRA)对土壤细菌16S rDNA基因多样性进行了研究,并结合肠杆菌基因间的重复共有序列(ERIC-PCR)指纹图谱分析了恩诺沙星对土壤细菌种群基因多样性的影响.结果表明: 恩诺沙星作用于土壤后第35天,添加药物组的细菌总数均低于对照,且药物浓度越高,细菌数量越少;ARDRA分析将分离的土壤细菌分成了不同的操作分类单元(OTU),各组的OTUs类型数分别为：Ⅰ组15个、Ⅱ组13个、Ⅲ组10个、Ⅳ组8个、Ⅴ组6个、Ⅵ组6个;对各组优势OTU进行了ERIC-PCR基因指纹图谱分析,Ⅰ～Ⅵ组的Shannon-Wiener指数分别为2.78、2.14、1.78、1.11、0.69和0.31,对照组的Margalef指数、Simpson指数和Pielou指数均明显高于添加药物组,且各多样性指数随药物浓度的增加而减少.     

畜禽粪污中残留抗生素降解方法进展

畜禽养殖业的迅速发展和疾病的日益复杂导致了兽用抗生素的广泛使用,但大部分抗生素不能被机体完全吸收,最终以原形或者代谢产物形式由粪尿排出,导致了畜禽粪便中大量残留抗生素。残留抗生素多途径进入土壤、水体,由此引起的潜在生态风险及抗性基因传播备受关注。本文总结了抗生素残留的降解方法:堆肥、厌氧消化、高级氧化、植物修复等,并对各种降解方法中的影响因素进行了阐述,以期为畜禽粪污的无害化处理和资源化利用提供参考。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.