植物伸展蛋白的研究进展

伸展蛋白是高等植物细胞壁中一族富含羟脯氨酸的糖蛋白,在植物细胞壁中发挥着重要的生理功能。综述了近几十年对伸展蛋白结构、功能、基因家族以及生物合成与基因表达调节的研究进展。     

植物细胞壁伸展蛋白的功能与利用

伸展蛋白是一类富含羟脯氨酸的糖蛋白,是植物细胞壁中重要的结构蛋白。伸展蛋白家族基因广泛存在于多种植物中,参与植物细胞壁网络结构形成与修饰、植物细胞伸长、根生长发育等过程,并且影响植物机械强度、倒伏抗性和各种逆境胁迫反应。本文拟从蛋白结构、进化关系、生物学功能等方面介绍植物伸展蛋白近期研究进展,并初步提出了此类基因在农作物和能源植物遗传改良中的利用。     

植物细胞壁研究进展

植物细胞壁是一种复杂的网状结构,其成分包含纤维素、半纤维素、果胶和少量的结构蛋白等。在植物细胞生长过程中,细胞能产生伸展素蛋白,打断纤维素和半纤维素之间的氢键,引起细胞膨压驱动的细胞壁扩张。成熟细胞壁扩张性的丧失是由于细胞壁硬化作用而对扩张性蛋白的作用不敏感造成的,细胞壁成熟过程中很多不同的连接会同时发生,当细胞壁基质多聚体分子之间的连接增加到一定的程度。细胞壁的伸长就会被完全抑制。     

伸展蛋白的分子间异二酪氨酸交联

自从Fry(1982)发现菠菜、假挪威槭等11种植物的愈伤组织细胞壁中存在由两个酪氨酸残基形成的异二酪氨酸(isodi-tyrosine,IDT)以来,伸展蛋白的交联作用一直是引人关注的研究课题(李雄彪与杨中汉1990)。根据初生细胞壁结构的经纬模型(Lamport和Epstein 1983),伸展蛋白不仅在分子内,而且在分子间存在IDT。悬浮培养的细胞,其伸展蛋白单体在培养早     

细胞壁的制备及其羟脯氨酸含量的测定

细胞壁结构和功能关系的研究越来越被人们所重视。伸展蛋白是植物细胞壁中一类重要的结构蛋白,与细胞壁的精细结构及各种生理功能密切相关。其特点之一是它的羟脯氨酸(Hyp)含量高达30％～40％。因此,细胞壁的制备及其羟脯氨酸含量的分析是细胞壁及其蛋白质研究中最基本又极重要的内容。本文介绍一种细胞壁的制备及其羟脯氨酸含量测定的简单方法。     

大豆幼苗下胚轴扩张蛋白的存在及其特性

用离体细胞壁伸展活性重组法,对大豆（Ｇｌｙｃｉｎｅｍａｘ（Ｌ．）Ｍｅｒ．）幼苗下胚轴细胞壁特异性扩张蛋白的活性鉴定和特性研究结果表明,大豆幼苗下胚轴的延伸生长,既与扩张蛋白的活性升高有关,也与其细胞壁对扩张蛋白的敏感性增加有关;热钝化大豆下胚轴细胞壁的伸展活性,一旦被外源扩张蛋白所恢复,用酸性缓冲液（ｐＨ４．５）代替扩张蛋白提取液,伸展活性不受影响;但若换用中性缓冲液（ｐＨ６．８）,伸展活性丧失殆尽,且与活细胞壁一样,随缓冲液的交替更换而反复逆转;大豆和黄瓜幼苗扩张蛋白可以与其热钝化的细胞壁相互交叉重组。另外,重组的细胞壁伸展活性对扩张蛋白浓度和ｐＨ的依赖性,符合一般酶的催化特征,说明扩张蛋白不仅在植物细胞的延伸生长过程中起着极为重要的作用,而且还暗示植物细胞壁的内源伸展就是该蛋白介导的一种生物化学过程。     

参与植物天然免疫的LRR型蛋白

植物含有多种富含亮氨酸重复序列(LRRs)结构的蛋白质,它们在植物天然免疫中发挥着重要作用。参与植物防御反应的LRR型蛋白家族包括:类受体蛋白激酶、抗病基因编码蛋白质、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶抑制蛋白和伸展蛋白家族。最近,人们发现植物免疫系统包含:病原相关分子模式(PAMP)激发的免疫性(PTI),即类受体蛋白激酶识别病原菌PAMPs,启动植物防卫反应;病原菌效应子激发的免疫性(ETI),即抗病基因编码蛋白质识别效应子,启动植物防卫反应。除此之外,细胞壁是植物细胞的天然保护屏障。多聚半乳糖醛酸酶抑制蛋白和伸展蛋白通过维护细胞壁,抵御病原菌入侵。我们综述了植物中LRRs蛋白的结构特征与不同种类的LRR蛋白介导免疫反应的分子机制,讨论了LRR型蛋白在植物免疫过程中的意义及存在的问题,指出搜寻配体和下游信号分子将是LRR型蛋白研究热点。     

植物伸展蛋白的基因及其表达的调控

植物细胞壁中存在多种伸展蛋白。它们由伸展蛋白多基因族编码。调节伸展蛋白基因表达的因素有遗传密码使用的倾向性、发育程序、机械损伤、乙烯、病原和植物抗毒素诱导剂等。     

植物细胞壁松弛蛋白——膨胀素

膨胀素(expansin,也称作扩张素或扩张蛋白)是一种引起植物细胞壁松弛的蛋白质,在植物细胞伸展以及一系列涉及细胞壁修饰的生命活动中起着关键作用。膨胀素由多基因家族编码,目前的研究表明膨胀素超家族由4个基因亚家族构成。膨胀素存在于不同的种属植物中,并克隆了大量的扩张蛋白基因。综述了近年来国内外有关膨胀素基因和蛋白的结构特征及作用机制等方面的研究进展。     

胡萝卜HRGP启动子调控GUS基因的某些特点

HRG(hydroxyproline rich glycoproteins)是高等植物细胞壁中一类富含羟脯氨酸的糖蛋白,是植物细胞壁中主要的结构蛋白。早期研究认为其在细胞壁的形成过程中起作用并称之为伸展蛋白(extensin)。在双子叶植物中,HRGP基因以多基因家族形式存在,具有特定的表达模式。许多条件及处理都能引起HRGP表达量的增加,如伤害、真菌感染、病毒感染、乙烯、细胞培养、红光等,同时也受到发育水平的调节。在单子叶植物中,玉米HRGP的表达是在发育水平上受伤害调节的。HRGP基因还具有组织专一性表达的特点。在大豆种子中,HRGP主要存在于种皮的外两层、表皮栅栏组织和滴漏细胞中,属于起支持作用的厚壁组织。在胡萝卜根韧皮部薄壁细胞中HRGP含量最丰富,而在健康的番茄根中     

Cell wall integrity: Targeted post-synthetic modifications to reveal its role in plant growth and defense against pathogens

The plant cell wall, a dynamic network of polysaccharides and glycoproteins of significant compositional and structural complexity, functions in plant growth, development and stress responses. In recent years, the existence of plant cell wall integrity (CWI) maintenance mechanisms has been demonstrated, but little is known about the signaling pathways involved, or their components. Examination of key mutants has shed light on the relationships between cell wall remodeling and plant cell responses, indicating a central role for the regulatory network that monitors and controls cell wall performance and integrity. In this review, we present a short overview of cell wall composition and discuss post-synthetic cell wall modification as a valuable approach for studying CWI perception and signaling pathways.     

植物原生质体的细胞壁再生

细胞壁作为植物细胞重要的组成部分,在决定细胞形状、维持机械支撑、吸收养分等方面发挥重要功能。因此,揭示植物细胞壁合成的调控机制具有重大的生物学意义。基于植物组织水平研究细胞壁的生物合成具有难以控制时间尺度、观察空间狭小等局限性。原生质体作为去除细胞壁的单个细胞是研究细胞壁再生的理想系统。在过去的几十年里报道了大量关于植物原生质体再生细胞壁的研究,但是关于细胞壁再生的机制尚不清楚。该综述介绍了目前应用于植物原生质体再生细胞壁研究的主要技术和取得的研究进展,并且对该领域的后续发展进行了展望,为进一步阐明植物细胞壁生物合成的机制提供理论参考。     

Cell Wall Modifying Proteins Mediate Plant Acclimatization to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses

Cell wall modification is an important aspect of plant acclimation to environmental stresses. Structural changes of the existing cell wall mediated by various cell wall modifying proteins help a plant adjust to environmental changes by regulating growth and policing the entry of biotic agents. For example, accelerated shoot growth during submergence and shading allows some plants to escape these unfavorable conditions. This is mediated by the regulation of wall modifying proteins that alter cell wall structure and allow it to yield to turgor, thus fueling cellular expansion. Regulation of cell wall protein activity results in growth modulation during drought, where maintenance of root growth through changes in wall extensibility is an important adaptation to water deficit. Freeze-tolerant plants adjust their cell wall properties to prevent freezing-induced dehydration and also use the cell wall as a barrier against ice crystal propagation. Cell wall architecture is an important determinant of plant resistance to biotic stresses. A rigid cell wall can fend off pathogen attack by forming an impenetrable, physical barrier. When breached, products released during wall modification can trigger plant defense signaling. This review documents and discusses studies demonstrating the importance of timely cell wall modification during plant stress responses by focusing on a well-researched subset of wall modifying proteins.     

The role of cell wall in plant embryogenesis

This review presents recent data about cell wall involvement in plant embryogenesis. During plant development, the cell wall is subjected to precise regulation. During this process a bidirectional information exchange between the cell wall and the protoplast is observed. The cell wall also mediates in the cell-cell (apoplastic) and cell to cell (symplastic) information flow. Especially some products derived from the hydrolysis of specific cell wall compounds can act as short distance signal transduction molecules during the development. Oligosaccharins are a group of such products. Their activity and sources focused the researchers' attention on the biochemical composition of the cell wall and the activity of some cell wall enzymes. The dramatic influence on the embryo body shape has also the cell wall synthesis machinery, including vesicular secretion pathways. Moreover, the interplay between the turgor pressure and counteracting cell walls and neighbouring cells (in higher organisms) creates the specific mechanical forces influencing the development of the whole plant. We conclude that discovering factors which can influence cell wall physiology and architecture is crucial for a better understanding of plant embryogenesis. In this review we summarize some recent experimental data reporting plant cell wall involvement in embryogenesis, putting special emphasis on somatic embryogenesis.     

Expansins and cell wall expansion

The subject of this review is the discovery of expansins andtheir role in plant cell wall expansion. The review is introducedwith a summary of the importance of wall expansion in the controlof plant cell growth, and a brief discussion of the nature ofcell wall extension in plants. The role of expansins in wallextension and their mechanism of action will be reviewed, and,finally, the role of expansins in plant cell growth will bediscussed. Key words: Expansins, cell expansion, cell wall extension, plant growth     

The plant cell wall: Biosynthesis,construction, and functions

The plant cell wall is composed of multiple biopolymers, representing one of the most complex structural networks in nature. Hundreds of genes are involved in building such a natural masterpiece. However, the plant cell wall is the least understood cellular structure in plants. Due to great progress in plant functional genomics,manyachievementshavebeenmadein uncovering cell wall biosynthesis, assembly, and architecture, as well as cell wall regulation and signaling. Such information has significantly advanced our understanding of the roles of the cell wall in many biological and physiological processes and has enhanced our utilization of cell wall materials. The use of cutting-edge technologies such as single-molecule imaging,nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy has provided much insight into the plant cell wall as an intricate nanoscale network, opening up unprecedented possibilities for cell wall research. In this review,we summarize the major advances made in understanding the cell wall in this era of functional genomics, including the latest findings on the biosynthesis, construction, and functions of the cell wall.     

植物细胞壁蛋白质组学研究进展

植物细胞壁蛋白质在细胞代谢和发育调控、细胞壁组分修饰、信号转导及胁迫响应等生物学事件中具有重要功能.最近,国内外学者开展了大量植物细胞壁蛋白质组学的研究工作,并取得了巨大进展.本文详述了细胞壁蛋白质的分类、提取、鉴定及生物信息学分析的最新进展,总结了植物细胞壁蛋白质组学的应用和面临的挑战,提出了植物细胞壁蛋白质组学研究的框架图,以期为植物细胞壁蛋白质组学的广泛研究提供借鉴.     

Strangers in the matrix: plant cell walls and pathogen susceptibility

Early in infection, pathogens encounter the outer wall of plant cells. Because pathogen hydrolases targeting the plant cell wall are well-known components of virulence, it has been assumed that wall disassembly by the plant itself also contributes to susceptibility, and now this has been established experimentally. Understanding how plant morphological and developmental remodeling and pathogen cell wall targeted virulence influence infections provides new perspectives about plant-pathogen interactions. The plant cell wall can be an effective physical barrier to pathogens, but also it is a matrix where many proteins involved in pathogen perception are delivered. By breaching the wall, a pathogen potentially reveals itself to the plant and activates responses, setting off events that might halt or limit its advance.     

Growth of the plant cell wall

Plant cells encase themselves within a complex polysaccharide wall, which constitutes the raw material that is used to manufacture textiles, paper, lumber, films, thickeners and other products. The plant cell wall is also the primary source of cellulose, the most abundant and useful biopolymer on the Earth. The cell wall not only strengthens the plant body, but also has key roles in plant growth, cell differentiation, intercellular communication, water movement and defence. Recent discoveries have uncovered how plant cells synthesize wall polysaccharides, assemble them into a strong fibrous network and regulate wall expansion during cell growth.     

A novel, cellulose synthesis inhibitory action of ancymidol impairs plant cell expansion

The co-ordination of cell wall synthesis with plant cell expansion is an important topic of contemporary plant biology research. In studies of cell wall synthesis pathways, cellulose synthesis inhibitors are broadly used. It is demonstrated here that ancymidol, known as a plant growth retardant primarily affecting gibberellin biosynthesis, is also capable of inhibiting cellulose synthesis. Its ability to inhibit cellulose synthesis is not related to its anti-gibberellin action and possesses some unique features never previously observed when conventional cellulose synthesis inhibitors were used. It is suggested that ancymidol targets the cell wall synthesis pathway at a regulatory step where cell wall synthesis and cell expansion are coupled. The elucidation of the ancymidol target in plant cells could potentially contribute to our understanding of cell wall synthesis and cell expansion control.