长喙田菁-Azorhizobium caulinodans共生固氮体系在华南地区的生长、结瘤、固氮和种子生产

研究了长喙田菁－Ａｚｏｒｈｉｚｏｂｉｕｍｃａｕｌｉｎｏｄａｎｓ共生固氮体系在华南地区的生长、结瘤、固氮和种子生产．结果表明,长喙田菁－Ａ．ｃａｕｌｉｎｏｄａｎｓ共生固氮体系在华南地区生长正常,并具旺盛的茎根瘤结瘤作用．经６５天的生长,其在湛江地区的单位面积生物量（干物质）和单位面积Ｎ产量分别为２８７５２和６８１ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２,远优于普通田菁的１６５２０和３５２ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２;茎瘤菌Ａ．ｃａｕｌｉｎｏｄａｎｓ品系ＡＲ１１１和ＡＲ５６在华南地区混合接种效果良好,植株茎瘤结瘤率达到１００％,平均单株茎瘤个数为１８２个,单株茎瘤鲜重约为１．２ｇ,茎瘤生物量在茎根瘤总生物量中所占比重为７０％,而其根瘤生物量略高于普通田菁;长喙田菁在华南地区能够正常开花结实,在栽植密度为４×１０４株·ｈｍ－２的条件下,其种子产量达３２００ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２．     

茎瘤对长喙田菁在铅锌尾矿环境适应中的意义II 茎瘤对长喙田菁固氮和积累重金属的影响

探讨茎瘤对长喙田菁(Sesbania rostrata)在铅锌矿尾矿、客土和纯土环境中结瘤、固氮和积累重金属的影响。结果表明：保留茎瘤使长喙田菁全株植物氮含量和单株植物氮积累量分别比去除茎瘤处理提高了12.4%～34.0%和43.3%～131.4%,且环境愈恶劣,这种作用愈为显著。同时,保留茎瘤处理显著抑制了长喙田菁根瘤的生长,同样表现出环境愈恶劣,抑制作用愈显著的趋势。因此,在尾矿环境胁迫下,长喙田菁更趋向于选择茎瘤作为固氮途径。由此可见,茎瘤对生长在铅锌尾矿环境中的长喙田菁获得氮素及支持其生长有着特别     

茎瘤对长喙田菁在铅锌尾矿环境适应中的意义II 茎瘤对长喙田菁固氮和积累重金属的影响

 探讨茎瘤对长喙田菁(Sesbania rostrata)在铅锌矿尾矿、客土和纯土环境中结瘤、固氮和积累重金属的影响。结果表明：保留茎瘤使长喙田菁全株植物氮含量和单株植物氮积累量分别比去除茎瘤处理提高了12.4%～34.0%和43.3%～131.4%,且环境愈恶劣,这种作用愈为显著。同时,保留茎瘤处理显著抑制了长喙田菁根瘤的生长,同样表现出环境愈恶劣,抑制作用愈显著的趋势。因此,在尾矿环境胁迫下,长喙田菁更趋向于选择茎瘤作为固氮途径。由此可见,茎瘤对生长在铅锌尾矿环境中的长喙田菁获得氮素及支持其生长有着特别     

茎瘤对长喙田菁在铅锌尾矿环境适应中的意义I. 茎瘤对长喙田菁生长发育的影响

 通过设置保留茎瘤和去除茎瘤处理,研究长喙田菁(Sesbania rostrata)在铅锌尾矿、客土和纯土环境中的生长发育情况。结果表明:保留茎瘤使长喙田菁的株高、地上部生物量、地下部生物量、全株生物量和叶绿素含量分别比去除茎瘤处理提高了2.4%～4.8%、27.4%～67.9%、28.5%～99.3%、27.6%～72.3%和17.0%～23.4%,这种作用在纯尾矿处理组最为显著,客土处理组次之,即环境愈恶劣,茎瘤这种作用愈显著,证明了茎瘤对长喙田菁适应铅锌尾矿环境有积极的贡献。     

茎瘤对长喙田菁在铅锌尾矿环境适应中的意义Ⅰ.茎瘤对长喙田菁生长发育的影响

通过设置保留茎瘤和去除茎瘤处理 ,研究长喙田菁 (Sesbaniarostrata)在铅锌尾矿、客土和纯土环境中的生长发育情况。结果表明 :保留茎瘤使长喙田菁的株高、地上部生物量、地下部生物量、全株生物量和叶绿素含量分别比去除茎瘤处理提高了 2 4 %～ 4 8%、2 7 4 %～ 6 7 9%、2 8 5 %～ 99 3%、2 7 6 %～ 72 3%和 17 0 %～ 2 3 4 %,这种作用在纯尾矿处理组最为显著 ,客土处理组次之 ,即环境愈恶劣 ,茎瘤这种作用愈显著 ,证明了茎瘤对长喙田菁适应铅锌尾矿环境有积极的贡献。     

等氮滴灌对宿根蔗产量及土壤氧化亚氮排放的影响

为得到合理的水肥管理措施,研究等氮量下不同滴灌施肥比例对宿根蔗产量以及不同生育期蔗田土壤氧化亚氮(N2 O)通量和无机氮含量的影响,并分析蔗田土壤N2 O通量与无机氮含量之间的关系.该文以自然降雨W0为对照,设置2种滴灌灌水量水平W1(田间持水量的75％)和W2(田间持水量的85％),等量氮肥(N 300 kg·hm-...     

氮素调控花生共生结瘤的机制研究进展

氮是花生生长发育所需的大量元素,共生结瘤固氮是花生获取氮素的主要方式之一。花生共生结瘤固氮涉及复杂的调控机理,揭示氮素对根瘤固氮的调控机制对发挥生物固氮潜力具有重要意义。本文系统总结了花生根瘤形成的“裂隙侵染”机制、花生共生结瘤和数量调控的机制以及氮素影响花生结瘤的调控机制。目前,氮素影响慢生根瘤菌与花生互作进而调控结瘤的分子机理尚不清楚,因此未来的研究重点应该集中在氮素影响花生慢生根瘤菌与花生的信号交流、根瘤数调节和营养交换机制等方面,为提高花生结瘤固氮效率和产量、减少化学氮肥施用提供理论基础。     

一种豆科血红蛋白基因分子克隆首次在我国取得成功

田菁是重要豆科绿肥作物,是工业上有重要经济价值的资源。它的根。茎部都能形成共生固氮的茎瘤和根瘤,瘤内富含豆血红蛋白,其中豆血红蛋白Ⅱ组分与最高氧的亲和力有密切关系,在低氧环境下,田菁的高效固氮力与豆红蛋白的高氧亲和力有直接关系,因此,研究田菁豆血红蛋白的分子遗传学不论在理论上或实践上均有重要意义。     

营养杯对长喙田菁在铅锌尾矿上的生长、固氮和重金属积累的影响

设置移栽时营养杯的有无及其大小作试验,研究长喙田菁在乐昌铅锌矿强酸化尾矿上的生长、固氮和积累重金属情况。结果表明,强酸性(pH<3)是限制植物定植的主要因素,在pH=5-7情况下,长喙田菁能在该尾矿库中定植、生长和固氮,表现出良好的适应性。未带营养杯移栽的长喙田菁在尾矿上生长84d,其株高117cm、茎基部直径1.35cm、单株生物量(干物质)20.2g、单位面积生物量(干物质)2828kghm-2、氮素积累量40kghm-2;带营养杯移栽的上述各指标分别达到140-144cm、1.59-1.68cm、36.6-38.8g、5124-5432kghm-2和77-107kghm-2,均显著高于未带营养杯处理的。长喙田菁根部铅、锌、铜、镉含量均最高,其次为茎,叶中最低;长喙田菁的4种重金属积累量为锌(186-221mgkg-1)>铅(96-145mgkg-1)>铜(17-30mgkg-1)>镉(3-4mgkg-1)。带营养杯移栽能有效提高长喙田菁的产量和氮积累量,且明显降低其体内的重金属含量。试验证明长喙田菁是较理想的铅锌矿尾矿废弃地植被重建的先锋植物。     

多花黑麦草在酸化铅锌尾矿上的定植和生长

铅锌矿尾矿上设置长喙田菁压青和不压青处理,在此基础上研究多花黑麦草的萌发、生长和重金属积累情况.结果表明,种植长喙田菁改善了尾矿理化性状,尤其是提高了有机质、全N、有效态磷和K的含量.尾矿的强酸性环境(pH<3)是影响黑麦草在其上定植的主要因素.施用石灰可暂时改善尾矿酸度,但实验结束时尾矿酸度几乎完全恢复原状.因此,施用石灰可能只对种子发芽产生作用.大多数情况下多花黑麦草能在尾矿上萌发、生长和定植,并产生较大的生物量(DM1.4～3.2t·km^-2),表现出对酸性尾矿环境的一定的适应性.与未栽培长喙田菁的对照相比,栽培长喙田菁处理以及栽培长喙田菁并压青处理分别使多花黑麦草的生物量提高了4.8%～39.5%和7.7%～139.5%,其中压青处理又比不压青处理提高了2.7%～75.8%.“长喙田菁多花黑麦草”植被系列是一个成功的铅锌矿尾矿废弃地复垦的先锋阶段.     

不同生态型东南景天对土壤中Cd的生长反应及吸收积累的差异性

 采用盆栽方法研究了两种生态型东南景天(Sedum alfredii)对土壤中不同含量Cd(即对照, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400 mg&;#8226;kg^－1)的生 长反应、吸收和积累Cd的差异性。结果表明,土壤添加重金属Cd后,矿山生态型东南景天生长正常,地上部和根系Cd含量随着土壤中Cd含量的 增加而增加,在400 mg&;#8226;kg^－1 Cd处理下含量分别高达2 900和500 mg&;#8226;kg^－1,其地上部显著大于根部;然而,土壤添加Cd后,非矿山生态型东 南景天的生长受到抑制,地上部和根部的生物量显著降低。当土壤Cd含量为50～100 mg&;#8226;kg^－1 时,非矿山生态型东南景天的地上部和根系Cd含 量随着土壤中Cd含量的增加而增加,而且根系Cd含量则大于地上部。当土壤Cd≤50 mg&;#8226;kg^－1时,矿山生态型东南景天根系Cd含量比非矿山生态 型高 ,但当土壤Cd≥100 mg&;#8226;kg^－1,两者之间无显著差异;然而,但在同一Cd处理水平下,矿山生态型东南景天地上部Cd含量总是高于非矿山 生态型。这些结果表明,矿山生态型东南景天有很强的忍耐和吸收土壤Cd的能力,再次证明其为一种Cd超积累植物。     

Rhizobial factors required for stem nodule maturation and maintenance in Sesbania rostrata-Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS571 symbiosis

The molecular and physiological mechanisms behind the maturation and maintenance of N(2)-fixing nodules during development of symbiosis between rhizobia and legumes still remain unclear, although the early events of symbiosis are relatively well understood. Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS571 is a microsymbiont of the tropical legume Sesbania rostrata, forming N(2)-fixing nodules not only on the roots but also on the stems. In this study, 10,080 transposon-inserted mutants of A. caulinodans ORS571 were individually inoculated onto the stems of S. rostrata, and those mutants that induced ineffective stem nodules, as displayed by halted development at various stages, were selected. From repeated observations on stem nodulation, 108 Tn5 mutants were selected and categorized into seven nodulation types based on size and N(2) fixation activity. Tn5 insertions of some mutants were found in the well-known nodulation, nitrogen fixation, and symbiosis-related genes, such as nod, nif, and fix, respectively, lipopolysaccharide synthesis-related genes, C(4) metabolism-related genes, and so on. However, other genes have not been reported to have roles in legume-rhizobium symbiosis. The list of newly identified symbiosis-related genes will present clues to aid in understanding the maturation and maintenance mechanisms of nodules.     

Nutrient feedbacks to soil heterotrophic nitrogen fixation in forests

Multiple nutrient cycles regulate biological nitrogen (N) fixation in forests, yet long-term feedbacks between N-fixation and coupled element cycles remain largely unexplored. We examined soil nutrients and heterotrophic N-fixation across a gradient of 24 temperate conifer forests shaped by legacies of symbiotic N-fixing trees. We observed positive relationships among mineral soil pools of N, carbon (C), organic molybdenum (Mo), and organic phosphorus (P) across sites, evidence that legacies of symbiotic N-fixing trees can increase the abundance of multiple elements important to heterotrophic N-fixation. Soil N accumulation lowered rates of heterotrophic N-fixation in organic horizons due to both N inhibition of nitrogenase enzymes and declines in soil organic matter quality. Experimental fertilization of organic horizon soil revealed widespread Mo limitation of heterotrophic N-fixation, especially at sites where soil Mo was scarce relative to C. Fertilization also revealed widespread absence of P limitation, consistent with high soil P:Mo ratios. Responses of heterotrophic N-fixation to added Mo (positive) and N (negative) were correlated across sites, evidence that multiple nutrient controls of heterotrophic N-fixation were more common than single-nutrient effects. We propose a conceptual model where symbiotic N-fixation promotes coupled N, C, P, and Mo accumulation in soil, leading to positive feedback that relaxes nutrient limitation of overall N-fixation, though heterotrophic N-fixation is primarily suppressed by strong negative feedback from long-term soil N accumulation.     

Soil moisture and potassium affect the performance of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in faba bean and common bean

Potassium (K) is reported to improve plant's resistance against environmental stress. A frequently experienced stress for plants in the tropics is water shortage. It is not known if sufficient K supply would help plants to partially overcome the effects of water stress, especially that of symbiotic nitrogen fixation which is often rather low in the tropics when compared to that of temperate regions. Thus, the impact of three levels of fertilizer potassium (0.1, 0.8 and 3.0 mM K) on symbiotic nitrogen fixation was evaluated with two legumes under high (field capacity to 25% depletion) and low (less than 50% of field capacity) water regimes. Plants were grown in single pots in silica sand under controlled conditions with 1.5 mM N (¹⁵N enriched NH₄NO₃). The species were faba bean (Vicia faba L.), a temperate, amide producing legume and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), a tropical, ureide producing species. In both species, 0.1 mM K was insufficient for nodulation at both moisture regimes, although plant growth was observed. The supply of 0.8 or 3.0 mM K allowed nodulation and subsequent nitrogen fixation which appeared to be adequate for respective plant growth. High potassium supply had a positive effect on nitrogen fixation, on shoot and root growth and on water potential in both water regimes. Where nodulation occurred, variations caused by either K or water supply had no consequences on the percentage of nitrogen derived from the symbiosis. The present data indicate that K can apparently alleviate water shortage to a certain extent. Moreover it is shown that the symbiotic system in both faba bean and common bean is less tolerant to limiting K supply than plants themselves. However, as long as nodulation occurs, N assimilation from the symbiotic source is not selectively affected by K as opposed to N assimilation from fertilizer.     

Low concentrations of nitrate and ammonium stimulate nodulation and N2 fixation while inhibiting specific nodulation (nodule DW g−1 root dry weight) and specific N2 fixation (N2 fixed g−1 root dry weight) in soybean

Nitrate N is a major inhibitor of the soybean/Bradyrhizobium symbiosis in legumes and although this inhibition has been studied for many years, as yet no consensus has been reached on the specific and quantitative interactions between nitrate and ammonium supply and N₂ fixation. The effect of nitrate and ammonium supply on plant growth, nodulation and N₂ fixation capacity during the full growth cycle was investigated in both greenhouse and growth chamber experiments with three soybean genotypes. The results show that a high concentration of mineral N (10 mM), either as nitrate or ammonium or ammonium nitrate significantly suppressed nodule number, nodule dry weight and total N₂ fixed per plant of nodulated soybeans. However, lower mineral N concentrations, either 1 mM or 3.75 mM significantly enhanced nodule number, nodule dry weight and total N₂ fixed per plant, while specific nodulation (nodule dry weight g^–1 root DW, SNOD) and specific N₂ fixation (total N₂ fixed g^–1 root DW, SNF) were significantly reduced, particularly at the early vegetative growth stage V4, compared to the treatment with N₂ fixation as the only N source, in both growth chamber and greenhouse experiments. Therefore, we suggest that SNOD or SNF might be better indicators to express the suppressing effect of mineral N addition on nodule performance and N₂ fixed. Our studies also showed that ammonium alone was the more efficient N source than either ammonium nitrate or nitrate for soybean, as it resulted in higher biomass accumulation, nodule dry weight, total N accumulation and total N₂ fixed by 23, 20, 18 and 44%, respectively, compared to NO₃ ^– as the N source.     

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis Changes the Colonization Pattern of Acacia tortilis spp. Raddiana Rhizosphere by Two Strains of Rhizobia

The aim of the study was to assess the effect of the mycorrhizosphere of A. tortillis spp. raddiana mycorrhized with Glomus intraradices on the root nodulation by Sinorhizobium terangae (ORS 1009) and/or Mesorhizobium plurifarium (ORS 1096) in two different culture substrates (sandy soil and sand). The endomycorrhizal fungus only stimulated plant growth in the sandy soil. Moreover, arbuscular mycorrhizal infection enhanced the nodulation process in both culture substrates. Beside the stimulatory effects of the mycorrhizosphere on both rhizobia development, fungal symbiosis induces two different dynamics of each bacterial strains in the sand-grown plants. These results suggest specific relationships could occur during the development of the tripartite symbiosis, at physiological and molecular level. From a practical point of view, the role of arbuscular mycorrhizas in improving nodulation and N2 fixation is universally recognized. The fungal symbiosis could modify the development of bacterial inoculants along the root systems. This effect is of particular interest in the controlled inoculation of selected rhizobia.     

乌兰布和沙区紫花苜蓿根系生长及吸水规律的研究

研究了不同水分处理下,乌兰布和沙区紫花苜蓿系生长发育规律及根系吸水速度,结果表明：不同水分处理的根系生长规律最基本一致的,在生长季风均呈增加的趋势;但适度干旱可促进根系的伸长生长。在当地土壤类型条件下,根系主要分布在０－３０cm土层;根重密度在土壤剖面上的分布遵循对数规律,并随深度的增加呈降低趋势。运用一维土壤水分运动方程,计算得到了不同水分处理根系吸水速度在土壤剖面上的分布状况;根系吸水速率与土壤含水量和根密度密切相关。     

The Sesbania Root Symbionts Sinorhizobium saheli and S. teranga bv. sesbaniae Can Form Stem Nodules on Sesbania rostrata, although They Are Less Adapted to Stem Nodulation than Azorhizobium caulinodans

Sesbania species can establish symbiotic interactions with rhizobia from two taxonomically distant genera, including the Sesbania rostrata stem-nodulating Azorhizobium sp. and Azorhizobium caulinodans and the newly described Sinorhizobium saheli and Sinorhizobium teranga bv. sesbaniae, isolated from the roots of various Sesbania species. A collection of strains from both groups were analyzed for their symbiotic properties with different Sesbania species. S. saheli and S. teranga bv. sesbaniae strains were found to effectively stem nodulate Sesbania rostrata, showing that stem nodulation is not restricted to Azorhizobium. Sinorhizobia and azorhizobia, however, exhibited clear differences in other aspects of symbiosis. Unlike Azorhizobium, S. teranga bv. sesbaniae and S. saheli did not induce effective stem nodules on plants previously inoculated on the roots, although stem nodulation was arrested at different stages. For Sesbania rostrata root nodulation, Sinorhizobium appeared more sensitive than Azorhizobium to the presence of combined nitrogen. S. saheli and S. teranga bv. sesbaniae were effective symbionts with all Sesbania species tested, while Azorhizobium strains fixed nitrogen only in symbiosis with Sesbania rostrata. In a simple screening test, S. saheli and S. teranga bv. sesbaniae were incapable of asymbiotic nitrogenase activity. Thus, Azorhizobium can easily be distinguished from Sinorhizobium among Sesbania symbionts on the basis of symbiotic and free-living nitrogen fixation. The ability of Azorhizobium to overcome the systemic plant control appears to be a stem adaptation function. This last property, together with its host-specific symbiotic nitrogen fixation, makes Azorhizobium highly specialized for stem nodulation of the aquatic legume Sesbania rostrata.     

Influence of Nitrogen Supply and Water Stress on Growth and Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium and Calcium Contents in Pearl Millet

Influence of supra-optimal concentrations of N on growth and accumulation of N, K, P and Ca in the shoots and roots in Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br. under water stress was assessed in a pot experiment under glasshouse conditions. Thirty four-day-old plants of two lines, ICMV94133 and WCA-78, were subjected to 224, 336, or 448 mg(N) kg^–1(soil) and soil moisture 100 or 30 % of field capacity for 30 d. Increasing soil N supply decreased growth of both lines under water deficit. Nitrogen content in the shoots of both lines was not affected by supra-optimal levels of N or different watering regimes, but in contrast, the root N content was increased consistently in WCA-78 with increase in soil N content. Shoot P content increased considerably in WCA-78 at the two higher N contents, but it was significantly lower at drought stress than at well-watered treatment. In contrast, shoot or root P content in ICMV94133 did not differ under both watering regimes. Potassium content in the shoots of WCA-78 was considerably increased at the two higher N contents under drought conditions. Root K content was increased in WCA-78 at the highest N content under well-watered conditions, whereas the reverse was true in ICMV94133. Calcium content in the shoots of ICMV94133 was higher under drought stress compared with that at well-watered conditions, but such pattern was not observed in WCA-78. However, root Ca content increased in both lines with increase in N supply.     

Sensitivity of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) symbiosis to high soil temperature

Summary Experiments were done to test whether N fixation is more sensitive to high soil temperatures in common bean than in cowpea or soybean. Greenhouse experiments compared nodulation, nitrogenase activity, growth and nitrogen accumulation of several host/strain combinations of common bean with the other grain legumes and with N-fertilization, at various root temperatures. Field experiments compared relative N-accumulation (in symbiotic relative to N-fertilized plants) of common bean with cowpea under different soil thermal regimes. N-fertilized beans were unaffected by the higher temperatures, but nitrogen accumulation by symbiotic beans was always more sensitive to high root temperatures (33°C, 33/28°C, 34/28°C compared with 28°C) than were cowpea and soybean symbiosis. Healthy bean nodules that had developed at low temperatures functioned normally in acetylene reduction tests done at 35°C. High temperatures caused little or no suppression of nodule number. However, bean nodules produced at high temperatures were small and had low specific activity. ForP. vulgaris some tolerance to high temperature was observed among rhizobium strains (e.g., CIAT 899 was tolerant) but not among host cultivars. Heat tolerance ofP. acutifolius andP. lunatus symbioses was similar to that of cowpea and soybean. In the field, high surface soil temperatures did not reduce N accumulation in symbiotic beans more than in cowpea, probably because of compensatory nodulation in the deeper and cooler parts of the soil.