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1.
All‐solid‐state Li‐ion batteries based on Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) garnet structures require novel electrode assembly strategies to guarantee a proper Li+ transfer at the electrode–electrolyte interfaces. Here, first stable cell performances are reported for Li‐garnet, c‐Li6.25Al0.25La3Zr2O12, all‐solid‐state batteries running safely with a full ceramics setup, exemplified with the anode material Li4Ti5O12. Novel strategies to design an enhanced Li+ transfer at the electrode–electrolyte interface using an interface‐engineered all‐solid‐state battery cell based on a porous garnet electrolyte interface structure, in which the electrode material is intimately embedded, are presented. The results presented here show for the first time that all‐solid‐state Li‐ion batteries with LLZO electrolytes can be reversibly charge–discharge cycled also in the low potential ranges (≈1.5 V) for combinations with a ceramic anode material. Through a model experiment, the interface between the electrode and electrolyte constituents is systematically modified revealing that the interface engineering helps to improve delivered capacities and cycling properties of the all‐solid‐state Li‐ion batteries based on garnet‐type cubic LLZO structures.  相似文献   

2.
Securing the chemical and physical stabilities of electrode/solid‐electrolyte interfaces is crucial for the use of solid electrolytes in all‐solid‐state batteries. Directly probing these interfaces during electrochemical reactions would significantly enrich the mechanistic understanding and inspire potential solutions for their regulation. Herein, the electrochemistry of the lithium/Li7La3Zr2O12‐electrolyte interface is elucidated by probing lithium deposition through the electrolyte in an anode‐free solid‐state battery in real time. Lithium plating is strongly affected by the geometry of the garnet‐type Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) surface, where nonuniform/filamentary growth is triggered particularly at morphological defects. More importantly, lithium‐growth behavior significantly changes when the LLZO surface is modified with an artificial interlayer to produce regulated lithium depositions. It is shown that lithium‐growth kinetics critically depend on the nature of the interlayer species, leading to distinct lithium‐deposition morphologies. Subsequently, the dynamic role of the interlayer in battery operation is discussed as a buffer and seed layer for lithium redistribution and precipitation, respectively, in tailoring lithium deposition. These findings broaden the understanding of the electrochemical lithium‐plating process at the solid‐electrolyte/lithium interface, highlight the importance of exploring various interlayers as a new avenue for regulating the lithium‐metal anode, and also offer insight into the nature of lithium growth in anode‐free solid‐state batteries.  相似文献   

3.
Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) garnet‐based materials doped with Al, Nb, or Ta to stabilize the Li+‐conductive cubic phase are a particularly promising class of solid electrolytes for all‐solid‐state lithium metal batteries. Understanding of the intrinsic reactivity between solid electrolytes and relevant electrode materials is crucial to developing high voltage solid‐state batteries with long lifetimes. Using a novel, surface science‐based approach to characterize the intrinsic reactivity of the Li–solid electrolyte interface, it is determined that, surprisingly, some degree of Zr reduction takes place for all three dopant types, with the extent of reduction increasing as Ta < Nb < Al. Significant reduction of Nb also takes place for Nb‐doped LLZO, with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of Li||Nb–LLZO||Li symmetric cells further revealing significant increases in impedance with time and suggesting that the Nb reduction propagates into the bulk. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that Nb‐doped material shows a strong preference for Nb dopants toward the interface between LLZO and Li, while Ta does not exhibit a similar preference. EIS and DFT results, coupled with the observed reduction of Zr at the interface, are consistent with the formation of an “oxygen‐deficient interphase” (ODI) layer whose structure determines the stability of the LLZO–Li interface.  相似文献   

4.
The charge transfer kinetics between a lithium metal electrode and an inorganic solid electrolyte is of key interest to assess the rate capability of future lithium metal solid state batteries. In an in situ microelectrode study run in a scanning electron microscope, it is demonstrated that—contrary to the prevailing opinion—the intrinsic charge transfer resistance of the Li|Li6.25Al0.25La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) interface is in the order of 10?1 Ω cm2 and thus negligibly small. The corresponding high exchange current density in combination with the single ion transport mechanism (t+ ≈ 1) of the inorganic solid electrolyte enables extremely fast plating kinetics without the occurrence of transport limitations. Local plating rates in the range of several A cm?2 are demonstrated at defect free and chemically clean Li|LLZO interfaces. Practically achievable current densities are limited by lateral growth of lithium along the surface as well as electro‐chemo‐mechanical‐induced fracture of the solid electrolyte. In combination with the lithium vacancy diffusion limitation during electrodissolution, these morphological instabilities are identified as the key fundamental limitations of the lithium metal electrode for solid‐state batteries with inorganic solid electrolytes.  相似文献   

5.
Replacing organic liquid electrolyte with inorganic solid electrolytes (SE) can potentially address the inherent safety problems in conventional rechargeable batteries. However, solid‐state batteries (SSBs) have been plagued by the relatively low ionic conductivity of SEs and large charge‐transfer resistance between electrode and SE. Here, a new design strategy is reported for improving the ionic conductivity of SE by self‐forming a composite material. An optimized Na+ ion conducting composite electrolyte derived from the Na1+ n Zr2Si n P3? n O12 NASICON (Na Super Ionic Conductor) structure is successfully synthesized, yielding ultrahigh ionic conductivity of 3.4 mS cm?1 at 25 °C and 14 mS cm?1 at 80 °C. On the other hand, in order to enhance the charge‐transfer rate at the electrode/electrolyte interface, an interface modification strategy is demonstrated by utilization of a small amount of nonflammable and nonvolatile ionic liquid (IL) at the cathode side in SSBs. The IL acts as a wetting agent, enabling a favorable interface kinetic in SSBs. The Na3V2(PO4)3/IL/SE/Na SSB exhibits excellent cycle performance and rate capability. A specific capacity of ≈90 mA h g?1 is maintained after 10 000 cycles without capacity decay under 10 C rate at room temperature. This provides a new perspective to design fast ion conductors and fabricate long life SSBs.  相似文献   

6.
A smooth interfacial contact between electrode and electrolyte, alleviation of dendrite formation, low internal resistance, and preparation of thin electrolyte (<20 µm) are the key challenging tasks in the practical application of Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO)-based solid-state batteries (SSBs). This paper develops a unique strategy to reduce interfacial resistance by designing an interface-based core–shell structure via direct integration of Al-LLZO ceramic nanofibers incorporated poly(vinylidene fluoride)/LiTFSI on the surface of a porous cathode electrode (HPEIC). This yields an ultrathin solid polymer electrolyte with a thickness of 7 µm. The integrated HPEIC/Li SSB with LiFePO4/C exhibits an initial specific capacity of 166 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C and 159 mAh g−1 with capacity retention of 100% after 120 cycles at 0.5 C (25 °C). The HPEIC/Li SSB with LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 cathode delivers a good discharge capacity of 134 mAh g−1 after 120 cycles at 0.5 C. The rational design of interface-based core–shell structure outperforms the conventional assembly of solid-state cells using free-standing solid electrolytes in specific capacity, internal resistance, and rate performance. The proposed strategy is simple, cost-effective, robust, and scalable manufacturing, which is essential for the practical applicability of SSBs.  相似文献   

7.
Interfacial reactions between ceramic‐sulfide solid‐electrolytes and common electrodes have remained a major impediment to the development of solid‐state lithium‐ion batteries. In practice, this means that ceramic‐sulfide batteries require a suitable coating material to isolate the electrolyte from the electrode materials. In this work, the interfacial stability of Li10SiP2S12 with over 67 000 materials is computationally evaluated. Over 2000 materials that are predicted to form stable interfaces in the cathode voltage range and over 1000 materials for the anode range are reported on and cataloged. LiCoO2 is chosen as an example cathode material to identify coating compounds that are stable with both Li10SiP2S12 and a common cathode. The correlation between elemental composition and multiple instability metrics (e.g., chemical/electrochemical) is analyzed, revealing key trends in, amongst others, the role of anion selection. A new binary‐search algorithm is introduced for evaluating the pseudo‐phase with improved speed and accuracy. Computational challenges posed by high‐throughput interfacial phase‐diagram calculations are highlighted as well as pragmatic computational methods to make such calculations routinely feasible. In addition to the over 3000 materials cataloged, representative materials from the anionic classes of oxides, fluorides, and sulfides are chosen to experimentally demonstrate chemical stability when in contact with Li10SiP2S12.  相似文献   

8.
Solid‐state electrolytes are a promising candidate for the next‐generation lithium‐ion battery, as they have the advantages of eliminating the leakage hazard of liquid solvent and elevating stability. However, inherent limitations such as the low ionic conductivity of solid polymer electrolytes and the high brittleness of inorganic ceramic electrolytes severally impede their practical application. Here, an inexpensive, facile, and scalable strategy to fabricate a hybrid Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) and poly(ethylene oxide)‐based electrolyte by exploiting bacterial cellulose as a template is reported. The well‐organized LLZO network significantly enhances the ionic conductivity by extending long transport pathways for Li ions, exhibiting an elevated conductivity of 1.12 × 10?4 S cm?1. In addition, the hybrid electrolyte presents a structural flexibility, with minor impedance increase after bending. The facile and applicable approach establishes new principles for the strategy of designing scalable and flexible hybrid polymer electrolytes that can be utilized for high‐energy‐density batteries.  相似文献   

9.
The development of all‐solid‐state lithium–sulfur batteries is hindered by the poor interfacial properties at solid electrolyte (SE)/electrode interfaces. The interface is modified by employing the highly concentrated solvate electrolyte, (MeCN)2?LiTFSI:TTE, as an interlayer material at the electrolyte/electrode interfaces. The incorporation of an interlayer significantly improves the cycling performance of solid‐state Li2S batteries compared to the bare counterpart, exhibiting a specific capacity of 760 mAh g?1 at cycle 100 (330 mAh g?1 for the bare cell). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy shows that the interfacial resistance of the interlayer‐modified cell gradually decreases as a function of cycle number, while the impedance of the bare cell remains almost constant. Cross‐section scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/ energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) measurements on the interlayer‐modified cell confirm the permeation of solvate into the cathode and the SE with electrochemical cycling, which is related to the decrease in cell impedance. In order to mimic the full permeation of the solvate across the entire cell, the solvate is directly mixed with the SE to form a “solvSEM” electrolyte. The hybrid Li2S cell using a solvSEM electrolyte exhibits superior cycling performance compared to the solid‐state cells, in terms of Li2S loading, Li2S utilization, and cycling stability. The improved performance is due to the favorable ionic contact at the battery interfaces.  相似文献   

10.
A NaSICON‐type Li+‐ion conductive membrane with a formula of Li1+ x Y x Zr2? x (PO4)3 (LYZP) (x = 0–0.15) has been explored as a solid‐electrolyte/separator to suppress polysulfide‐crossover in lithium‐sulfur (Li‐S) batteries. The LYZP membrane with a reasonable Li+‐ion conductivity shows both favorable chemical compatibility with the lithium polysulfide species and exhibits good electrochemical stability under the operating conditions of the Li‐S batteries. Through an integration of the LYZP solid electrolyte with the liquid electrolyte, the hybrid Li‐S batteries show greatly enhanced cyclability in contrast to the conventional Li‐S batteries with the porous polymer (e.g., Celgard) separator. At a rate of C/5, the hybrid Li ||LYZP|| Li2S6 batteries developed in this study (with a Li‐metal anode, a liquid/LYZP hybrid electrolyte, and a dissolved lithium polysulfide cathode) delivers an initial discharge capacity of ≈1000 mA h g?1 (based on the active sulfur material) and retains ≈90% of the initial capacity after 150 cycles with a low capacity fade‐rate of <0.07% per cycle.  相似文献   

11.
High‐performance rechargeable all‐solid‐state lithium metal batteries with high energy density and enhanced safety are attractive for applications like portable electronic devices and electric vehicles. Among the various solid electrolytes, argyrodite Li6PS5Cl with high ionic conductivity and easy processability is of great interest. However, the low interface compatibility between sulfide solid electrolytes and high capacity cathodes like nickel‐rich layered oxides requires many thorny issues to be resolved, such as the space charge layer (SCL) and interfacial reactions. In this work, in situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and in situ Raman spectroscopy measurements are performed to monitor the detailed interface evolutions in a LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM)/Li6PS5Cl/Li cell. Combining with ex situ characterizations including scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the evolution of the SCL and the chemical bond vibration at NCM/Li6PS5Cl interface during the early cycles is elaborated. It is found that the Li+ ion migration, which varies with the potential change, is a very significant cause of these interface behaviors. For the long‐term cycling, the SCL, interfacial reactions, lithium dendrites, and chemo‐mechanical failure have an integrated effect on interfaces, further deteriorating the interfacial structure and electrochemical performance. This research provides a new insight on intra and intercycle interfacial evolution of solid‐state batteries.  相似文献   

12.
Solid polymer electrolytes as one of the promising solid‐state electrolytes have received extensive attention due to their excellent flexibility. However, the issues of lithium (Li) dendrite growth still hinder their practical applications in solid‐state batteries (SSBs). Herein, composite electrolytes from “ceramic‐in‐polymer” (CIP) to “polymer‐in‐ceramic” (PIC) with different sizes of garnet particles are investigated for their effectiveness in dendrite suppression. While the CIP electrolyte with 20 vol% 200 nm Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 (LLZTO) particles (CIP‐200 nm) exhibits the highest ionic conductivity of 1.6 × 10?4 S cm?1 at 30 °C and excellent flexibility, the PIC electrolyte with 80 vol% 5 µm LLZTO (PIC‐5 µm) shows the highest tensile strength of 12.7 MPa. A sandwich‐type composite electrolyte (SCE) with hierarchical garnet particles (a PIC‐5 µm interlayer sandwiched between two CIP‐200 nm thin layers) is constructed to simultaneously achieve dendrite suppression and excellent interfacial contact with Li metal. The SCE enables highly stable Li plating/stripping cycling for over 400 h at 0.2 mA cm?2 at 30 °C. The LiFePO4/SCE/Li cells also demonstrate excellent cycle performance at room temperature. Fabricating sandwich‐type composite electrolytes with hierarchical filler designs can be an effective strategy to achieve dendrite‐free SSBs with high performance and high safety at room temperature.  相似文献   

13.
All‐solid‐state batteries (SSBs) are considered as attractive options for next‐generation energy storage owing to the favorable properties (unit transference number and thermal stabilities) of solid electrolytes. However, there are also serious concerns about mechanical deformation of solid electrolytes leading to the degradation of the battery performance. Therefore, understanding the mechanism underlying the electromechanical properties in SSBs is essentially important. Here, 3D and time‐resolved measurements of an all‐solid‐state cell using synchrotron radiation X‐ray tomographic microscopy are shown. The gradient of the electrochemical reaction and the morphological evolution in the composite layer can be clearly observed. Volume expansion/compression of the active material (Sn) is strongly oriented along the thickness of the electrode. While this results in significant deformation (cracking) in the solid electrolyte region, organized cracking patterns depending on the particle size and their arrangements is also found. This study based on operando visualization therefore opens the door toward rational design of particles and electrode morphology for all‐solid‐state batteries.  相似文献   

14.
The energy density of battery systems is limited largely by the electrochemical window of the electrolyte. Herein, the combined thermodynamic and kinetic effects of mechanically induced metastability are shown to greatly widen the operational voltage window of solid‐state batteries based on ceramic‐sulfide electrolytes. Solid electrolyte voltage stability up to 10 V is achieved with minimal degradation, far beyond the capability of organic liquid electrolytes. Furthermore, combined experiment, ab initio computation, and theoretical modeling identify the nature of mechanically constrained Li10GeP2S12 decomposition both within the bulk and at interfaces with cathode materials at very high voltages. Previously unclear kinetic processes are identified that, when properly implemented, can potentially allow solid‐state full cells with remarkably high operational voltages.  相似文献   

15.
Low active material loading in the composite electrode of all‐solid‐state batteries (SSBs) is one of the main reasons for the low energy density in current SSBs. In this work, it is demonstrated with both modeling and experiments that in the regime of high cathode loading, the utilization of cathode material in the solid‐state composite is highly dependent on the particle size ratio of the cathode to the solid‐state conductor. The modeling, confirmed by experimental data, shows that higher cathode loading and therefore an increased energy density can be achieved by increasing the ratio of the cathode to conductor particle size. These results are consistent with ionic percolation being the limiting factor in cold‐pressed solid‐state cathode materials and provide specific guidelines on how to improve the energy density of composite cathodes for solid‐state batteries. By reducing solid electrolyte particle size and increasing the cathode active material particle size, over 50 vol% cathode active material loading with high cathode utilization is able to be experimentally achieved, demonstrating that a commercially‐relevant, energy‐dense cathode composite is achievable through simple mixing and pressing method.  相似文献   

16.
All‐solid‐state batteries are promising candidates for the next‐generation safer batteries. However, a number of obstacles have limited the practical application of all‐solid‐state Li batteries (ASSLBs), such as moderate ionic conductivity at room temperature. Here, unlike most of the previous approaches, superior performances of ASSLBs are achieved by greatly reducing the thickness of the solid‐state electrolyte (SSE), where ionic conductivity is no longer a limiting factor. The ultrathin SSE (7.5 µm) is developed by integrating the low‐cost polyethylene separator with polyethylene oxide (PEO)/Li‐salt (PPL). The ultrathin PPL shortens Li+ diffusion time and distance within the electrolyte, and provides sufficient Li+ conductance for batteries to operate at room temperature. The robust yet flexible polyethylene offers mechanical support for the soft PEO/Li‐salt, effectively preventing short‐circuits even under mechanical deformation. Various ASSLBs with PPL electrolyte show superior electrochemical performance. An initial capacity of 135 mAh g?1 at room temperature and the high‐rate capacity up to 10 C at 60 °C can be achieved in LiFePO4/PPL/Li batteries. The high‐energy‐density sulfur cathode and MoS2 anode employing PPL electrolyte also realize remarkable performance. Moreover, the ASSLB can be assembled by a facile process, which can be easily scaled up to mass production.  相似文献   

17.
Lithium metal is regarded as the “Holy Grail” of anode materials due to its low electrochemical potential and high theoretical capacity. Unfortunately, its unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) leads to low Coulombic efficiency (CE) and serious safety issues. Herein, a hybrid nanoscale polymeric protective film with tunable composition and improved stiffness is developed by incorporating aluminum crosslinkers into the polymer chains. The Li plating/stripping process is regulated through the protective coating and the dendrite growth is effectively suppressed. Promisingly, the protected Li can deliver stable performance for more than 350 h with a cycling capacity of 2 mAh cm?2 without a notable increase in overpotential. Moreover, a stable charge/discharge cycling in Li–O2 batteries with the protected Li can be maintained for more than 600 h. This work provides guidance on the rational design of electrode interfaces and opens up new opportunities for the fabrication of next‐generation energy storage systems.  相似文献   

18.
Although solid polymer electrolytes have some intrinsic advantages in synthesis and film processing compared with inorganic solid electrolytes, low ionic conductivities and mechanical moduli hamper their practical applications in lithium‐based batteries. Here, an efficient strategy is developed to produce a unique solid polymer electrolyte containing MXene‐based mesoporous silica nanosheets with a sandwich structure, which are fabricated via controllable hydrolysis of tetraethyl orthosilicate around the surface of MXene‐Ti3C2 under the direction of cationic surfactants. Such unique nanosheets not only exhibit individual, thin, and insulated features, but also possess abundant functional groups in mesopores and on the surface, which are favorable for the formation of Lewis acid–base interactions with anions in polymer electrolytes such as poly(propylene oxide) elastomer, enabling the fast Li+ transportation at the mesoporous nanosheets/polymer interfaces. As a consequence, a solid polymer electrolyte with high ionic conductivity of 4.6 × 10?4 S cm?1, high Young's modulus of 10.5 MPa, and long‐term electrochemical stability is achieved.  相似文献   

19.
The electrochemical stability window of solid electrolyte is overestimated by the conventional experimental method using a Li/electrolyte/inert metal semiblocking electrode because of the limited contact area between solid electrolyte and inert metal. Since the battery is cycled in the overestimated stability window, the decomposition of the solid electrolyte at the interfaces occurs but has been ignored as a cause for high interfacial resistances in previous studies, limiting the performance improvement of the bulk‐type solid‐state battery despite the decades of research efforts. Thus, there is an urgent need to identify the intrinsic stability window of the solid electrolyte. The thermodynamic electrochemical stability window of solid electrolytes is calculated using first principles computation methods, and an experimental method is developed to measure the intrinsic electrochemical stability window of solid electrolytes using a Li/electrolyte/electrolyte‐carbon cell. The most promising solid electrolytes, Li10GeP2S12 and cubic Li‐garnet Li7La3Zr2O12, are chosen as the model materials for sulfide and oxide solid electrolytes, respectively. The results provide valuable insights to address the most challenging problems of the interfacial stability and resistance in high‐performance solid‐state batteries.  相似文献   

20.
Thin solid‐state electrolytes with nonflammability, high ionic conductivity, low interfacial resistance, and good processability are urgently required for next‐generation safe, high energy density lithium metal batteries. Here, a 3D Li6.75La3Zr1.75Ta0.25O12 (LLZTO) self‐supporting framework interconnected by polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) binder is prepared through a simple grinding method without any solvent. Subsequently, a garnet‐based composite electrolyte is achieved through filling the flexible 3D LLZTO framework with a succinonitrile solid electrolyte. Due to the high content of garnet ceramic (80.4 wt%) and high heat‐resistance of the PTFE binder, such a composite electrolyte film with nonflammability and high processability exhibits a wide electrochemical window of 4.8 V versus Li/Li+ and high ionic transference number of 0.53. The continuous Li+ transfer channels between interconnected LLZTO particles and succinonitrile, and the soft electrolyte/electrode interface jointly contribute to a high ambient‐temperature ionic conductivity of 1.2 × 10?4 S cm?1 and excellent long‐term stability of the Li symmetric battery (stable at a current density of 0.1 mA cm?2 for over 500 h). Furthermore, as‐prepared LiFePO4|Li and LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2|Li batteries based on the thin composite electrolyte exhibit high discharge specific capacities of 153 and 158 mAh g?1 respectively, and desirable cyclic stabilities at room temperature.  相似文献   

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