关于儿童粪菌移植技术规范的共识

正正常成人胃肠道菌群有1 000余种,总量达1013-14[1],10倍于人体细胞总量,人体正常肠道菌群的基因总和是人体自身基因的100~150倍[2]。肠道是人体最大的消化器官,同时也是最大的免疫器官和代谢器官。儿童肠道菌群的定植与建立对出生后消化系统、免疫系统和代谢等发育和成熟具有重大作用。肠道菌群紊乱与感染性疾病、免疫性疾病和代谢性疾病的发生和发展具有密切的关系。近5年来,粪菌移     

肠道、肺部菌群直接或通过肠—肺轴对 呼吸系统慢性疾病的影响

人体寄生的微生物与人体为共生关系,数量庞大,并形成不同的微生态系统,影响人体免疫、代谢、内分泌等生理过程。菌群失衡导致微生态紊乱,从而导致相关疾病的发生发展。呼吸系统慢性疾病患者常有肠道菌群和肺部菌群的改变,肠道菌群通过肠-肺轴影响呼吸系统免疫及呼吸系统慢性疾病,肺部菌群的改变导致肺部疾病的同时亦会通过血流引起肠道菌群的变化。近年来随着高通量测序及生物信息学技术的发展,相关研究也越发被重视,本文着重对肠道菌群、肺部菌群通过肠-肺轴或直接在肺部免疫及呼吸系统慢性疾病中所起的作用进行综述。     

肠道菌群与结核病之间相关性的研究进展

随着新一代测序技术的发展,肠道菌群成为生物学研究领域的一大热点,特别是肠道菌群与人体各种疾病之间的关系受到广泛关注。目前已有研究发现结核分枝杆菌感染会引起肠道菌群改变,而肠道菌群失调也会增加机体对结核分枝杆菌的易感性,两者通过机体免疫反应、菌群代谢产物等因素相互影响。本文就肠道菌群与结核病的关系、肠道菌群与结核病相互影响的可能机制、抗结核治疗对肠道菌群的影响等方面的相关研究进行综述。     

肠道菌群失调与高尿酸血症关系的研究进展

高尿酸血症（hyperuricemia,HUA）是一种涉及肝、肾、肠等多个器官的代谢性疾病，因尿酸代谢异常而引起代谢障碍。尿酸在肝脏和肾脏中的代谢途径目前已经被阐明，但在肠道内的代谢途径尚未完全清晰。肠道菌群在人体肠道中定植，与宿主存在互惠共生的关系，在宿主的代谢和免疫调节中起着至关重要的作用。肠道菌群结构的变化可能引起代谢紊乱，肠道菌群参与嘌呤代谢酶的合成和炎症因子的释放，与HUA的发生发展密切相关。肠道菌群作为探讨HUA发病机制的切入点，已成为新的研究热点。本综述主要阐述HUA与肠道菌群之间的关系，探讨肠道菌群抗HUA的机制，如肠道菌群促进嘌呤和尿酸分解代谢，影响尿酸排泄，以及HUA引起的肠道炎症反应等，以期为通过调节肠道菌群来治疗HUA提供一定的依据。     

基于肠道菌群探讨不同饮食影响代谢及其相关疾病研究进展

近年来,肠道菌群研究领域发展迅速。肠道菌群作为人体"被遗忘的器官",与人体有着相互依存,相互影响的关系,与机体的感染、营养、免疫及代谢也密不可分,因此保持肠道微生物群的动态平衡是人体健康的前提。在人体代谢过程中,肠道菌群受到宿主饮食、服用药物、地理环境以及生活方式等因素的影响。饮食干预作为一项重要的治疗措施,与代谢综合征的发生发展密不可分,而这些代谢性疾病的发生发展都与肠道菌群的改变密切相关,因此无论是从改善肠道菌群结构还是从减缓代谢紊乱方面饮食都起着至关重要的作用。本文就代谢综合征患者肠道菌群的变化、机制以及饮食的影响进行综述。     

从肺肠关系探讨肠道菌群与儿童哮喘的关系

儿童哮喘是一种肺部疾病，肠道菌群在其免疫和代谢等诸多方面扮演着重要角色，肺肠之间微妙的关系可能是影响疾病发生、发展及预后的潜在机制。通过分析肺与肠的结构和功能，发现从中医学和现代医学角度均可证实肺肠具有表里同源关系。津液/黏液是肺肠之间的重要物质，影响哮喘儿童痰的生成及变化。肺肠之间的微生物可随津液/黏液定植，且菌群结构的变化又与儿童哮喘密切相关。基于肺肠结构关系及二者间物质的沟通作用，发现哮喘患儿不仅存在肠道菌群失衡，且肠道菌群与免疫应答和肠道代谢之间的关系，可能是防治儿童哮喘的新途径，值得进一步探索。     

饮食与肠道菌群关系的研究进展

人体肠道内含有大量的微生物,直接参与了机体的各种代谢活动,与人体健康密切相关。研究显示肠道菌群的构成和稳定受到诸多宿主和环境因素的影响,其中饮食因素起着至关重要的作用。特别是西方高脂饮食方式造成肠道菌群结构改变,从而导致一些慢性、非传染性和免疫相关性疾病的发生。在过去的几十年中,肠道菌群在人体健康中的作用越来越受到关注。不同饮食结构可以对肠道菌群的组成和多样性产生重要的影响。在这篇综述中,我们总结了肠道微生物与人体健康之间的关系以及益生菌在饮食中的作用,为指导和建立健康饮食结构提供理论指导,为相应疾病的防治提供参考。     

运动与肠道菌群的相关性

肠道菌群与人体互相依存,与机体的感染、营养、免疫及代谢密不可分,在某些疾病的预防和治疗中有着非常重要的作用。肠道菌群具有易变性,它的种类和数量是由遗传和环境因素共同决定的,环境因素主要包括宿主健康状态和生活方式等。近来发现,生活方式与代谢性疾病的发生发展密切相关,而这些代谢性疾病的发生发展都与肠道菌群的改变有关。本研究就机体不同代谢状态下肠道菌群的变化以及运动这种生活方式直接对肠道菌群的影响进行综述。     

益生菌及益生元调节骨代谢的研究进展

骨质疏松症已成为威胁中老年人健康的主要疾病之一,越来越多的人受到该病症的危害.肠道菌群是定殖在机体肠道内,与宿主形成共生关系的微生物,对宿主的免疫及代谢等产生重要影响,研究发现,肠道菌群与骨代谢之间存在密切关系,本文从肠道菌群与免疫、骨代谢与免疫、肠道菌群与骨代谢、益生菌及益生元调节骨代谢等几个方面阐述,肠道菌群有望成为骨质疏松症治疗的一个新靶点,通过益生菌或益生元来干预肠道菌群组成,进而调节免疫系统状态,抑制促炎因子的生成,从而降低骨吸收作用,达到预防和治疗骨质疏松症的目的.     

人体肠道菌群来源碳水化合物活性酶（CAZYmes） 研究进展

肠道菌群是人体重要的代谢"器官",对人体的健康和疾病起着至关重要的作用.肠道菌群参与人体消化、免疫、神经系统调节机能的分子机理是特异性物质代谢通路在微生物与人体之间的协同耦合.酶是代谢通路中参与物质转化的基本功能单元,深入理解肠道菌群编码酶的分子催化机理将为以肠道菌群(或肠道酶)作为靶点的精准营养/医疗干预研究提供重要理论依据.特异性底物酶解研究表明,肠道菌群编码的酶系统不仅包含全部已知的碳水化合物活性酶(carbohydrateactive enzymes, CAZYmes)类,同时蕴含诸多潜在的新型CAZYmes.本文阐述CAZYmes的分类原则及催化机理,并主要从结构生物学方面综述人体肠道菌群来源的新型CAZYmes.     

肠道微生物组与宿主的表观遗传修饰

高通量测序技术已经增加了人们对肠道微生物组和表观遗传学修饰的理解,将肠道微生物组和宿主表观遗传学修饰紧密联系起来,阐明了很多疾病的发生过程如免疫、代谢、心血管疾病甚至是癌症。肠道微生物组与宿主具有相互作用,与人体密不可分,相辅相成。肠道微生物组的生态失调可能诱导疾病的发生并能调控宿主表观遗传学修饰。宿主表观遗传学调控和肠道微生物组(或其代谢产物)变化的相互关系在很多疾病中都有报道。因此,肠道微生物组可作为某些疾病的诊断标记,健康肠道微生物组的移植会逆转这种微生态失调,可作为一种有效的治疗策略。本文主要探讨了肠道微生物组直接调控宿主表观修饰和通过小分子生物活性物质和其他酶辅因子间接影响表观修饰,以及基于肠道微生物组调控宿主表观修饰的诊断和治疗应用等。     

The role of the gut microbiome and its metabolites in metabolic diseases

It is well known that an unhealthy lifestyle is a major risk factor for metabolic diseases,while in recent years,accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the gut microbiome and its metabolites also play a crucial role in the onset and development of many metabolic dis-eases,including obesity,type 2 diabetes,nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,cardiovascular disease and so on.Numerous microorganisms dwell in the gastrointestinal tract,which is a key interface for energy acquisition and can metabolize dietary nutrients into many bioactive substances,thus acting as a link between the gut microbiome and its host.The gut microbiome is shaped by host genetics,immune responses and dietary fac-tors.The metabolic and immune potential of the gut microbiome determines its significance in host health and diseases.Therefore,targeting the gut microbiome and relevant metabolic pathways would be effective therapeutic treatments for many metabolic diseases in the near future.This review will summarize information about the role of the gut microbiome in organism metabolism and the relationship between gut micro-biome-derived metabolites and the pathogenesis of many metabolic diseases.Furthermore,recent advan-ces in improving metabolic diseases by regulating the gut microbiome will be discussed.     

Overview of the rules of the microbial engagement in the gut microbiome: a step towards microbiome therapeutics

Human gut microbiome is a diversified, resilient, immuno-stabilized, metabolically active and physiologically essential component of the human body. Scientific explorations have been made to seek in-depth information about human gut microbiome establishment, microbiome functioning, microbiome succession, factors influencing microbial community dynamics and the role of gut microbiome in health and diseases. Extensive investigations have proposed the microbiome therapeutics as a futuristic medicine for various physiological and metabolic disorders. A comprehensive outlook of microbial colonization, host–microbe interactions, microbial adaptation, commensal selection and immuno-survivability is still required to catalogue the essential genetic and physiological features for the commensal engagement. Evolution of a structured human gut microbiome relies on the microbial flexibility towards genetic, immunological and physiological adaptation in the human gut. Key features for commensalism could be utilized in developing tailor-made microbiome-based therapy to overcome various physiological and metabolic disorders. This review describes the key genetics and physiological traits required for host–microbe interaction and successful commensalism to institute a human gut microbiome.     

Gut microbiome and cancer immunotherapy

Gut microbiome has received significant attention for its influences on a variety of host functions, especially immune modulation. With the next-generation sequencing methodologies, more knowledge is gathered about gut microbiome and its irreplaceable role in keeping the balance between human health and diseases is figured out. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are one of the most innovational cancer immunotherapies across cancer types and significantly expand the therapeutic options of cancer patients. However, a proportion of patients show no effective responses or develop immune-related adverse events when responses do occur. More important, it is demonstrated that the therapeutic response or treatment-limiting toxicity of cancer immunotherapy can be ameliorated or diminished by gut microbiome modulation. In this review, we first introduce the relationship between gut microbiome and cancer immunotherapy. And then, we expound the impact of gut microbiome on efficacy and toxicity of cancer immunotherapy. Further, we review approaches to manipulating gut microbiome to regulate response to ICIs. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and propose future directions to improve cancer immunotherapy via gut microbiome manipulation.     

Microbial community in human gut: a therapeutic prospect and implication in health and diseases

The interest in the working and functionality of the human gut microbiome has increased drastically over the years. Though the existence of gut microbes has long been speculated for long over the last few decades, a lot of research has sprung up in studying and understanding the role of gut microbes in the human digestive tract. The microbes present in the gut are highly instrumental in maintaining the metabolism in the body. Further research is going on in this field to understand how gut microbes can be employed as potential sources of novel therapeutics; moreover, probiotics have also elucidated their significant place in this direction. As regards the clinical perspective, microbes can be engineered to afford defence mechanisms while interacting with foreign pathogenic bodies. More investigations in this field may assist us to evaluate and understand how these cells communicate with human cells and promote immune interactions. Here we elaborate on the possible implication of human gut microbiota into the immune system as well as explore the probiotics in the various human ailments. Comprehensive information on the human gut microbiome at the same platform may contribute effectively to our understanding of the human microbiome and possible mechanisms of associated human diseases.     

Rapidly expanding knowledge on the role of the gut microbiome in health and disease

The human gut is colonized by a wide diversity of micro-organisms, which are now known to play a key role in the human host by regulating metabolic functions and immune homeostasis. Many studies have indicated that the genomes of our gut microbiota, known as the gut microbiome or our “other genome” could play an important role in immune-related, complex diseases, and growing evidence supports a causal role for gut microbiota in regulating predisposition to diseases. A comprehensive analysis of the human gut microbiome is thus important to unravel the exact mechanisms by which the gut microbiota are involved in health and disease. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing technology, along with the development of metagenomics and bioinformatics tools, have provided opportunities to characterize the microbial communities. Furthermore, studies using germ-free animals have shed light on how the gut microbiota are involved in autoimmunity. In this review we describe the different approaches used to characterize the human microbiome, review current knowledge about the gut microbiome, and discuss the role of gut microbiota in immune homeostasis and autoimmunity. Finally, we indicate how this knowledge could be used to improve human health by manipulating the gut microbiota. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: From Genome to Function.     

人体肠道病毒组学研究进展

人体微生物组计划开展近10年来,大量的研究显示人体微生物通过各种方式深刻地影响着人体健康。人体肠道内丰富多样的病毒构成了肠道病毒组,是人体微生物组的重要组成部分,和人体健康密切相关。本文综述了近些年国际上人体肠道病毒组研究的最新进展,分别从人体肠道病毒组的组成特征、肠道病毒组-细菌组-人体间的相互作用及其对人体健康的影响、病毒组研究的技术策略及挑战等方面进行了论述,探讨了肠道病毒组在人体疾病预防和治疗领域应用的可行性。     

Sex,Body Mass Index,and Dietary Fiber Intake Influence the Human Gut Microbiome

Increasing evidence suggests that the composition of the human gut microbiome is important in the etiology of human diseases; however, the personal factors that influence the gut microbiome composition are poorly characterized. Animal models point to sex hormone-related differentials in microbiome composition. In this study, we investigated the relationship of sex, body mass index (BMI) and dietary fiber intake with the gut microbiome in 82 humans. We sequenced fecal 16S rRNA genes by 454 FLX technology, then clustered and classified the reads to microbial genomes using the QIIME pipeline. Relationships of sex, BMI, and fiber intake with overall gut microbiome composition and specific taxon abundances were assessed by permutational MANOVA and multivariate logistic regression, respectively. We found that sex was associated with the gut microbiome composition overall (p=0.001). The gut microbiome in women was characterized by a lower abundance of Bacteroidetes (p=0.03). BMI (>25 kg/m² vs. <25 kg/m²) was associated with the gut microbiome composition overall (p=0.05), and this relationship was strong in women (p=0.03) but not in men (p=0.29). Fiber from beans and from fruits and vegetables were associated, respectively, with greater abundance of Actinobacteria (p=0.006 and false discovery rate adjusted q=0.05) and Clostridia (p=0.009 and false discovery rate adjusted q=0.09). Our findings suggest that sex, BMI, and dietary fiber contribute to shaping the gut microbiome in humans. Better understanding of these relationships may have significant implications for gastrointestinal health and disease prevention.     

Focus: Microbiome: Human Microbiota and Ophthalmic Disease

The human ocular surface, consisting of the cornea and conjunctiva, is colonized by an expansive, diverse microbial community. Molecular-based methods, such as 16S rRNA sequencing, has allowed for more comprehensive and precise identification of the species composition of the ocular surface microbiota compared to traditional culture-based methods. Evidence suggests that the normal microbiota plays a protective immunological role in preventing the proliferation of pathogenic species and thus, alterations in the homeostatic microbiome may be linked to ophthalmic pathologies. Further investigation of the ocular surface microbiome, as well as the microbiome of other areas of the body such as the oral mucosa and gut, and their role in the pathophysiology of diseases is a significant, emerging field of research, and may someday enable the development of novel probiotic approaches for the treatment and prevention of ophthalmic diseases.