植物叶际固氮菌研究进展

固氮菌广泛存在于植物叶际,能固定空气中的氮气,满足自身或植物的部分氮素需求。基于纯种分离和培养的传统生物学方法已经研究了部分叶际固氮菌的特性,但对叶际固氮菌的物种组成、群落结构及生态功能等方面的认识还非常有限。随着分子生物学技术的发展、微生物分子生态学研究方法的逐步成熟,人们对叶际微生物的多样性和生态功能的研究越来越深入。叶际固氮菌具有丰富的多样性,温度、湿度、光照等环境因素及植物种类和微生物互作均会影响叶际固氮菌的组成。不同于根际固氮菌,叶际固氮菌具有非专一性,且不易受化肥的影响,其在农业生产上已经表现出潜在的应用价值。为此,本文综述了农作物、森林、海域生态系统中叶际固氮菌的群落结构组成及生态功能,以及外界因素对叶际固氮系统的影响。     

叶际微生物与植物健康研究进展

叶际微生物与植物有着密切的联系,对宿主生物多样性的维持、群落的稳定和生态系统的功能具有重要意义。随着分子生物学技术的快速发展,叶际微生物与植物的关系及对宿主健康的影响是近年来热点领域之一。基于明确定义的叶际概念,综述了叶际微生物群落结构、驱动因素及其与植物健康的关系,强调了叶际微生物的机遇性以及调控群落驱动因素在未来叶际微生物研究中的重要地位。加深对叶际微生物的认知,有利于实现农业微生物的功能最大化,以期为提高植物产量提供参考。     

模拟增温及分解界面对茭草凋落物分解速率及叶际微生物结构和功能的影响

挺水植物的凋落物是湿地生态系统物质循环的重要组成部分, 阐明气候变暖以及生境差异对湿地挺水植物凋落物分解过程及叶际微生物的影响对揭示湿地生态系统关键物质循环过程具有重要意义。该研究以滇西北高原典型湿地优势挺水植物茭草(Zizania latifolia)为研究对象, 采用凋落物袋法研究了茭草在模拟增温(1.5-2.0 ℃)及不同生境(大气界面、水界面与土界面)下的质量残留率和叶际微生物数量、结构组成与功能代谢特征。研究发现: 模拟气候变暖及生境差异均显著影响凋落物的分解速率。经过一年的分解, 凋落物在模拟增温环境下的质量残留率为66.4%, 对照组的质量残留率为77.7%, 增温组分解常数(k)值是对照组的1.64倍, 而凋落物在水界面与土界面的质量残留率为42.2%和25.3%, 其k值分别为大气界面的3.63和5.25倍, 生境差异是影响湿地挺水植物凋落物分解速率的关键因素。模拟增温主要改变了凋落物叶际微生物的群落组成特征, 而生境变化主要影响叶际微生物的绝对数量、微生物多样性、群落结构组成以及功能代谢活性。处于土界面的凋落物叶际微生物具有最高的群落功能代谢活性及醇类碳源利用程度。不同处理之间的植物叶际微生物特征与凋落物分解速率具有较好的一致性, 为揭示湿地植物凋落物分解快慢的微生物驱动机制提供了重要的理论依据。     

污染土壤微生物群落结构多样性及功能多样性测定方法

土壤微生物在促进土壤质量和植物健康方面发挥着重要的作用,土壤微生物群落结构和组成的多样性及其变化在一定程度上反映了土壤质量.为了更好地了解土壤健康状况,非常有必要发展有效的方法来研究污染土壤微生物的多样性、分布以及行为等.回顾了近年来国内外污染土壤微生物群落结构多样性及功能多样性的测定方法,包括生物化学技术和分子生物学技术,现将它们的原理、优缺点、实用性及其发展动态作一阐述,同时指出结合这两种技术可为微生物群落分析提供一个更全面的、精确的方法.     

北京龙形水系三种沉水植物根际及叶际微生物群落特征

水生植物及植物表面附着微生物在人工湿地水体净化过程中发挥着重要的作用。以北京奥林匹克公园龙形水系为研究对象,通过高通量测序技术,对其底泥、水体及3种沉水植物——苦草Vallisneria natans、狐尾藻Myriophyllum verticillatum、龙须眼子菜Potamogeton pectinatus——的根际及叶际微生物群落的结构及功能进行了研究。结果表明,微生物多样性从高到低分别为底泥样品、植物根际样品、植物叶际样品和水体样品,植物叶际微生物种类要显著高于水体中微生物种类。LEfSe分析结果显示不同生境富集不同的微生物类群,其中底泥主要富集厌氧微生物类群,水体及植物叶际主要富集好氧微生物类群,植物根际则两者兼具。功能预测结果显示植物叶际样品的反硝化标志基因丰度要高于根际样品及底泥和水体样品,且狐尾藻和龙须眼子菜叶际样品反硝化标志基因丰度要高于苦草叶际样品。本研究可以为人工湿地构建时对沉水植物及功能微生物的选择提供指导意义。     

植物微生物组生态功能与群落构建过程研究进展

植物各个器官表面及内部定殖着高度多样化的微生物群落,这些微生物与植物长期共进化,作为宿主植物的“共生功能体”(holobiont)在植物生长发育、养分吸收、病害抵御和环境胁迫适应性等方面发挥了重要作用。得益于近10年来多组学技术的发展和应用,有关植物微生物群落的多样性、组成和功能特征、群落构建的驱动因素和植物–微生物互作机制等方面研究取得了一系列重要进展。然而,与土壤微生物组相比,目前对植物微生物组的认识及其应用尚且不足。本文系统总结了植物微生物组的组成特征,植物微生物在调节植物生长发育、促进养分吸收、提高病害抵御能力及环境胁迫适应性等方面的功能及作用机制,从宿主选择、环境因子以及生物互作3个方面总结了驱动植物微生物群落构建的因素,并着重阐述了植物–微生物互作如何塑造植物微生物群落以及如何调节对植物的有益功能。此外,我们对未来植物微生物组研究和应用面临的挑战进行了展望,如核心微生物组挖掘和合成群落构建,植物–微生物互作的分子调控机制,植物微生物群落水平上的互作机制等。深入理解植物微生物群落特征、生态功能以及构建过程对于精准调控植物微生物组以提高植物适应性和生产力以及维持生态系统健康具有...     

青杨雌雄株叶际微生物群落多样性和结构的差异

【目的】本论文探究了青杨雌雄株的叶际微生物的群落结构差异及其主要环境影响因素。【方法】以河北小五台山的天然青杨林为研究对象,采用基于16S rRNA/ITS1基因的MiSeq高通量测序技术,分析了青杨雌雄株叶际细菌和真菌的群落结构,并耦合分析其与叶片理化性质的相关性。【结果】测序结果表明细菌和真菌的多样性指数ACE、Chao1、Shannon、Simpson在雌雄株间都无显著性差异(P>0.05)。Metastats组间群落显著性差异分析表明,在门水平,青杨雌雄株叶际细菌和真菌都无显著差异。而在属水平,青杨雌雄株的叶际细菌Amnibacterium和Spingomonas及真菌Aureobasidium、Elmerina、Exobasidium、Endoconidioma、Monilinia和Rhodotorula的相对丰度在雌雄株叶际有显著差异(P<0.05)。基于OTUs的菌群分析表明,青杨雌株和雄株的叶际环境上都有其各自的特有菌群,如雌株的特有真菌Pringsheimia(0.15%)和细菌Chitinophaga(0.04%)。RDA冗余分析表明,叶片含水量与青杨叶际真菌的群落结构有显著相关性(P<0.05),而未发现青杨细菌群落结构与测定的叶片理化性质有显著相关。【结论】青杨雌雄株叶际微生物在属水平有显著分异的菌属,且可能受叶片理化性质影响,该结果为揭示雌雄异株植物的叶际微生物差异有重要借鉴意义。     

不同生境中桂花和夹竹桃叶际细菌的群落结构

植物叶际微生物多样性是目前植物-微生物关系研究的热点之一,但影响叶际微生物群落结构的主要因素目前还存在很大争议.本研究以生长在3处生境的桂花和夹竹桃为对象,基于高通量测序技术,分析2种植物叶际细菌的群落结构,探讨影响植物叶际细菌群落结构的主要因素.结果表明:来自3处生境的2种植物叶际细菌多样性无显著差异,构成叶际细菌群落的优势门主要包括放线菌门、拟杆菌门、衣原体门、蓝细菌门、厚壁菌门和变形菌门,优势属主要包括甲基杆菌属、鞘氨醇单胞菌属、薄层杆属、Polaromonas和无毛螺旋体属.植物种类、生境及二者的交互作用均能显著影响叶际细菌群落结构,其中生境的影响最大.     

叶际微生物研究进展

植物的叶际是一个复杂的生态系统,微生物的生存环境条件严苛。其可被利用的营养成分较少,温湿度波动大。此外,较强的紫外线辐射对于叶际微生物的生存也有很大影响。但是植物叶际却有着丰富的微生物多样性,其中还有许多有益细菌和真菌。它们通过和植物寄主的互作,改善着叶际微生物的栖居环境;其对植物病原体的拮抗亦可提高植物的抗病性。植物叶际的微生物还可以产生激素以促进植物生长,还有一些微生物可以利用农药等污染有机物作为营养物质,在污染物的环境生物修复方面显示巨大的潜力。此外,叶际微生物作为一种生态学指标在生态稳定与环境安全评价中开始发挥显著的作用。     

人体鼻咽部微生物群落多样性研究进展

定殖于鼻咽部的微生物与人体始终处于动态生态平衡,对于维持人体健康发挥着重要作用,也与多种上呼吸道疾病的发生发展有密切关系。鼻咽部微生物之间及其与宿主之间的相互作用是引发人体上呼吸道疾病的重要因素。微生物的培养方法与分子生物学技术的结合使人们越来越深入地了解人体鼻咽部微生物群落的组成和结构。定殖于人体鼻咽部的微生物以肺炎链球菌(Streptococcus pneumoniae)和流感嗜血杆菌(Haemophilus influenzae)等潜在致病菌为主。本文将分别从鼻咽部微生物与机体的平衡关系、鼻咽部微生物群落的研究方法以及鼻咽部微生物群落的组成及其相互关系三个方面,综述近年来鼻咽部微生物群落结构的相关研究进展,从而为指导实践提供可靠的理论依据。     

Culturable and metagenomic approaches of wheat bran and wheat straw phyllosphere’s highlight new lignocellulolytic microorganisms

The phyllosphere, defined as the aerial parts of plants, is one of the most prevalent microbial habitats on earth. The microorganisms present on the phyllosphere can have several interactions with the plant. The phyllosphere represents then a unique niche where microorganisms have evolved through time in that stressful environment and may have acquired the ability to degrade lignocellulosic plant cell walls in order to survive to oligotrophic conditions. The dynamic lignocellulolytic potential of two phyllospheric microbial consortia (wheat straw and wheat bran) has been studied. The microbial diversity rapidly changed between the native phyllospheres and the final degrading microbial consortia after 48 h of culture. Indeed, the initial microbial consortia was dominated by the Ralstonia (35·8%) and Micrococcus (75·2%) genera for the wheat bran and wheat straw whereas they were dominated by Candidatus phytoplasma (59%) and Acinetobacter (31·8%) in the final degrading microbial consortia respectively. Culturable experiments leading to the isolation of several new lignocellulolytic isolates (belonging to Moraxella and Atlantibacter genera) and metagenomic reconstruction of the microbial consortia highlighted the existence of an unpredicted microbial diversity involved in lignocellulose fractionation but also the existence of new pathways in known genera (presence of CE2 for Acinetobacter, several AAs for Pseudomonas and several GHs for Bacillus in different metagenomes-assembled genomes). The phyllosphere from agricultural co-products represents then a new niche as a lignocellulolytic degrading ecosystem.     

Phyllosphere microbiology

Aerial plant surfaces harbor large numbers of microbes, some of which are deleterious to plants whereas others are benign or beneficial. Commercial formulations of bacteria antagonistic to plant pathogenic microbes and ice nucleation active bacteria have been utilized as an environmentally safe method to manage plant disease and to prevent frost damage. Molecular genetic tools, microscopic examination and whole-cell bacterial biosensors have provided extensive information on these microbes, their complex associations and their habitat. The aerial habitat influenced by plants, termed the phyllosphere, is particularly amenable to studies of microbial ecology and the information gained should lead to more effective means of plant protection.     

拟南芥与叶际微生物组的互作遗传机制——基于网络作图理论

叶际微生物组对植物的生长发育至关重要，但植物与其定殖微生物组相互作用机制尚不明确。目前植物与微生物互作研究多集中于根际微生物组，对叶际微生物组的研究较少，且这些研究未能从微生物互作的角度探究植物与微生物的相互作用机理。基于网络作图理论，将拟南芥基因组SNP （Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms）分子标记数据与微生物组网络特征值相关联，挖掘影响叶际微生物组网络结构的枢纽基因，以探究拟南芥塑造叶际微生物组网络结构的遗传机制。通过对188株拟南芥及其叶际微生物组数据的分析，识别出四种关系下的中心节点微生物，筛选到622个显著SNP位点。进一步构建了贝叶斯遗传网络，获得26个枢纽基因，这些基因可能参与了植物抗病、激素分泌和生长发育相关的分子途径。本研究从全基因组角度探究植物调控自身微生物组的遗传机制，揭示植物与微生物组如何互作促进植物健康，将为精准分子育种提供理论基础和遗传资源，并为合成菌群用于创制新型菌剂提供数据支持，具有重要的科学意义和应用价值。     

Phyllosphere microbiota: Community dynamics and its interaction with plant hosts

Plants are colonized by various microorganisms in natural environments. While many studies have demonstrated key roles of the rhizosphere microbiota in regulating biological processes such as nutrient acquisition and resistance against abiotic and biotic challenges, less is known about the role of the phyllosphere microbiota and how it is established and maintained. This review provides an update on current understanding of phyllosphere community assembly and the mechanisms by which plants and microbes establish the phyllosphere microbiota for plant health.     

ROLE OF THE NITROGEN-FIXING BACTERIAL MICROFLORA IN THE EPIPHYTISM OF TILLANDSIA (BROMELIACEAE)

Nitrogen-fixing activity in the phyllosphere of 12 species of Tillandsia from different Mexican habitats was evaluated by the acetylene reduction assay, and nitrogen-fixing microorganisms were isolated and characterized. The leaves from eight of the 12 Tillandsia species examined exhibited nitrogenase activity in enrichment cultures. Among the microorganisms implicated—Agrobacterium, Bacillus, Erwinia, Pseudomonas, Rahnella, Vibrio, and Xanthomonas—only Bacillus megatherium reduced acetylene in pure culture. Our findings suggest that nitrogen fixation in the phyllosphere of the sampled epiphytes occurs under suitable conditions and that most of the bacteria involved are primarily soil and water inhabitants. The results also suggest a relationship between the composition of the nitrogen-fixing microbial communities grown on the leaf and the different development of the leaf area in Tillandsia due to the aerial components (wings) of the trichomes.     

Composition of the Phyllospheric Microbial Populations on Vegetable Plants with Different Glucosinolate and Carotenoid Compositions

The plant phyllosphere is intensely colonized by a complex and highly diverse microbial population and shows pronounced plant-species-specific differences. The mechanisms and influencing factors determining whether and in which density microorganisms colonize plant phyllosphere tissues are not yet fully understood. One of the key influencing factors is thought to be phytochemical concentration and composition. Therefore, correlations between various concentrations of individual glucosinolates and carotenoids in four different plant species-Brassica juncea, Brassica campestris, Cichorium endivia, and Spinacea oleracea-and the phyllospheric bacterial population size associated with the aerial parts of the same plants were analyzed. The concentration of various individual glucosinolates and carotenoids were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. The phyllospheric bacterial population size including both nonculturable and culturable organisms was assessed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and the physiological profile of the culturable microbial community was analyzed using the Biolog system. Results show significant differences between plant species in both concentration and composition of secondary metabolites, bacterial population size, and microbial community composition in three consecutively performed experiments. An interesting and underlying trend was that bacterial density was positively correlated to concentrations of beta-carotene in the plant phyllosphere of the four plant species examined. Likewise, the alkenyl glucosinolates, 2-propenyl, 3-butenyl, and 4-pentenyl, concentrations were positively correlated to the bacterial population density, whereas the aromatic glucosinolate 2-phenylethyl showed a negative correlation to the phyllospheric bacterial population size. Thus, we report for the first time the relationship between individual glucosinolate and carotenoid concentrations and the phyllospheric bacterial population size of nonculturable and culturable organisms and the phyllospheric microbial physiological profiles.     

Fungal Phyllosphere Communities are Altered by Indirect Interactions Among Trophic Levels

Trophic interactions involving predators, herbivores, and plants have been described in terrestrial systems. However, there is almost no information on the effect of trophic interactions on microbial phyllosphere community abundance, diversity, or structure. In this study, the interaction between a parasitoid, an insect herbivore, and the fungal phyllosphere community is examined. Parasitoid wasps have an indirect negative impact on fungal community diversity. On the citrus phyllosphere, the exotic wasp species, Amitus hesperidum and Encarsia opulenta, may parasitize the citrus blackfly (Aleurocanthus woglumi). If parasitism levels are low, the blackfly may produce significant amounts of honeydew secretions on the surface of the leaf. Honeydew deposition provides a carbon-rich substrate for the development of fungal growth persisting as sooty mold on the leaves. Leaves from sooty mold-infested grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) trees were collected from multiple orchards in south Texas. The effect of different levels of exotic parasite activity, citrus blackfly, and sooty mold infestation on phyllosphere mycobiota community structure and diversity was examined. Our results suggest the presence of the parasitoid may lead to a top–down trophic cascade affecting phyllosphere fungal community diversity and structure. Additionally, persistent sooty mold deposits that have classically been referred to as Capnodium citri (and related asexual morphological forms) actually comprise a myriad of fungal species including many saprophytes and potential fruit and foliar pathogens of citrus.