南方水土流失严重区的生态脆弱性时空演变

生态环境脆弱性评价研究,对生态环境保护与修复具有重要意义.以福建省长汀县为研究区,选择坡度、土壤类型、多年平均降雨量、地形起伏度、归一化植被指数、人口密度、土地利用类型7个指标,通过多重共线性诊断分析,构建生态脆弱性评价指标体系,采用熵权法及综合指数法对1999、2006和2014年长汀县生态脆弱性进行定量评价,分析生态脆弱性时空分布及变化.结果表明: 1999—2014年,研究区生态脆弱性等级指数总体减小,局部增大.研究区1999、2006和2014年生态脆弱性指数平均值分别为0.4533±0.1216、0.4160±0.1110和0.3916±0.1139,整体处于中等脆弱水平;生态脆弱性等级指数从1999年的2.92下降到2006年的2.38,再下降到2014年的2.13.生态脆弱性的空间格局呈内高外低的分布特征,高脆弱等级区主要分布在坡度<15°、海拔<500 m的河田镇及汀州镇一带.研究期间,生态脆弱性等级指数降幅最大的是三洲乡,最小的是汀州镇.     

基于暴露-敏感-适应性模型的生态脆弱性时空变化评价及相关分析——以中国大运河苏州段为例

为了及时掌握运河流域生态系统脆弱性的真实状况,以中国大运河苏州段区域为例,基于VSD模型建立生态脆弱评价指标体系,结合层次分析法-熵权法以及遥感-地理信息系统技术,以栅格为基础评价单元,运用空间叠置分析计算生态脆弱度,揭示其生态脆弱性时空分布格局及演变趋势。通过生态环境脆弱性综合评价及相关分析,其结果表明：(1)2008—2018十年间研究区生态脆弱度以潜在脆弱和轻微脆弱为主,合计占比从62.63%增长到68.79%,非常脆弱区与极度脆弱区占比较小,合计占比从22.45%下降到15.61%;(2)研究区生态恢复情况良好,根据时空演变趋势将研究区划分为生态修复区、生态持平区和生态退化区,生态修复率为37.09%,生态持平率为37.93%,生态退化率为24.89%;(3)对生态修复区与生态退化区进行划分,各包含四种等级区,其中生态修复区以Ⅰ级修复区为主,占比为13.31%;生态退化区以Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级退化区为主,合计占比为18.80%,Ⅳ级退化区占比仅有1.50%。     

三峡库区生态脆弱性评价

基于遥感和地理信息系统技术,采用"压力-状态-响应"评价模型,选取18个指标,利用空间主成分分析对2001—2010年三峡库区(重庆段)生态脆弱性进行综合定量评价,对生态脆弱性时空分布及动态变化进行分析。根据计算得到的生态脆弱性指数,将生态脆弱性划分为5个等级:微度脆弱、轻度脆弱、中度脆弱、重度脆弱和极度脆弱。通过统计不同脆弱性等级面积,求算得到生态脆弱性综合指数。结果表明:三峡库区(重庆段)2001—2010年生态脆弱性指数标准化平均值为4.23±1.29,整体处于中度脆弱。生态脆弱性空间分布呈现西高东低的格局特征,高度脆弱地区主要分布在中西部,低度脆弱地区主要分布在东北部和东南部。近10年生态脆弱性综合指数最小值为2002年的2.37,最大值为2008年的2.99,三峡水库蓄水后生态脆弱性综合指数逐年递增,2008年到达峰值后有所降低。三峡库区生态脆弱性是人类活动与自然环境相互作用的结果,城市生活污染、水土流失、植被状况等为主要的驱动因子。研究时段内三峡库区(重庆段)生态脆弱性呈现两极化趋势,高度脆弱地区的脆弱性显著增加,低度脆弱地区脆弱性明显降低。     

省域乡村旅游扶贫重点村生态脆弱性评价——以福建省为例

贫困与生态环境问题呈现强烈的相关性,为避免旅游扶贫重点村发展落入"贫困陷阱",有效地评价其生态脆弱性成为开展旅游扶贫和精准脱贫的重要前提。然而,当前鲜有将旅游扶贫与生态环境问题置于同一分析框架内,开展乡村旅游扶贫重点村生态脆弱性及其驱动因子研究的成果。以福建省472个全国乡村旅游扶贫重点村为样本,基于"成因-结果"模型构建生态脆弱性评价指标体系,采用空间主成分分析法测算样本生态脆弱性指数,并深入分析其空间分异与驱动因子。结果显示:重点村生态脆弱性指数平均值为4.84,总体处于轻度脆弱;30 m×30 m栅格单元生态脆弱性呈零散分布格局,空间分异不显著;极度和重度生态脆弱村主要分布在三明市、宁德市、南平市和龙岩市,并在宁德市和三明市形成3处高度脆弱核心区;餐饮和床位数、旅游基础设施状况、土壤侵蚀强度、人口密度、多年平均降水量、坡度、休闲农业园面积等为生态脆弱性主要驱动因子。     

气候干旱化背景下云南地区生态系统脆弱性的变化特征

基于CASA模型模拟云南省1982—2019年植被NPP,根据IPCC脆弱性框架分析其生态脆弱性时空变化特征,并结合标准化蒸散指数(SPEI)探讨干旱对生态脆弱性的影响。结果表明:近38年研究区生态脆弱性总体呈波动上升趋势,增长比例最为明显的是极度脆弱区,面积比例增加了2.7%;生态脆弱性空间分布差异较大,以轻度与中度脆弱区为主(85%);重度与极度脆弱区占比较少,主要分布在横断山区以及高山峡谷区域;大部分地区(53%)生态脆弱性与干旱呈正相关,随干旱等级增大,生态脆弱性增大,其中呈显著正相关的区域(面积占比15%)主要集中在横断山区、高山峡谷地带,受干旱影响显著;随干旱频率上升,轻度与中度脆弱区比例增加显著;热带森林植被生态脆弱性整体上最高,但受干旱的持续性影响不显著;持续性干旱对亚热带森林、灌丛、草地与高山植被的生态脆弱性有较显著的影响。     

基于SRP模型的四川省生态脆弱性评价

综合评价四川省生态环境脆弱性, 掌握四川省生态脆弱性的时空分布特征, 有助于为生态环境治理和修复工作的实施与改进提供理论支持。以土地利用数据、DEM数据、MODIS 13Q数据、气象数据、土壤数据等为基础地理数据, 选取人口密度、土壤有机质、景观多样性指数、土壤侵蚀强度、生物丰度、植被净初级生产力等17个评价指标, 基于地理信息技术和遥感技术, 结合SRP模型, 采用层次分析方法构建四川省生态脆弱性评价指标体系, 对四川省2005—2018年的生态环境脆弱性进行评价。结果表明: 四川省生态环境脆弱性以中度脆弱为主, 占全省总面积的55.11%。空间分布上, 微度、轻度脆弱区主要分布在研究区的东南部、西南部和西北部; 重度脆弱区主要分布在研究区的东北部、西南部和东部; 极度脆弱区主要分布在研究区的中部、东北部、西部和西南部。时间变化上, 2005—2010年四川省生态环境脆弱性呈逐年恶化的趋势, 微度、轻度脆弱面积占比较2005年分别下降了1.67%、29.87%, 中度、重度、极度脆弱面积占比较研究初期分别增加了1.07%、27.7%、2.77%; 2010-2018年四川省生态环境脆弱性呈不断改善的趋势, 微度、轻度、中度脆弱面积占比分别较2010年增加了3.36%、9.4%、12.84%, 重度、极度脆弱面积占比较2010年下降了22.39%、1.2%。     

三江源地区生态环境脆弱性评价

三江源地区的生态问题对全国经济和生态具有十分重要的影响,研究、分析其生态环境脆弱性具有重要的理论和现实意义。本文基于生态敏感性-生态恢复力-生态压力概念模型(SRP),选取了气温、降水、地形起伏度等16个评价指标,使用层次分析法(AHP)与主成分分析法相结合的手段,建立了三江源地区生态环境脆弱性评价指标体系,通过计算生态环境脆弱性指数(EEVI)对研究区生态环境进行定量分析与评价。结果表明:三江源地区生态环境以中度脆弱区为主,所占面积比例为45.55%,轻微、轻度、重度、极度脆弱区分别占总面积的5.76%、23.12%、20.14%和5.43%,重度与极重脆弱区集中分布在地形复杂的西北部裸地、低植被覆盖地带及人口、经济活动压力较大的东北部地区。     

基于景观格局的云南省富源县生态脆弱性空间特征分析

分析生态脆弱性的空间分布特征、形成原因以及对其进行定量研究对于合理利用土地资源、保护生态环境以及可持续发展都具有一定的指导意义。以云南省富源县为例, 在生态脆弱性评价指标体系研究的基础上, 结合研究区域实际情况, 运用熵权法构建生态脆弱性评价模型。以“压力-状态-响应”为评估框架, 从生态压力度、生态敏感性、生态恢复力三个方面选取评价指标(景观分维数、矿区扰动指数、居民点临近指数、景观破碎度、地形指数、植被覆盖度、景观适应度指数、优势度)。在格网尺度对生态脆弱性展开评估并使用点格局方法对不同空间尺度下各生态脆弱等级动态特征和变化规律进行分析。结果表明: (1)水域的生态脆弱性最高, 草地和灌木林地次之, 乔木林地最低; (2)全县生态脆弱性空间分布差异较大, 呈现 “中部高两端低”的分布特征; (3)中安镇生态脆弱性最高, 墨红镇最低; (4)不同脆弱度等级空间分布格局表现出一定相似性, 在中小尺度下高度集群分布, 随着空间尺度的增大, 聚集性逐渐减弱, 且尺度范围有所变化。     

基于遥感总初级生产力的天山-塔里木绿洲地区生态系统脆弱性研究

生态系统的脆弱性是全球气候变化与可持续发展研究的核心问题，测定与评价脆弱性对认识生态系统的结构与功能至关重要。天山-塔里木绿洲地区包含着山地、荒漠和绿洲等多种类型的生态系统，存在着多个不同生态类型的交界过渡区。为定量评价该地区生态脆弱性，以植被总初级生产力这一生态系统重要的功能性指标为基础，对该地区生态系统脆弱性进行了计算和分级（不脆弱、轻度脆弱、中度脆弱、重度脆弱和极度脆弱），并对研究区生态系统脆弱性的空间分布特征及其与环境因子的关系进行了分析与讨论。结果表明：（1）研究区生态系统脆弱性总体上表现出明显的空间分化格局，以中度和重度脆弱为主，极度脆弱的地区主要分布在南部的塔里木绿洲。（2）生态系统脆弱等级大体上随着区域内多年平均温度的升高而升高。受地表水灌溉的影响，生态系统脆弱性与降水量间并无明显趋势性规律。（3）研究区的生态系统脆弱等级随着区域内的平均海拔以及平均坡度的升高都呈现下降的趋势。受自然条件恶劣、过度放牧以及农田过度开垦的影响，目前该地区总体呈现脆弱性严重的状态。研究表明该地区应积极开展生态治理工作，合理规划生态功能关键区，保护好现有草原和湿地等易开垦地区，划定绿洲开发范围的"红线"，限制农田的开垦，协调好塔里木河流域的水资源分配。研究为使用卫星遥感数据研究生态系统脆弱性提供了方法上的参考，为可持续发展和生态治理提供了科学依据。     

一种基于SWAT模型的干旱牧区生态脆弱性评价方法——以艾布盖河流域为例

针对干旱牧区生态脆弱性特点,以GIS为平台,利用气象、土壤、土地利用、水资源开发利用等数据,结合SWAT模型模拟结果,建立了一种基于SWAT模型子流域划分的干旱牧区生态脆弱性评价体系,对西北干旱牧区艾布盖河流域1990年、2010年生态脆弱性进行了评价。从评价结果可以看出,研究区北部及西部生态稳定性保持较好,生态脆弱等级下降主要发生在研究区的东南部,20年间耕地扩张造成的草地被侵占及水资源过度开发利用是造成生态退化的主要原因。评价体系紧紧围绕干旱牧区"水-草-畜"关系设置评价指标,将观测数据与水文模型模拟相结合,统计数据与空间地类相联系,点面结合,能够较好的反映出研究区20年间生态脆弱程度变化趋势及主要问题。     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

History of the discovery of the mode of transmission of yellow fever virus

This essay documents and examines the historical circumstances and events surrounding the discovery of the mode of transmission of yellow fever virus in Cuba. Close scrutiny of the articles published by Walter Reed and his colleagues in 1900, 1901 and 1902 reveals their limitations as historic documents. Fortunately, other sources of information from that period survive in letters and documents written by individuals involved in the quest for the mode of transmission. Examination and comparison of those sources of information unveiled a fascinating story which reveals that misunderstandings engendered by published articles accorded merit where it was not fully due.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

Time of detection of recessive genes: effects of system of mating and number of examined individuals

Summary Anthers were cultured from two sets of seven lines of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with different cytoplasms, the euplasmic nucleus donors, Siete Cerros 66 and Penjamo 62, as well as their six alloplasmic lines derived from wild relative species of the genera Triticum and Aegilops. Significant cytoplasmic and nuclear effects but no cytoplasmic-nuclear interaction were found for embryogenic anther response, with the best performance of Penjamo 62 in Ae. kotschyi cytoplasm. Plant regeneration was not affected significantly by the cytoplasmic background of the lines cultured. The possible genetic implications of the observed cytoplasmic and nuclear influences on the in vitro haploid induction of wheat are discussed.