Generating-sensation and propagating-myoelectrical responses along the meridian

The meridian phenomena are closely associated with the neuro-muscular function. Our experiments show that meridian phenomenon, acupoint stimulation-induced generating-sensations along meridians (GSM), does exist in some volunteers, and the subjects can describe the characteristics of the feelings and the route of GSM. Simultaneously, GSM is often accompanied with progressive myoelectric activity along the meridian which is able to be recorded objectively. Brachial plexus anesthesia and regional neuro-muscular block may arrest these responses while the neuro-muscular blocking agent may stop neuromuscular transmission at the motor end-plate rather than check GSM. The facts reveal that GSM probably depends on muscular activity and is involved in the secondary neuro-muscular excitation propagating along the longitudinal axis of muscles. These findings suggest that the myoelectric activities constitute the foundation of secondarily generating-sensation propagating along the longitudinal orientation of limbs (muscles), or along the meridian.     

Effects of thermal stress on respiratory responses to hypoxia of a South American Prochilodontid fish, Prochilodus scrofa

Oxygen consumption (o₂) and respiratory variables were measured in the Prochilodontid fish, Prochilodus scrofa exposed to graded hypoxia after changes in temperature. The measurements were performed on fish acclimated to 25°C and in four further groups also acclimated to 25°C and then changed to 15, 20, 30 and 35°C. An increase in o₂ occurred with rising temperature, but at each temperature o₂ was kept constant over a wide range of O₂ tensions of inspired water ( Pi o₂). The critical oxygen tensions ( Pc o₂) were Pi o₂= 22 mmHg for 25°C acclimated specimens and after transfer from 25°C to 15, 20, 30 and 35°C the Pc o₂ changed to Pi o₂= 28, 22, 24 and 45 mmHg, respectively. Gill ventilation ( _G ) increased or decreased following the changes in o₂ as the temperature changed and was the result of an accentuated increase in breath frequency. During hypoxia the increases in _G were characterized by larger increases in breath volume. Oxygen extraction was kept almost constant at about 63% regardless of temperature and ambient oxygen tensions in normoxia and moderate hypoxia ( P o₂∼70 mmHg). P. scrofa showed high tolerance to hypoxia after abrupt changes in temperature although its survival upon transfer to 35°C could become limited by the capacity of ventilatory mechanisms to alleviate hypoxic stress.     

小型猪胃经与肾经不通模型的病理学比较

前期研究证实在凝胶堵塞循经络的低流阻通道能够降低小型猪模型的痛阈,并引起一系列的行为异常、证候、内脏剖检等变化,本文对这些变化开展了病理学研究。将小型猪随机分为胃经不通组（SBG, n=8）、肾经不通组（KBG, n=8）和对照组（CG, n=6）。用凝胶注射法分别堵塞胃经和肾经低流阻通道,饲养7-9周,观察相关指标。血液肌酐检测结果显示,三组造模后均有增长,但KBG显著低于SBG（13.76%,p＜0.05）和CG（14.51%,p＜0.01）。脏器切片显示,CG的心脏、SBG的肝脏及KBG的肾脏和睾丸半数以上显示异常。肠切片显示,SBG十二指肠隐窝深度、结肠黏膜及大肠黏膜总厚度较对照组显著增加,空肠V/C值和回肠隐窝深度较KBG显著减小,回肠V/C值较KBG极显著增加。与对照组比较,KBG十二指肠隐窝深度和结肠黏膜厚度极显著增加。回肠隐窝深度较SBG极显著增加,胃泌素阳性面密度极显著高于其他两组。以上结果表明,堵塞胃经或肾经的低流阻通道可以出现不同的病理变化,为进一步研究经脉不通导致的病候群提供科学依据。     

半干旱地区河滩宜林地立地条件研究

采用对应分析、回归分析方法对半干旱地区河滩宜林地土壤基本性质进行了研究．结果表明,河滩地土壤理化性质的差异主要表现为土壤质地的差异,有机质含量、ＣａＣＯ３含量、全盐量、田间持水量等与土壤机械组成中细粒级含量（尤其是＜０．００１ｍｍ、０．００１～０．００５ｍｍ两个粒级）呈正相关．半干旱地区河滩宜林地立地条件主导因子为地下水位、土壤质地和有效土层厚度．采用最优分割法对地下水位、有效土层厚度进行了分级．以主导因子分级组合法综合考虑当地具体情况,将河滩宜林地划分为２０个立地类型,并对其进行了多树种综合评价．     

Opposing effects of spring defoliation on late season oak caterpillars

ABSTRACT. 1. The pedunculate oak, Quercus rohur L., suffers high annual levels of spring defoliation in Wytham Woods. near Oxford.
2. This spring defoliation affects late season caterpillars through a variety of damage-induced changes in the leaves.
3. Diurnea fagella (D. & S.), one of the commonest late season caterpillars, shows reduced larval survival and pupal weight on regrowth foliage when compared to undamaged primary foliage.
4. D. fagella also suffer higher larval mortality on naturally damaged primary foliage than they do on undamaged foliage.
5. Despite this, the three commonest late season caterpillar species are more abundant on damaged trees than undamaged ones. and their distributions are biased towards damaged leaves within the canopy.
6. Other factors that may be more important than leaf damage in determining the distribution and abundance of late season caterpillars are discussed. D.fagella larvae spin their larval refuges more rapidly on damaged than undamaged foliage, and this may reduce mortality by natural enemies, or ameliorate adverse effects of weather.     

棉田棉铃虫寄生峰对常规棉及转Bt棉品种的趋性反应

连续4年采用人工定期释放棉铃虫卵、幼虫和定期回收法,研究了不同棉花品种与棉铃虫卵期、幼虫期寄生蜂种群数量变化的关系．通过对卵、幼虫寄生率反正弦转换后进行方差分析表明,无论是在棉铃虫卵期还是在其幼虫期,转基因棉田中棉铃虫卵和幼虫的被寄生率始终显著低于其亲本对照棉．运用“Y”型嗅觉仪测定转基因棉及其亲本对照棉对棉铃虫幼虫寄生蜂——中红侧沟茧蜂的选择性行为反应,用成对数据进行方差分析,并进行了“T”测验．结果表明,转基因棉对棉铃虫寄生蜂有较强的忌避反应,且取食转基因棉的棉铃虫幼虫与被害转基因棉两者的共同组合与单独被害棉之间对寄生蜂的忌避效应基本一致．     

经络腧穴的光学特性研究进展

现已成熟并仍有巨大潜力的光子学技术与热、电、磁等一起成为研究经络腧穴的热门手段,经络腧穴光学特性的探索不仅为其存在提供了客观依据,而且为其实际应用提供了生物物理学依据。总结目前用于经络腧穴研究的光学检测方法原理,重点综述了经络腧穴的超微弱发光、经脉红外辐射路线的客观显示、腧穴的红外辐射光谱及循经激光传输等方面的最新研究进展,以期对光子学手段在经络腧穴的研究上有一个全面的认识。     

Functional assessment of cryopreserved pig aortas for pharmaceutical research

Several in vitro studies have demonstrated diminished post-thaw functional activity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the consequences of thawing and storage method used on the post-thaw functional activity of cryopreserved pig aortas with the aim of adjusting the freezing and thawing protocol so that the vascular segments are preserved in the best possible state, maintaining structure and functionality so that they can later be transplanted with success. In vitro responses of frozen, thawed pig aortas were used to investigate the functional activity after thawing at 15 degrees C and 100 degrees C/min and after storage in gas or liquid phase of liquid nitrogen. Cryopreservation was performed in RPMI 1640 medium + 10% dimethylsulfoxide and the rate of cooling was -1 degrees C/min, until -150 degrees C was reached.After thawing the maximal contractile responses to all the contracting agonists tested (KCl, noradrenaline) were in the ranges of 13-27% compared with the responses in unfrozen pig aortas. Contractile responses were slightly better when thawing was performed at 15 degrees C/min compared with 100 degrees C/min. The endothelium independent relaxant responses to sodium nitroprusside were reduced ( P < 0.05). Cryostorage of pig arteries also resulted in a loss of the endothelium-dependent relaxant response to acetylcholine. The cryopreservation method used provided a limited preservation of pig aorta contractibility, a reduction of the endothelium independent relaxant responses, and no apparent preservation of the endothelium-dependent relaxation. It is possible that further refinements of the cryopreservation protocol might allow better post-thaw functional recovery of pig aortas.     

Functional assessment of cryopreserved human femoral arteries for pharmaceutical research

An established method for cryopreservation that might preserve the vascular and endothelial responses of human femoral arteries (HFAs) to be transplanted as allografts was studied. HFAs were harvested from multiorgan donors and stored at 4 degrees C in saline solution before cryostorage. Thirty HFA rings were isolated and randomly assigned to one control group of unfrozen HFAs (eight rings) and one group of cryopreserved HFAs (22 rings).Cryopreservation was performed in RPMI solution containing dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and the rate of cooling was -1 degrees C/min until -40 degrees C and faster rates until -150 degrees C was reached. The contractile and relaxant responses of unfrozen and frozen/thawed arteries were assessed in organ bath by measurement of isometric force generated by the HFAs.After thawing, the maximal contractile responses to the contracting agonist tested (noradrenaline) were in the range of 43% of the responses in unfrozen HFAs. The endothelium-independent responses to sodium nitroprusside were not altered whereas the endothelium-dependent relaxant responses to acetylcholine were weakly altered.The cryopreservation method used provided a limited preservation of contractility of HFAs, a good preservation of the endothelium-independent relaxant responses, and a good preservation of endothelium-dependent relaxation. It is possible that further refinements of the cryopreservation protocol, such as a slower rate of cooling and a more controlled stepwise addition of DMSO, might allow better post-thaw functional recovery.     

湖南省长江防护林生态防护功能研究

通过对湘中丘陵区和湘西北山区长江防护林进行长期定位观测 ,分析了湖南省长江防护林主要类型林分生态防护功能及其生态效益。定位研究以荒山为对照 ,结果表明 ,有林地坡面年产流量明显降低 ,在湘中丘陵地区降低 3 3%～ 17 16 % ,在湘西北山区降低 8 0 1%～17 4 2 %。更为明显的差异表现在土壤的涵养水源功能 ,在湘中丘陵区和湘西北山区 ,有林地比荒山的土壤涵水量分别高 4 7 1%～ 119 6 %和 4 3 0 %～ 10 8 7% ,有林地比荒山的土壤渗透率分别高 90 9%～ 131 8%和 2 95 6 %～ 4 5 6 5 4 % ,而有林地坡面产沙量也明显低于荒山 ,为荒山的 15 3%～ 35 7%。在各类型林分中人工混交林和天然次生混交林其坡面产流量、产沙量以及输沙率均明显低于其它纯林林地 ,其林地涵水量和土壤渗透率明显高于其它类型林分。可见在长江防护林中混交林的生态防护功能明显优于纯林。通过估算 ,湖南省长江防护林的生态效益每年为 35 0 1亿元     

气候变化对阔叶红松林不同演替阶段红松种群生产力的影响

本文以长白山地区阔叶红松林不同演替阶段(次生杨桦林、次生针阔混交林、原始红松林)内红松种群作为研究对象,采用树轮学与相对生长式相结合,获取红松种群净初级生产力(NPP)连年生长(1921—2006年)数据以及相对增长率的年际变化数据,建立红松种群NPP与年际和季节性气候因子的关系,分析不同气候时期长白山阔叶红松林不同演替阶段内红松种群NPP年际变化特征及其对气候变化的响应差异.结果表明： 研究期间,不同演替阶段红松种群NPP与气候因子响应关系存在差异.随着温度上升,次生杨桦林红松种群NPP与上年生长季和当年生长季低温由显著负相关关系转变为显著正相关关系;次生针阔混交林红松种群NPP由与当年春季最低温度的正相关关系转变为与上年和当年生长季温度的显著正相关关系,气候因素对次生针阔混交林红松种群NPP影响的滞后效应增强;原始红松林红松种群NPP与温度的相关性减弱,与上年生长季降水量的正相关关系增强.研究区气候变化表现为低温和平均温度显著上升,而最高温度和降水没有明显变化.气候变化有利于提高演替初级阶段次生杨桦林和演替中级阶段次生针阔混交林内红松种群生产力,尤其是次生针阔混交林,而对演替顶极阶段红松种群NPP影响不明显.     

Phototropism and geotropism in hypocotyls of cress (Lepidium sativum L.)

Abstract. The phototropic and the geotropic sensitivities of cress hypocotyls differed in etiolated and in green seedlings. In etiolated seedlings, phototropism was poorly developed and geotropism seemed to be the dominant orientation mechanism. In green seedlings, although geotropic sensitivity was slightly greater, phototropic responses were markedly enhanced, such that photo-signals could over-ride, or even reverse, geocurvature. The 'de-etiolation' light pretreatments required to bring about these changes in the photo-and geo-systems were different. The slight enhancement of geocurvature could be achieved by short-term exposure to red light and was reversed by far-red irradiation. The marked stimulation of photocurvature required extensive irradiation pretreatments.     

Functional assessment of cryopreserved human aortas for pharmaceutical research

We evaluated the impact of standard cryopreservation on functional properties of human aortic homografts. From seven human donors, the thoracic descending aorta was obtained. Effects of cryopreservation on contractibility and endothelium function were tested. After cryopreservation no endothelium-dependent or endothelium-independent relaxation was found and the contractibility was strongly affected. Arteries showed no function and loss of endothelial integrity after cryopreservation and thawing.     

松褐天牛触角感器电镜扫描和触角电位反应

应用扫描电镜对松褐天牛的触角感器进行扫描观察,并测定了触角对松树主要挥发物的电生理反应.松褐天牛触角上共有7种感器,即毛形感器、锥形感器、指形感器、棒形感器、瓶形感器、芽形感器以及刺形感器,以毛形和锥形感器的数量最丰富.其中毛形感器和锥形感器各有3个型,指形感器有2个型.毛Ⅱ、毛Ⅲ型和锥Ⅰ、锥Ⅱ型感器表皮结构具有深的纵刻纹,具有嗅觉感器的典型特征.同时对各种感器的数量、长度及分布特点等作了描述.电生理研究结果表明,几种供试化合物及其混合物均能引起松褐天牛雌、雄成虫较强的电生理反应;松褐天牛触角不同部位的EAG反应存在显著差异;剂量试验表明,松褐天牛成虫触角对不同浓度的α-Pinene的EAG反应存在一定的规律性.     

Hypothalamic and hormonal control of the photoperiodically induced vernal functions in the White-crowned Sparrow,Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii

To assess the role of the hypothalamo-hypophysial complex in the control of photoperiodically induced vernal premigratory responses in the White-crowned Sparrow, the effects of hypothalamic lesions and systemic administration of several hormones on these responses were investigated. Lesions that destroyed the posterior median eminence (PME) or the entire median eminence (ME) inhibited photoperiodically induced testicular growth, premigratory fattening and Zugunruhe. Lesions in the basal infundibular nucleus (IN) that resulted in complete inhibition of testicular growth abolished Zugunruhe, but allowed varying degrees of fattening. The systemic administration of prolactin, testosterone propionate (TP) or the combination thereof in the PME-lesioned birds induced fattening similar to that observed in photostimulated controls but did not induce Zugunruhe. It is concluded that testosterone and prolactin are the most important hormones involved in the control of vernal premigratory fattening. The role of these hormones in the induction of vernal Zugunruhe is not positively proven.