中国大蒜(Allium sativumL.)18个品种的酯酶同工酶多态性分析

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)分离了中国大蒜3个生态型（低温反应敏感型、低温反应中间型和低温反应迟钝型）中18个较典型的品种的酯酶同工酶,并用排序分析法对18个品种的亲缘关系进行了分析,将18个品种分为3个变种群: 1.“苏联”蒜变种群(var.Russia),2.吉木萨尔白皮蒜变种群(var.Jimusaer),3.中国内陆大蒜变种群(var.China)。其中中国内陆大蒜变种群又可分为5个品种群：①关中蒜品种群,②西北蒜品种群,③西南蒜品种群,④云贵蒜品种群,⑤华东蒜品种群。实验结果初步证实,大蒜生态型不能完全等同于基因型,酯酶同工酶的变化可能更能说明大蒜的亲缘进化关系。     

大蒜品种生态型的数量分类研究

 采用实验分类学和数量分类学相结合的方法,将来自北纬22˚～45˚、东经77˚～127˚ 的73个大蒜品种分为3大生态型。不同生态型的主要区别性状是秋、春播的叶片数差比,它反映了鳞芽花芽分化对低温反应的敏感性。由此划分的3大生态型为：低温反应敏感型——秋、春播叶片数差比值大,越冬期叶片生长较快,但一般不耐寒,分布于北纬31˚以南的地区;低 温反应迟钝型——秋、春播叶片数差比值小,越冬期叶片生长缓慢,耐寒,分布于低纬高海拔地区和北纬35˚以北的地区;低温反应中间型——生态特征介于低温反应敏感型和低温反应迟钝型之间,分布于北纬23˚～39˚的地域范围内。     

零上低温对不同抗冷力的亚热带植物过氧化物酶与酯酶同工酶的影响

过氧化物酶同工酶在各植物种和品种之间存在着明显的差异,同工酶区带数随着物种和品种而变,不论在常温或低温下,一般抗冷性强的比抗冷性弱的多出1～6条区带。低温处理后水稻、黄瓜、龙舌兰麻各品种均可观察到显著的变化,除皮带麻低温处理后同工酶区带减少,某些区带活性减弱外,其余各品种均出现1～3条新的同工酶区带,越耐冷的品系区带活性越大。酯酶同工酶在低温下,除水稻的珍珠矮酶谱的区带数不变,皮带麻某些同工酶区带减少外,其余品种有些出现了新的同工酶区带,有些区带则增强了活性。试验结果表明植物过氧化物酶的活性和同工酶区带数明显地受温度所影响,而酯酶受低温影响相对比较稳定。过氧化物酶和酯酶同工酶区带的数目及其相对活性的改变似乎与植物的抗冷力有关,亦即植物对不良温度抵抗力的水平与植物酶系统的合成和它的功能活性的改变有关。     

江苏大麦纹枯病菌酯酶同工酶的测定

对立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani giihn)和禾谷丝核菌(R．E erealis Vande r Hoeven)的16个菌丝融合群或亚群的标准菌株及来自}工苏大麦纹枯病的9个菌丝融合群或亚群共68个菌株进行了聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,测定酯酶同工酶。结果表明：1．立枯丝核菌主酶带数的变幅范围比禾谷丝核菌大;2．无论禾谷丝核菌,还是立枯丝核菌,各菌丝融合群或亚群之间的电泳图谱都有显著差异,但与各自对应的融合群或亚群的标准菌株的图谱则相似;3．44个大麦禾谷丝核菌CAG一1群菌株间的图谱也有差异,但都有一条共同的主酶带(E．);4．据主副酶带数目和位置,将禾谷丝核菌CAG一1群菌株再分为2个类型(1型和II型)和5个亚型(1a、Ib、Ic和Iia、Iib);酶谱类型与菌株的采集品种和致病性无关,但与采集地点似有一定的联系。     

基于表型性状的芍药不同品种群亲缘关系分析

芍药品种变异丰富,表型性状的研究对各品种进行科学分类及亲缘关系的研究具有重要意义。本研究以芍药DUS测试指南(2012版)为依据,以不同品种群的47个芍药品种为研究对象,选取了株高、分枝能力、茎秆颜色等33个表型性状(二元性状9个,数量多态性状3个,定性多态性状21个)进行了R型聚类分析、主成分分析和Q型聚类分析。结果表明:基于33个表型性状的聚类结果可以较好地区分芍药不同品种群的品种,其中国内品种与大多数国外品种亲缘关系较远;杂种芍药品种群的品种由于多亲本参与,起源复杂,聚类结果比较分散;伊藤品种群与杂种芍药品种群存在较近亲缘关系。本研究与前人利用形态和分子标记进行品种分类的结果基本一致,能够较准确反映品种间、品种群间的亲缘关系。     

紫薇品种表型多样性分析

对111个紫薇品种的17个表型分类性状多样性进行了研究。结果表明,紫薇品种具有丰富的表型多样性,平均遗传多样性指数为0.707。总体上是数量性状形态多样性指数大于质量性状,其中花色、瓣爪色2个质量性状和花径、着花数、花序长、花序宽、种子千粒重5个数量性状变异明显,其多样性指数分别大于1.2和1.4。不同紫薇品种群表型性状多样性差异明显,多样性指数由高到低依次为:红薇品种群(H'=0.838)、堇薇品种群(H'=0.823)、银薇品种群(H'=0.696)、矮生品种群(H'=0.604)、复色品种群(H'=0.573)。通过主成分分析,上述2个质量性状和5个数量性状主成分的贡献率为67.70%,包括花序长、花序宽、着花数、花色数、花色、种子千粒重、瓣爪色、叶色、小枝四棱、花香、花径等11个形态性状指标,代表了紫薇品种表型分类性状的综合特征。基于表型形态性状,111个紫薇品种可聚类为5大类群,其遗传聚类与花色及株型关系密切,4个以花色为主要分类性状的品种群总体演化趋势是:堇薇品种群→红薇品种群→银薇品种群→复色品种群。     

两个不同生态特征蝗区东亚飞蝗的两种代谢酶

黄骅和平山是中国河北省两个不同的蝗区,这两个蝗区的生态特征有很大的不同。黄骅位于河北平原,靠近渤海湾．属于滨海蝗区,蝗区植被以芦苇为主,是我国东亚飞蝗重点防治地区;平山位于河北和山西交界处,仍属于山区,蝗区位于岗南水库库区,属于滨湖蝗区,植被以稗草为主,并兼有玉米、豆类等农作物,为了保护岗南水库水质不受污染,该蝗区很少进行防治。对采自这两个蝗区东亚飞蝗的两种代谢酶：酯酶和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶进行了比较研究。用对氧磷、马拉氧磷、西维因及毒扁豆碱等4种抑制剂对这两个种群飞蝗的酯酶进行体外抑制实验,结果表明,这两个种群的大部分酯酶属于B-型。在雌性飞蝗中、用α-NA,αNB和β-NA3种酯酶底物测定酯酶活性,黄骅种群比平山种群的酯酶活性分别高1．63、1．66和1．70倍．雄性中则分别高1．12、1．41和1．27倍。对两个种群酯酶活性频率分布进行比较,黄骅种群中酯酶活性高的个体数远大于平山种群。两个种群酶活性的差异与马拉硫磷半致死剂量(LD50)的差异很相近,这提示酯酶活性的提高在东亚飞蝗对马拉硫磷的抗性中起一定的作用。酯酶活性频率分布显示出东亚飞蝗黄骅种群比平山种群具有较高的马拉硫磷抗性发展趋势．其抗性发展速度较平山种群快。然而,黄骅种群谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性略低于平山种群,因此推测,谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性与这两个东亚飞蝗种群对马拉硫磷的抗性无明显相关。     

灵芝栽培菌株酯酶同工酶的酶谱多样性

采用酯酶同工酶聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)方法,对灵芝属(GanodermaKarst.)9株灵芝进行品系间鉴定,并采用非加权组平均法(UPGMA)进行聚类分析。试验结果表明:在9个菌株(16 d)中共检测到40条酶带,各个菌株分别具有3至6条酶带,9个菌株共有4种酶谱类型。在相异系数为0.62时所有供试菌株归为1个群,在相异系数为0.81时,把9个菌株分为5个群。酯酶同工酶聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳鉴定方法可有效应用于灵芝属真菌品种鉴定及亲缘关系分析。     

瓜尔豆不同品种抗霜冻性与酯酶同工酶的关系分析

对瓜尔豆10个品种酯酶（EST）同工酶分析及抗霜冻性测试表明,酯酶同工酶带数及酶活性在品种间有明显差异．抗霜冻性强的品种同工酶带数多、活性高,其中品种G1抗霜冻性最强,且具有1条特异EST同工酶带。     

东亚飞蝗山西两地理种群酯酶特性的比较研究

对东亚飞蝗山西临猗和永济2个地理种群的酯酶特性进行了比较研究。非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电 泳图谱显示：以α-乙酸萘酯为底物染色,2个东亚飞蝗种群谱带差别不明显。但是,酯酶动力 学研究结果表明：以α-乙酸萘酯和α-丁酸萘酯为底物时,永济种群的酯酶活性分别是临猗 种群的1.81倍和1.20倍。永济种群酯酶活性的增高可能与非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳图谱显 示出较临猗种群多出的酶带有关。体外酯酶抑制动力学研究表明：永济和临猗2种群所含酯酶大 都为B型酯酶,其含量分别为84.94%和91.47%。永济种群对对氧磷的耐受性要高于临猗种群 ,我们推测可能与2种群马拉硫磷使用背景不同有关。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.