新生儿抚触及其临床意义

目的：探讨抚触对新生儿发育的影响。方法：将180例新生儿随机分为抚触组91例和对照组89例。分别测量、观察新生儿摄入奶量与体重、胎便转黄时间、生理性黄疸开始消退时间、完全消退时间及睡眠时间。结果：抚触组新生儿的摄入奶量与体重均增加,胎便转黄时间、生理性黄疸开始消退时间、完全消退时间均减少,睡眠时间延长,两组新生儿在摄入奶量、体重、胎便初排时间及胎便转黄时间、新生儿生理性黄疸开始消退和完全消退时间、睡眠时间均有明显差异（P〈0.05）。结论：抚触对促进新生儿身心的健康发育有明显效果。     

Predicting Herbivore Feeding Times

An understanding of animal time budgets is crucial to behavioural biology. Although many studies have analysed time budgets of individual species, only a few have made interspecific comparisons. Here we take an interspecific look at one part of the time budget, feeding time. We hypothesize that feeding time can be predicted by the amount of time an animal needs to reach satiation. This time should be equal to the ratio of handling time to digestion time. For 19 herbivorous species from insects to mammals, we calculate this ratio and compare it to the observed feeding time. The mean difference between calculated and observed values is small (a half hour per 24 h‐day), indicating that herbivore feeding times can often be approximated by the ratio of handling time to digestion time. We make three points concerning the time allocated to feeding in herbivores based on this interspecific comparison. First, our analysis suggests that herbivores often feed to satiation, which could mean that they are often released from time constraints. It is also possible, however, that while herbivores have enough time to reach satiation, they do not necessarily have sufficient time to choose the most desirable diet. Wilson's principle of stringency theoretically supports the former interpretation. It suggests that animals experience periods in their life in which they are time‐constrained but that these periods are the exception rather than the rule. Most optimal foraging studies have assumed the opposite. The second point of this paper is therefore a recommendation: to consider the possibility that animals may often be released from time constraints. The third and final point is that feeding time is independent of body mass in our analysis. This is because handling time scales with body mass according to a parameter that is similar to the one for digestion time, and feeding time can be approximated by the ratio of handling time to digestion time.     

经鼻盲探气管插管在抢救呼吸衰竭病人中的应用

目的比较经鼻盲探气管插管和气管切开在抢救呼吸衰竭病人的治疗效果。方法回顾性对比分析同期ICU住院病人采用经鼻盲探气管插管或气管切开建立人工气道后的病情转归,使用呼吸机后血气纠正时间,使用呼吸机时间,留置气管导管时间,平均住院时间及操作并发症。结果经鼻盲探气管插管组拔管率42.9%(9/21例),拔管成功率100%(9/9例);气管切开组拔管率60.7%(17/28例),拔管成功率76.5%(13/17例),两组间比较无显著性差异(P<0.05)。使用呼吸机后血气纠正时间无明显差别,但经鼻盲探气管插管组使用呼吸机时间,留置气管导管时间,平均住院时间均短于气管切开组(P<0.05)。气管切开组操作导致的并发症发生率46.4%(13/28例),而经鼻盲探气管插管组操作导致的并发症发生率23.8%(5/21例),明显少于前者(P<0.01)。结论经鼻盲探气管插管操作简便、实用,能减少并发症,缩短使用呼吸机时间,留置气管导管时间及住院时间,在抢救呼吸衰竭病人中较气管切开术有更好的临床应用价值。     

Soil moisture determines the recovery time of ecosystems from drought

Recovery time, the time it takes for ecosystems to return to normal states after experiencing droughts, is critical for assessing the response of ecosystems to droughts; however, the spatial dominant factors determining recovery time are poorly understood. We identify the global patterns of terrestrial ecosystem recovery time based on remote sensed vegetation indices, analyse the affecting factors of recovery time using random forest regression model, and determine the spatial distribution of the dominant factors of recovery time based on partial correlation. The results show that the global average recovery time is approximately 3.3 months, and that the longest recovery time occurs in mid-latitude drylands. Analysis of affecting factors of recovery time suggests that the most important environmental factor affecting recovery time is soil moisture during the recovery period, followed by temperature and vapour pressure deficit (VPD). Recovery time shortens with increasing soil moisture and prolongs with increasing VPD; however, the response of recovery time to temperature is nonmonotonic, with colder or hotter temperatures leading to longer recovery time. Soil moisture dominates the drought recovery time over 58.4% of the assessed land area, mostly in the mid-latitudes. The concern is that soil moisture is projected to decline in more than 65% regions in the future, which will lengthen the drought recovery time and exacerbate drought impacts on terrestrial ecosystems, especially in southwestern United States, the Mediterranean region and southern Africa. Our research provides methodological insights for quantifying recovery time and spatially identifies dominant factors of recovery time, improving our understanding of ecosystem response to drought.     

Time for a rethink: time sub‐sampling methods in disparity‐through‐time analyses

Disparity‐through‐time analyses can be used to determine how morphological diversity changes in response to mass extinctions, or to investigate the drivers of morphological change. These analyses are routinely applied to palaeobiological datasets, yet, although there is much discussion about how to best calculate disparity, there has been little consideration of how taxa should be sub‐sampled through time. Standard practice is to group taxa into discrete time bins, often based on stratigraphic periods. However, this can introduce biases when bins are of unequal size, and implicitly assumes a punctuated model of evolution. In addition, many time bins may have few or no taxa, meaning that disparity cannot be calculated for the bin and making it harder to complete downstream analyses. Here we describe a different method to complement the disparity‐through‐time tool‐kit: time‐slicing. This method uses a time‐calibrated phylogenetic tree to sample disparity‐through‐time at any fixed point in time rather than binning taxa. It uses all available data (tips, nodes and branches) to increase the power of the analyses, specifies the implied model of evolution (punctuated or gradual), and is implemented in R. We test the time‐slicing method on four example datasets and compare its performance in common disparity‐through‐time analyses. We find that the way we time sub‐sample taxa can change our interpretations of the results of disparity‐through‐time analyses. We advise using multiple methods for time sub‐sampling taxa, rather than just time binning, to gain a better understanding disparity‐through‐time.     

农田中三种鹭科鸟类日取食动态研究

2007年春、夏季,采用瞬时扫描取样法和焦点动物取样法,在广西北伦河口国家级自然保护区的农田进行池鹭Ardeola bacchuss、白鹭Egretta garzetta和牛背鹭Bubulcus ibis日取食动态研究。结果表明3种鹭在各个时间段内的取食个体数、取食时间存在较大差异,其取食个体的日变动均呈现较规则的"U"型。池鹭和牛背鹭各时间段内的取食个体数、休息个体数、休息时间差异极显著(F>F0.01),取食时间差异显著(F>F0.05)。池鹭和白鹭的取食时间和休息时间差异显著(F>F0.05),各时间段内的取食个体数、休息个体数呈不显著差异(FF0.05),而取食时间和休息时间差异不显著(F相似文献   

三种笼养灵长类活动时间分配的比较研究

采用焦点动物法和连续记录法对3种笼养灵长类活动时间分配进行比较研究。结果表明,川金丝猴Rhi-nopithecus roxellanae和熊猴Macaca assamensis用于休息的时间多于猕猴Macaca mulatta,移动时间则相反;川金丝猴和猕猴用于理毛的时间多于熊猴。不同性别年龄组之间的活动时间分配有差异,主要表现在川金丝猴母亲用于理毛的时间明显多于成年儿子,用于玩耍的时间则相反;猕猴成年雄性的移动时间和理毛时间多于成年雌性,玩耍时间则少于成年雌性;熊猴成年雌性的移动时间多于成年雄性,与成年个体相比,幼体花更多的时间用于玩耍,而相应的减少了其休息时间。     

Tracking of familial resemblance for resting blood pressure over time in the Québec Family Study

The etiology of familial resemblance for systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, both within a single time point as well as across time points, was assessed to determine how familial etiologies underlying a trait may change across time. SBP and DBP measurements were taken roughly 12 years apart in family members participating in the longitudinal Québec Family Study. A longitudinal (bivariate) familial correlation model yields 3 types of correlations: intraindividual cross-time (e.g., father's BP at time 1 with his own BP at time 2); interindividual within-time (e.g., father time 1 with child time 1); and interindividual cross-time (e.g., father time 1 with child time 2). In addition, the change in BP across time (i.e., time 1-time 2) is examined using a univariate family correlation model. This combined method is useful in assessing the degree to which the same familial factors are operating across time (interindividual cross-time correlations), as well as the degree to which different heritable components are involved across time (change score). Maximal heritabilities for SBP were about 70% at each time point, while for DBP the heritability was larger at time 1 (87%) than time 2 (39%). Both the change scores (48% for SBP and 54% for DBP) and the cross-time comparisons (58% to 72% for SBP and 63% to 65% for DBP) evidenced significant familial resemblance. These results illustrate how simple methodologies can be used to specify how familial etiologies underlying a trait may change across time. For BP, the model includes unique familial factors that are specific to each time measurement, and an additional familial factor which is common to both time points. The factors leading to differences in longitudinal familial resemblance for BP (i.e., the unique factors) may be primarily genetic in origin, while those leading to stability across time may include both genetic and familial environmental effects. Sex and/or age interactions with the genotypes are also suggested.     

在半圈养条件下冬季长颈鹿日活动格局

2002年11月～2003年1月,采用随机和焦点动物法对长颈鹿的日活动格局做了观察。结果表明：摄食是越冬的主要行为,相对集中在昼间呈锯齿状多高峰均匀的采食节律,其次是反刍和卧息,最少是站立;孕鹿趋向于站立反刍并减少移动时间;雄鹿以最少的摄食时间获得最大的干物质净收益,昼间趋向于维持站立姿势而夜间趋向于卧息。     

Foraging strategies of yakushima macaques(Macaca fuscata yakui)

I investigated the activity budget and diet of Yakushima macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui,)in warm temperate broad- leaved forest of Yakushima, Japan. Both time spent feeding and time spent moving varied considerably between half- months. However, total time spent in active behaviors— feeding time plus moving time— was stable. The composition of the diet also showed considerable variation between half- months. The macaques fed mainly on fruits, seeds,mature leaves, fallen seeds, flowers, and young leaves, each of which accounted for more than 30% of feeding time in at least 1 half- month. They also ate insects and fungi, but each of them comprised ≤ 25 and ≤ 8% of feeding time in any half- month, respectively. Time spent feeding on mature leaves, young leaves, flowers, or fallen seeds is positively correlated with total time feeding and is negatively correlated with time moving. In contrast, time feeding on fruits, seeds, insects or fungi is negatively correlated with time feeding and is positively correlated with time moving. Foraging on foods that have a low energy content, a high density, and a relatively even distribution— mature leaves— or that need much manipulation to be processed— flowers and fallen seeds— increased feeding time, while foraging on foods for which monkeys must search intensively in the forest— fruits, seeds, insects, and fungi— led to increased moving time. I examined foraging strategies of Yakushima macaques in terms of moving costs and the quality of food items. Regarding time feeding on fruits, which have more energy and may need less manipulation than other foods, as a benefit, and moving time as a cost, they seemed to employ a strategy that balanced the costs and benefits of foraging.