雌核发育二倍体鲫鲤杂交克隆品系建立

研究了雌核发育二倍体鲫鲤第2代(G₂)产生的二倍体卵子在无染色体加倍情况下形成第3代(G3)的雌核发育细胞学行为,G₃,G₂×散鳞镜鲤和G₂×四倍体鲫鲤的染色体数目.研究结果表明:(ⅰ)G₂产生的二倍体卵子无需染色体加倍处理,仅在灭活散鳞镜鲤精子激活下,形成了大量G₃.(ⅱ)G₃和雌核发育二倍体鲫鲤第1代(G₁)、G₂一样,也表现出杂交特征,并且都是二倍体(2n=100);G₂与二倍体散鳞镜鲤和四倍体鲫鲤分别交配形成了三倍体(3n=150)和四倍体(4n=200)鱼;(ⅲ)二倍体G₂产生的二倍体卵子在雌核发育过程中,有明显第二极体排出,排除了二倍体卵子源于第二极体保留的可能.另外,还对二倍体鲫鲤产生二倍体卵子的机制进行了讨论.雌核发育二倍体鲫鲤杂交克隆品系建立证明二倍体卵子通过雌核发育形式可形成一个能产生二倍体卵子的新型二倍体鲫鲤品系,二倍体鲫鲤产生二倍体卵子的特殊繁殖方式在生物进化和生产应用方面都具有重要意义.     

异源四倍体鲫鲤的受精细胞学

异源四倍体鲫鲤的成熟卵子处于第二次减数分裂中期,精子通过受精孔进入卵内。精子入卵以来,受精孔立即被受精塞堵住。受精后8min,受精卵出现明显的精子星光,同时进入第二次减数分裂后期,即将排出第二极体;13min时,精子头部开始膨胀,趋向核化;18min时,雌雄原核均已形成,并向胚盘中央靠近;23min时,雌,雄原核开始接触;33min时,雌,雄原核完全融合成为一个合子核;38min时,受精卵开始第一次卵裂,53min后分裂形成两个子核。该研究证明异源四倍体鲫鲤和大多数二倍体鱼一样,具有正常的受精细胞学程序,受精方式为单精受精。     

异源四倍体鲫鲤的受精细胞学

异源四倍体鲫鲤的成熟卵子处于第二次减数分裂中期,精子通过受精孔进入卵内.精子入卵以后,受精孔立即被受精塞堵住.受精后8 min,受精卵出现明显的精子星光,同时进入第二次减数分裂后期,即将排出第二极体;13 min时,精子头部开始膨胀,趋向核化;18 min时,雌雄原核均已形成,并向胚盘中央靠近;23 min时,雌、雄原核开始接触;33 min时,雌、雄原核完全融合成为一个合子核;38 min时,受精卵开始第一次卵裂,53 min后分裂形成两个子核.该研究证明异源四倍体鲫鲤和大多数二倍体鱼一样,具有正常的受精细胞学程序,受精方式为单精受精.     

异源四倍体鲫鲤雌核发育后代及其亲本RAPD分析

异源四倍体鲫鲤是湖南师范大学鱼类发育生物学实验室和湖南湘阴县东湖渔场在红鲫(♀)和湘江野鲤(♂)的杂交后代中选育出来的四倍体鱼,目前已连续繁殖14代(F3-F16),已形成一个四倍体性能代代相传、遗传性状稳定的四倍体鱼群体,这是世界上唯一人工培育的两性可育的异源四倍体鱼[1—2]。利用四倍体鱼与二倍体白鲫、二倍体鲤鱼杂交,可获得生长快、肉质鲜美、抗病力强等优良性状的不育三倍体湘云鲫、三倍体湘云鲤[3],并已在全国28个省市推广养殖,取得了显著的经济和社会效益。异源四倍体鲫鲤雌性个体产生的二倍体卵子具有两套染色体,在没有染色…     

异源四倍体鲫鲤雌核发育后代的RAPD分析

在优化RAPD(随机扩增多态性DNA)检测条件基础上,从134个随机引物中筛选出53个扩增较好且多态性强的引物,对异源四倍体鲫鲤第1代(G1)、第2代(G2)人工诱导的雌核发育二倍体后代群体的DNA多态性及分子标记进行了分析。结果显示,53个随机引物在G1群体和G2群体中检测到的位点数分别为541、511,其中多态性位点数分别为70、52,多态位点比例分别为12.94%、10.18%。两个群体的平均遗传距离分别为0.0732、0.0464。研究表明,经过连续2代人工雌核发育,G2的遗传多样性明显减少,种质进一步纯化。还从53个随机引物的扩增谱带中找到了2个引物(S50、S223)的特异扩增谱带,可以作为第1、2代雌核发育群体间的分子遗传标记。由计算机软件程序构建的分支系统树清晰地反映了两个雌核发育群体及其个体间的相互关系。       

用雄核发育方法制备改良异源四倍体鲫鲤群体

用UV照射金鱼的卵子使其卵核的遗传物质失活, 再与异源四倍体鲫鲤(AT)产生的二倍体精子受精, 在无雄核染色体加倍处理情况下, 成功地获得了两性可育的二倍体雄核发育鱼(A₀). Ⅱ龄性成熟的A₀自交形成了雄核发育鱼自交子一代(A₁). 本研究对10月龄A₁的染色体数目、性腺的显微和亚显微结构以及外型特征进行了观察, 实验结果表明: (ⅰ) A₁中包含有四倍体(A₁-4n)、三倍体(A₁-3n)以及二倍体后代(A₁-2n), 他们所占比例分别为85%, 10%和5%, 其染色体数目分别为4n=200, 3n=150和2n=100. 其中四倍体和三倍体的形成证明二倍体A₀能产生二倍体配子. 二倍体雄核发育鲫鲤杂交鱼产生二倍体配子的原因与早期生殖细胞的核内复制机制有关. (ⅱ) A₁-4n的性腺为两性型且发育正常. 其中雄性个体能挤出白色精液, 其中的二倍体精子头部明显比红鲫的单倍体精子头部大. 这些二倍体精子具有正常结构, 由头部和尾部组成, 头部与尾部交接处有多个线粒体, 精子尾巴的中央轴有典型的“9+2”微管结构. A₁-4n雌性个体的卵巢发育饱满, 其中含有大量Ⅱ, Ⅲ和Ⅳ时相的卵母细胞. 在Ⅳ时相卵母细胞的放射膜上能观察到受精孔. 同时期的A₁-2n, A₁-3n的性腺发育异常, 均表现为不育. A₁-2n的不育性与其为远源杂交二倍体有关, A₁-3n的不育性与其为远源杂交三倍体有关. (ⅲ) 与AT相比, A₁-4n不仅具有生长速度快、抗逆性强的优点, 而且在外型上具有体背高、尾柄短、头部小等优良性状. 本实验说明运用雄核发育技术不仅能获得两性可育的四倍体鱼, 而且能对异源四倍体鲫鲤进行有效的遗传改良, 这在细胞遗传研究和鱼类育种方面都具有重要意义.     

二倍体鲫鲤F2产生不同倍性卵子的证据

在检测到鲫鲤F2产生3种不同大小(直径分别为0.13 cm,0.17cm和0.2 cm)类型的卵子基础上,进行了F2(♀)×红鲫(♂)及F2(♀)×四倍体鲫鲤(♂)的交配实验.通过染色体计数和流式细胞仪分析,在F2(♀)×红鲫(♂)后代中获得了四倍体、三倍体、二倍体鱼;在F2(♀)×四倍体鲫鲤(♂)后代中获得了四倍体和三倍体鱼.这两个交配组合后代中出现的不同倍性的鱼类为证明鲫鲤F2能产生三倍体、二倍体和单倍体卵子提供了进一步证据.F2(♀)×红鲫(♂)中雄性四倍体鱼的存在说明在四倍体后代中存在基因型为XXXY的个体.对上述两个交配组合后代的四倍体鱼和三倍体鱼的性腺结构观察表明四倍体鱼是可育的,而三倍体鱼是不育的.作者认为鲫鲤F2能够产生二倍体和三倍体卵子与核内复制机制和生殖细胞的融合有关.     

异源四倍体鲫鲤及其原始亲本遗传变异的微卫星标记分析

采用从鲤中分离出来的32对微卫星DNA标记,对异源四倍体鲫鲤、红鲫和野鲤的基因组DNA进行了研究。在筛选出的15对微卫星引物中,随引物不同,各等位基因数为1～8个,大小在100～420bp之间。从3个不同群体内部的遗传相似系数来看,异源四倍体鲫鲤个体之间的遗传相似系数最大,说明异源四倍体鲫鲤群体内部的遗传变异程度最低,已经形成了一个遗传性状稳定的群体。从3个不同群体之间的遗传相似系数来看,异源四倍体鲫鲤和红鲫遗传相似系数为0．5625,和野鲤的遗传相似系数为0．5125,说明异源四倍体鲫鲤接受原始母本的遗传物质比原始父本野鲤要多一些。微卫星标记与以前报道的RAPD标记的检测结果是相似的,然而由微卫星标记获得的种群内和种群间的遗传距离均大于RAPD,说明微卫星标记比RAPD标记显示出更高的个体多态性。     

异源精子诱导稀有鮈鲫的人工雌核发育

用经过紫外线灭活的异源精子启动稀有鮈鲫卵子发育,再经过热休克分别抑制极体排放和第一次卵裂,得到了极体雌核发育和有丝分裂雌核发育的存活个体。通过正交试验确定诱导极体雌核发育的最佳参数为受精后2min、40℃休克处理2min;诱导有丝分裂雌核发育的最佳参数为受精后17min、40℃休克处理2min。雌核发育个体的形态学特征没有显示出受到父本影响的迹象。RAPD分析表明雌核发育个体扩增片段全部来自于母本,没有发现异源父本DNA成分进入稀有鮈鲫基因组的迹象。实验中还发现,鲤×稀有鮈鲫的正常杂交组合能以极低的几率产生出雌核发育的稀有鮈鲫。     

Establishment of the diploid gynogenetic hybrid clonal line of red crucian carp × common carp

This study investigated the gynogenetic cytobiological behavior of the third gynogenetic generation (G3), which was generated from the diploid eggs produced by the second gynogenetic generation (G2)of red crucian carp × common carp, and determined the chromosomal numbers of G3, G2×scatter scale carp and G2×allotetraploid hybrids of red crucian carp × common carp. The results showed that the diploid eggs of G2 with 100 chromosomes, activated by UV-irradiated sperm from scatter scale carp and without the treatment for doubling the chromosomes, could develop into G3 with 100 chromosomes.Similar to the first and second gynogenetic generations (G1 and G2), G3 was also diploid (2n=100) and presented the hybrid traits. The triploids (3n=150) and tetraploids (4n=200) were produced by crossing G2 with scatter scale carp, and crossing G2 with allotetraploids, respectively. The extrusion of the second polar body in the eggs of G2 ruled out the possibility that the retention of the second polar body led to the formation of the diploid eggs. In addition, we discussed the mechanism of the formation of the diploid eggs generated by G2. The establishment of the diploid gynogenesis clonal line (G1, G2 and G3) provided the evidence that the diploid eggs were able to develop into a new diploid hybrid clonal line by gynogenesis. By producing the diploid eggs as a unique reproductive way, the diploid gynogenetic progeny of allotetrapioid hybrids of red crucian carp × common carp had important significances in both biological evolution and production application.     

Segregation of Microsatellite Alleles in Gynogenetic Diploid Pacific Abalone (Haliotis discus hannai)

Inheritance of 9 microsatellite loci was examined in 3 families of gynogenetic Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai produced by fertilizing eggs with UV-irradiated sperm followed by inhibition of the second meiotic division. The proportion of heterozygous progeny was used to estimate marker-centromere (M-C) distances. All loci conformed to Mendelian segregation in the control crosses when null alleles were accounted for. The absence of paternal alleles confirmed the gynogenetic origin of the offspring and indicated 100% success for 3 families. Estimated recombinant frequencies ranged from 0.10 to 0.60, which is lower than those observed in other gynogenetic diploid animals. The mean recombination frequency was 0.22, corresponding to a fixation index of 0.78 in one generation. This is 3.12 times the increase in homozygosity expected after one generation of sib mating (0.25), suggesting meiotic gynogenesis may be an effective means of rapid inbreeding in the abalone. M-C map distances for the 9 loci varied between 5 and 30 cM under the assumption of complete interference. The information about M-C distances will be useful for future gene mapping in H. discus hannai.     

不同家禽蛋类营养成分的比较

蛋类是人们生活中的重要食品 ,本实验通过比较土洋鸡蛋及鸭蛋中的几种主要营养物质蛋白质、胆固醇、卵磷脂的含量 ,得到如下结果 :鸡蛋中蛋白质在种类及含量上都多于鸭蛋 ,而土鸡蛋中的蛋白质含量又多于洋鸡蛋 ;卵磷脂含量最高的为鸭蛋 ,然后依次为土鸡蛋和洋鸡蛋 ;土鸡蛋中含有最高量的胆固醇 ,洋鸡蛋次之 ,最低的为鸭蛋     

中山市家口红心鸡蛋色素物质的提取研究

探讨了中山市三乡镇特产家口红心鸡蛋中色素物质的提取。结果表明,三乡特产家口红心鸡蛋色素物质呈现类胡萝卜素的特征色谱,故其色素中主要成分为类胡萝卜素物质。利用正交试验结合分析与成本,以冻干天然红心鸡蛋蛋黄为原料的提取最优条件为：以石油醚：丙酮=1：2为提取溶剂,温度室温,每次提取时间60min,提取3次,料液比为1：6,可以获得最佳提取效果。     

Genetic Diversity among Different Clones of the Gynogenetic Silver Crucian Carp, Carassius auratus gibelio, Revealed by Transferrin and Isozyme Markers

Genetic diversity among four clones (A, D, E, F) of gynogenetic silver crucian carp was studied using transferrin and isozymes in the blood as markers. Of the five proteins investigated, three (transferrin, esterase and superoxide dismutase) indicated polymorphism and eight polymorphic loci were detected. These loci were probably encoded by codominant alleles and their inheritance patterns were analyzed. Intraclonal homogeneity and interclonal heterogeneity were observed in these clones, which allowed us to infer the clonal nature and evolutionary relationship between them. Clonal diversity in this population of silver crucian carp in China was also compared with data reported from gynogenetic crucian carp in Germany.     

海胆黄多糖SEP对S180的体内抑制作用

研究海胆黄多糖SEP对S180肉瘤的抑制作用及初步机制。MTT法检测SEP对体外培养的S180细胞生长的抑制作用;建立小鼠S180肉瘤模型观察SEP抗肿瘤活性;检测SEP协同ConA/LPS刺激小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖作用;同时,考察SEP对NK细胞和杀伤性T淋巴细胞(cytotoxic T lym-phocyte,CTL)活性的影响;碳粒廓清检测SEP对小鼠单核巨噬细胞吞噬功能的影响。研究表明,海胆黄多糖SEP高中低剂量(16、8、4 mg/kg)显著抑制小鼠180实体瘤生长,增加小鼠脾指数和胸腺指数,协同ConA/LPS刺激小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖,提高小鼠NK细胞和CTL活性,增强小鼠单核巨噬细胞的吞噬功能,通过免疫调节提高小鼠免疫功能达到抑制S180作用。     

RAPD-based genetic analysis of offsprings from the sexual cross using allotetraploid citrus somatic hybrid as pollen parent

Thirty-one polymorphic decamer primers were selected to genotype 92 progenies from the cross between Yiben No.4, a monoembryonic diploid F₁ hybrid of Citrus reticulata Blanco cv Huanongbendizao tangerine and C. ichangensis Swingle, and [Hamlin sweet orange + Rough lemon], an allotetraploid somatic hybrid of Citrus sinensis Osbeck cv. Hamlin and C. jambhiri Lush cv. Rough Lemon. χ² (Chi-square) analysis of RAPD markers in the progenies indicated they were randomly transmitted from the four donor parents, without significant difference between the diploids and triploids. However, these progenies were clustered into three major groups using dendrogram constructed by UPGMA, skewed to three parents in certain degrees, 15 (13 triploids and 2 diploids) to Hamlin, 16 (9 and 7) to Yiben No. 4, and 61 (57 and 4) to [Hamlin sweet orange + Rough Lemon] from which genomic contribution was predominant in progenies, respectively.     

紫扇贝与海湾扇贝通用SSR的检测及其在杂交子代鉴定中的应用

以紫扇贝DNA为模板,用已开发的147个海湾扇贝微卫星标记引物扩增,结果表明100个微卫星标记能成功扩增,其中有47个表现出多态性,等位基因数目从2到9不等.观测杂合度范围为0.128 0～1.000 0(平均0.660 4),期望杂合度范围为0.503 1～0.862 1(平均0.671 9),有6个位点偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡(P<0.05).用7对引物分别对紫扇贝、海湾扇贝及其种间正反杂交F1各30个个体进行PCR扩增,发现它们可明确区分紫扇贝与海湾扇贝,且所检测60个杂交子代均同时含海湾扇贝与紫扇贝的相应种特异性条带,证明全部为种间杂交子代.将该7对引物的扩增产物克隆测序,发现这些位点在两种扇贝中的序列同源率为40.22%～91.95%,其中3个位点在紫扇贝中的扩增产物仍然含有微卫星.