小菜蛾幼虫空间格局的地统计学分析

应用地统计学方法分析了小菜蛾Plutellaxylostella (L .)幼虫空间格局 ,建立了东西和南北 2个方向上多个半变异函数曲线模型。结果表明 ,在菜花 (Brassicaolenaceavar.botrylis)和早甘蓝 (Brassisaoleracea)地中小菜蛾幼虫种群的半变异函数曲线皆为球形 ,其空间格局为聚集型 ;小菜蛾幼虫在菜花上和在早甘蓝上的空间变程分别为 0 62～ 1 5 9m和 2 47～ 5 98m ,空间不连续性强度分别为 0 8779～0 9999和 0 862 1～ 0 91 2 4。     

不同松林马尾松毛虫蛹及其寄生天敌群子的空间格局分析

应用地学统计学的原理和方法研究了３种松柯马尾松毛虫越冬工蛹及其寄生天敌群子的窨结构和空间相关性。结果表明,湿地松－马尾松－火炬松混交松林中蛹的半变异函数曲线为球形,其空间格局为聚集型,受害程度高的马尾松纯林中,蛹的半变异函数曲线为指数形,空间格局为聚集型,受害程度低的纯马尾松林中,蛹的半变异函数曲线是一条截距为０．４２３,斜率为０．００３８１４的直线,表明为随机或均匀型的空间格局。３种松林中蛹的寄     

栎黄枯叶蛾低龄幼虫空间分布的地统计学分析

栎黄枯叶蛾(Trabala vishnou gigantina Yang)是近年在陕西吴起发现的严重危害沙棘的一种食叶害虫。为了准确把握栎黄枯叶蛾幼虫的分布规律,以便对该虫的危害盛期进行预测预报和采取防治措施,因而采用地统计学分析方法对不同坡向和疏密度的沙棘林中栎黄枯叶蛾低龄幼虫的空间分布格局进行了研究。结果表明:栎黄枯叶蛾卵孵化高峰期为6月中旬。通过全方向的变异函数曲线分析得知:阴坡密林、阴坡疏林、阳坡密林、阳坡疏林中,栎黄枯叶蛾低龄幼虫空间依赖范围分别为19.96、9.45、20.75、13.48 m,空间变异值分别为0.692、0.613、0.679、0.597。密林样地的半变异函数最佳拟合模型均为高斯模型,疏林样地均为指数模型,两种模型均指明栎黄枯叶蛾低龄幼虫的空间分布格局为聚集分布。引起种群聚集的原因主要为其生物学特性。用Kriging插值方法生成的空间分布图显示低龄幼虫在空间分布上存在明显的边缘效应。     

长白山岳桦种群格局的地统计学分析

应用地统计学的原理和方法研究了长白山岳桦种群空间分布格局及其空间相关关系,首先通过样方调查数据计算岳桦材积的半变异函数,拟合半变异函数模型,然后根据拟合的最优半变异函数模型,进行空间数据插值、绘制岳桦材积的克立拉图,最后对所得到的不同海拔质海拔岳桦材积的半变异函数图和克立格图进行分析。结果表明,在海拔1650－1700m岳桦材积的半变异函数曲线为球形,其空间分布格局为聚集型,种群呈衰退趋势;海拔1750－2000m岳桦材积的半变异函数曲线为直线形,其空间分布格局为随机型,种群较稳定;在海拔2000－2150m岳桦材积的半变异函数曲线为球形,其空间分布格局为聚集型,种群呈增长趋势,这说明长白山桦整体上有一种向上迁移的趋势,尤其是过渡带中的岳桦表现则为更为明显。     

不同林分白蜡树云斑白条天牛种群空间格局地统计学分析

云斑白条天牛是我国重要林业害虫,在黄河三角洲地区对白蜡树造成严重危害。利用地统计学方法,通过调查城市行道绿化林、庭院绿化林、公路林和片林4种不同林分类型的白蜡树林地,以产卵刻槽、排粪孔和羽化孔为调查指标,对危害白蜡云斑白条天牛种群卵、幼虫、成虫(蛹)的空间格局进行了研究。结果表明:除片林样点成虫(蛹)的半变异函数模型为指数模型外,危害白蜡云斑白条天牛种群卵、幼虫、成虫(蛹)在不同林分类型下的半变异函数模型均为球形模型,其指明空间分布均为聚集分布,种群的聚集分布习性与林分类型相关性不强。但不同林分类型云斑白条天牛种群的空间相关性地统计学参数存在差异,片林调查样点的卵、幼虫和成虫(蛹)的变程a、块金值C0和基台值C0+C均小于其他3种林分类型的统计值,片林样点成虫(蛹)的半变异函数模型不同于其他林分类型为指数模型。     

李园桃蚜和草间小黑蛛种群空间格局的地学统计学研究

利用地学统计学的原理和方法分析了李园桃蚜种群和草间小黑蛛种群的空间结构和时间相关性.结果表明,桃蚜种群6月27日和11月22日此两次的半变异函数拟合模型为直线,表明此两次两种空间分布为均匀分布或随机分布,其余9次半变异函数拟合模型均为球形,表明此9次李园桃蚜种群的空间分布是聚集分布,变程RSD（m）为4.173903～34.7837.草间小黑蛛空间格局5月21日、5月31日及10月19日、11月22日4次半变异函数拟合模型为直线,表明此4次种群的空间分布为均匀分布或随机分布,其余8次半变异函数拟合模型均为球形,表明此8次李园草间小黑蛛种群的空间分布是聚集分布,变程RSD（m）为2.3169～42.00711,表明草间小黑蛛种群对桃蚜种群在空间位置上具有追随关系,对其种群数量的控制有较大作用.     

麦长管蚜及蚜茧蜂空间格局的地学统计学研究

应用地学统计学的原理和方法研究了不同时期麦长管蚜及蚜茧蜂种群的空间结构和空间相关性,结果表明,不同时期麦长管蚜种群的半变异函数曲线皆为球型,其空间格局为聚集型,变程在33－57cm之间;蚜茧蜂种群的拟合半变异函数曲线也表现为球型,呈聚集空间格局,空间变程在36－55cm之间,并与麦长管蚜种群在数量和空间上有较强的追随关系,说明蚜茧蜂种群是麦长管蚜种群的优势种天敌。     

棉蚜和草间小黑蛛种群空间格局的地统计学研究

应用地统计学的原理和方法研究了石榴园不同时期棉蚜及草间小黑蛛种群的空间结构和空间相关性．结果表明,不同时期棉蚜种群的半变异函数曲线皆为球型,其空间格局为聚集型,变程在7．33～12．40cm之间;草间小黑蛛种群的拟合半变异函数曲线也表现为球型,呈聚集空间格局,空间变程在6．47～20．88cm之间,并与棉蚜种群在数量和空间上有较强的追随关系,说明草间小黑蛛种群是棉蚜种群的优势种天敌．     

荔枝园荔枝蒂蛀虫常规爆发期的种群空间分布格局

荔枝蒂蛀虫Conopomorpha sinensis Bradley是我国最重要的荔枝、龙眼蛀果类害虫之一.为了准确把握荔枝园中荔枝蒂蛀虫的分布规律,以便对该虫的危害盛期进行预测预报和采取防治措施,本文采用生物学统计方法和地理统计学方法对荔枝园中荔枝蒂蛀虫卵、蛹和成虫的空间分布特征进行了研究.结果显示:2019年5月和6月,无挂果荔枝树的有虫株率分别为67.74％和68.57％,而挂果荔枝树的有虫株率达90.91％和91.67％.该时期荔枝园内荔枝蒂蛀虫蛹的半变异函数最佳拟合模型均为球型模型,成虫均为指数模型,而卵在5月和6月的拟合模型分别为球型模型和指数模型.不同时期荔枝蒂蛀虫各虫态的拟合变异函数模型虽存在一定差异,但所指明的空间分布格局均为聚集分布.引起荔枝蒂蛀虫卵和蛹聚集分布主要由生境和自身生物学特性共同所致,但当虫口密度降低时,成虫的聚集分布仅由生境引起.另外,用Kriging插值方法生成的空间分布图显示荔枝蒂蛀虫卵、蛹和成虫均明显趋向于以挂果荔枝树为中心的聚集分布,聚集斑块由聚集中心区域向四周逐渐减小.5月至6月,荔枝蒂蛀虫卵、蛹和成虫在荔枝园内趋向以挂果荔枝树为中心的聚集分布,不同时期荔枝园内荔枝蒂蛀虫的聚集分布成因随种群密度变化有所不同.     

棉蚜及龟纹瓢虫空间格局的地学统计学研究

应用地学统计学的原理和方法研究了不同时期棉蚜及龟纹瓢虫种群的空间结构和空间生。结果表明,不同时期棉蚜种群的关变异函数曲线皆为球型,其空间格局为聚集型,变程在８．２１￣１０．８１ｍ之间;龟纹瓢虫种群的拟合半变异函数曲线也表现为球型,呈聚集空间格局,空间变程在８．０１￣１４．２５ｍ之间,并与棉蚜种群在数量和空间上有较强的追随关系,说明龟纹瓢虫种群是棉蚜种群的优势种天敌。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Time of detection of recessive genes: effects of system of mating and number of examined individuals

Summary Anthers were cultured from two sets of seven lines of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with different cytoplasms, the euplasmic nucleus donors, Siete Cerros 66 and Penjamo 62, as well as their six alloplasmic lines derived from wild relative species of the genera Triticum and Aegilops. Significant cytoplasmic and nuclear effects but no cytoplasmic-nuclear interaction were found for embryogenic anther response, with the best performance of Penjamo 62 in Ae. kotschyi cytoplasm. Plant regeneration was not affected significantly by the cytoplasmic background of the lines cultured. The possible genetic implications of the observed cytoplasmic and nuclear influences on the in vitro haploid induction of wheat are discussed.     

History of the discovery of the mode of transmission of yellow fever virus

This essay documents and examines the historical circumstances and events surrounding the discovery of the mode of transmission of yellow fever virus in Cuba. Close scrutiny of the articles published by Walter Reed and his colleagues in 1900, 1901 and 1902 reveals their limitations as historic documents. Fortunately, other sources of information from that period survive in letters and documents written by individuals involved in the quest for the mode of transmission. Examination and comparison of those sources of information unveiled a fascinating story which reveals that misunderstandings engendered by published articles accorded merit where it was not fully due.     

Scales of spatial patterns of distribution of intertidal invertebrates

Few comparative studies of spatial patterns at different scales have examined several species in the same habitat or the same species over a range of habitats. Therefore, variability in patterns among species or among habitats has seldom been documented. This study quantifies spatial patterns of a suite of intertidal snails and a species of barnacle using a range of statistical techniques. Variability in densities was quantified from the scale of adjacent quadrats (over a distance of centimeters) to tens of kilometers. Significant differences in abundances occurred primarily at two spatial scales. Small-scale differences were found at the scales of centimeters or 1–2 m and, for many species on many shores, these accounted for most of the variability in abundances from place to place. These are likely to be determined by behavioural responses to small-scale patches of microhabitat. Large-scale differences in abundance were also found in most species at the scale of hundreds of meters alongshore. These are likely to be due to variation in recruitment (and/or mortality) because of limited dispersal by adults of these species. There was little or no additional variation among shores, separated by tens of kilometers, than was shown among patches of shore separated by hundreds of meters. Identification of the scale(s) at which significant differences in abundance are found focus attention on the processes (and the scales at which these processes operate) that influence patterns of distribution and abundance. Some of the advantages and disadvantages of various procedures are discussed.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。