湿度对烟粉虱实验种群的影响

本研究了不同湿度条件对烟粉虱实验种群的影响,结果表明低湿利于烟粉虱种群的发生和增长,在小黑飘虫人工繁殖中,作为小黑飘虫猎物寄主的烟粉虱的室内繁育,相对湿度控制在60％左右利于温室内烟粉虱种群的增长。     

新疆不同棉花品种烟粉虱实验种群

在实验室条件下［温度(26±1) ℃,相对湿度(75±1)%,光照L∶D=16∶8］研究了烟粉虱在新疆棉田主栽品种新陆早8号、新陆早16号、新陆早17号、中棉35号、抗5和岱80棉花品种上的存活率、产卵量和寿命等,组建了实验种群生命表,估测了种群净增殖率(R₀)、内禀增长力(r_m)、平均世代周期(T)和周限增长率(λ)等生殖力参数.结果表明：烟粉虱在不同棉花品种上的形态大小、发育历期、存活率及产卵量均存在显著差异.比较烟粉虱种群在6种棉花品种上的世代存活率和繁殖力,其在新陆早16号上发育速度最快、产卵量最高,而在抗5上各种生命参数相对较低.新陆早16号是烟粉虱种群生长发育最适宜的棉花品种,其次为中棉35号,抗5是烟粉虱种群最不适宜的品种.     

蓝光对蔬菜烟粉虱的控制作用

利用灯光控制害虫是蔬菜害虫绿色防控的重要手段。本研究探讨了蓝光对黄瓜烟粉虱种群及黄瓜营养物质、次生代谢物、抗性相关酶的影响。结果表明: 在直接驱避试验条件下,蓝光对烟粉虱成虫有较强的驱避作用,光照强度越大、照射时间越长,对烟粉虱的驱避作用越强。在相同光强和光照时间下,直射光较透射光的驱避作用强。其中,1200 lx的蓝光直射烟粉虱5 min后,烟粉虱的虫口减退率为77.7%,比透射光高17.4%;1750 lx的蓝光直射2 min后,虫口减退率41.2%,比透射光高10.6%。盆栽条件下,蓝光照射对黄瓜叶片上的烟粉虱也有较好的驱避作用,100 lx蓝光照射5 h后,烟粉虱种群的校正虫口减退率达到88.5%。蓝光对烟粉虱的生长发育有一定的影响,随着蓝光照射时间的延长,烟粉虱发育历期延长。此外,蓝光照射显著提高了黄瓜叶片中可溶性糖、游离蛋白、总酚和类黄酮含量,降低了脯氨酸含量,与烟粉虱抗性相关的挥发物反式-β-法尼烯、反式-2-己烯醛、顺式-4-庚烯醛、反式β-罗勒烯、D-香芹酮、长叶烯和3-蒈烯含量,以及过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性均显著提高。说明蓝光照射能直接驱离烟粉虱,并通过改变烟粉虱寄主蔬菜的代谢途径来提高寄主蔬菜对烟粉虱的抗性。其中100 lx的蓝光照射对田间烟粉虱有较好的控制作用。     

利福平与高温对Cardinium的灭活效果及其对烟粉虱寄主发育与繁殖的影响

共生菌Cardinium是烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci体内的一种内共生细菌,对烟粉虱的生物学特性有着重要的影响。本文利用PCR技术,首先对两种入侵的B、Q生物型以及一种本土的Cv生物型烟粉虱种群体内Cardinium的感染率进行了检测,研究了不同浓度的利福平抗生素与高温处理对Q型烟粉虱体内的Cardinium的灭活情况;进一步比较了Cardinium阳性与阴性Q型烟粉虱种群在发育、存活与繁殖等方面的差异。研究结果表明,生物型不同,其体内Cardinium的感染率也存在显著差异;B、Q和Cv型烟粉虱Cardinium的感染率分别为26.7%、91.6%与82.9%。三种浓度的利福平蔗糖溶液(0.5、1.0与2.0 mg/m L)对Q型烟粉虱体内Cardinium的灭活效果不同,考虑到灭活效果及对烟粉虱生命力的影响,以1.0 mg/m L的浓度连续饲喂7 d以上的灭活效果最佳;高温36-40℃连续处理3-9 d均不能去除Q型烟粉虱体内的Cardinium。与Cardinium阳性的烟粉虱种群相比,阴性的Q型烟粉虱种群发育延迟,世代存活率降低,后代雄性比例增加,单雌产卵量减少。研究结果对于全面了解Cardinium共生菌与烟粉虱之间的互作关系具有重要的价值。     

温度和降水对蔬菜烟粉虱的影响

为了探讨温度胁迫和降水对蔬菜烟粉虱种群的影响,分别利用冬季零度以下的低温、夏季高温闷棚,以及降水量和降水程度与烟粉虱种群数量的关系,研究温度和降水对蔬菜烟粉虱的种群影响。结果发现,冬季低温强度和低温时间对翌年烟粉虱的种群数量有明显的影响,温度越低、低温时间越长,翌年春夏烟粉虱的种群数量越低。翌年春夏烟粉虱的种群数量和低温当量的相关关系符合下列方程:y=-63.16ln(x)+177.2(R~2=0.9102)。夏季高温闷棚后棚内温度迅速上升,闷棚1 d后,棚内地面以上10 cm的空气最高温度迅速上升到63.97℃,此后5 d闷棚期间最高温度一直保持在64℃以上;闷棚1 d后,辣椒上烟粉虱的虫口减退率达到60.41%,处理5 d后成虫全部死亡。闷棚后棚内土温迅速上升,闷棚1 d后,地下20 cm处的温度达到了39.53℃,随着闷棚时间的延长,土温一直保持在40℃以上。降雨量和降雨时间对烟粉虱种群数量有明显的影响,降雨量3.33 mm/12 h的烟粉虱的虫口减退率达到84.72%,11.67 mm/12 h的烟粉虱的虫口减退率达到96.32%。3.33 mm/12 h的降雨强度处理下,处理1.5 h、2.0 h后烟粉虱的虫口减退率分别为92.93%和95.42%。结果表明,冬季低温、夏季高温和降水对蔬菜烟粉虱种群数量有抑制作用。     

放蜂密度对桨角蚜小蜂Eretmocerus sp.控制烟粉虱效果的影响

研究了不同放蜂密度对桨角蚜小蜂Eretmocerussp .控制烟粉虱种群效果的影响。结果表明 ,按 1头、2头、3头、5头雌蜂 /株的密度释放桨角蚜小蜂 ,3周后烟粉虱种群的增长趋势指数分别为 2 4 .13、18.5 1、12 .4 1和 8.0 6 ,随着放蜂密度的增加 ,烟粉虱种群增长趋势指数逐渐减小 ,蚜小蜂寄生对烟粉虱种群增长的干扰作用控制指数分别为 0 .80 5 1、0 .6 176、0 .4 14 1和 0 .2 6 89。研究表明在生产中以 3头或 5头雌蜂 /株的密度释放桨角蚜小蜂Eretmocerussp .,对烟粉虱种群的控制效果较好     

4种寄主植物对烟粉虱发育、存活及繁殖的影响

在实验室条件下[温度(26±1)℃,相对湿度(75±5)%,光照L∶D=14∶10],对烟粉虱[Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)]在烟草、假连翘、一品红、扶桑等4种寄主植物上的发育、存活、繁殖力及若虫个体形态进行了研究。结果表明:烟粉虱在上述4种寄主植物上从卵至成虫的发育历期分别为:17.63、25.70、23.15、20.32 d,存活率为:62.63%、58.48%、43.69%、52.45%。烟粉虱在烟草、假连翘、一品红、扶桑上的单雌产卵量分别为337.80、307.40、157.00、57.20粒,种群增长指数(I)分别为117.95、107.86、37.86、16.24。     

替代猎物红蜘蛛Tetranychus nr. fijiensis对小黑瓢虫实验种群的影响

本文在实验室条件下,以自然猎物烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci为对照,研究了替代猎物红蜘蛛Tetrany-chus nr．fijiensis对小黑瓢虫的发育、存活、繁殖及实验种群增长的综合影响,结果表明：小黑瓢虫以红蜘蛛为猎物时,成虫可产卵并可完成整个世代。与自然猎物烟粉虱相比,小黑瓢虫取食替代猎物红蜘蛛时,各虫态及世代历期延长,世代死亡率提高,产卵前期延长,总产卵量及平均每雌日产卵量减少,而两者之间的性比、产卵率、产卵期及雌虫寿命无显著差异。2种猎物条件下的种群增长指数和内禀增长率分别为8．85、0．0658(红蜘蛛)和55．38、0．1905(烟粉虱)。     

温度对烟粉虱发育和繁殖的影响

研究了7个不同温度梯度对烟粉虱(Beimisia tabaci )B生物型发育、存活和繁殖的影响。在17℃时,烟粉虱从卵到成虫羽化需要48．7天,而在29℃则仅需要13．9天。烟粉虱发育的最佳温度是26℃,低温(＜20℃)和过高的温度(＞32℃)对烟粉虱发育有抑制作用。经线性回归分析,烟粉虱的发育起点温度约为13℃,有效积温为263．8℃。烟粉虱在20℃时,其成虫寿命和产卵量都是32℃时2倍多,单雌最高产卵量达到208粒。烟粉虱的存活率以26℃时最高,低温和高温对烟粉虱的存活率有负面影响。烟粉虱的内禀增殖率在26℃和29℃时较高,分别为0．1456和0．1470。所有数据显示26℃是烟粉虱种群发育和繁殖的最佳温度。     

外源茉莉酸甲酯对辣椒烟粉虱的影响

化学农药仍是目前蔬菜烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci防控的重要措施,研发有效的非化学措施防控烟粉虱是蔬菜绿色生产亟待解决的问题。本文以苏椒15号（感性品种）和新苏椒五号（抗性品种）辣椒Capsicum annuum L.为对象,通过在辣椒上喷施茉莉酸甲酯,研究外源茉莉酸甲酯对烟粉虱发育历期、存活率、消化酶活性和田间烟粉虱种群动态的影响。研究发现,取食茉莉酸甲酯处理的辣椒后烟粉虱的发育历期显著延长、存活率明显下降。其中取食感性品种辣椒和抗性品种辣椒的烟粉虱发育历期分别延长7.66 d和9.66 d,存活率分别下降10.5%和9.89%;取食感性品种辣椒的烟粉虱主要是延长卵期、4龄若虫期和伪蛹期,而取食抗性品种辣椒的烟粉虱各历期均延长。外源茉莉酸甲酯对烟粉虱体内消化酶的活性也有明显的影响,取食茉莉酸甲酯处理的辣椒后烟粉虱的消化酶活性显著下降,取食感性品种辣椒和抗性品种辣椒24 h后,胰蛋白酶活力分别较对照下降了61.86%和45.0%,糜蛋白酶活性分别较对照下降了47.29%和40.11%。大田辣椒上喷施茉莉酸甲酯后,烟粉虱的种群数量迅速下降,但在抗性品种和感性品种上烟粉虱的校正虫口减退率没有明显的差异。研究发现,外源茉莉酸甲酯处理,可以延缓烟粉虱的发育速率,降低胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶的活性,对田间烟粉虱种群也有较好的控制作用。     

黄板对菜地烟粉虱的诱集作用研究

应用黄板诱集花菜和菜豆田中烟粉虱成虫。结果表明：花菜田中东西向放置的黄板诱集效果优于南北向,搭架的菜豆田中顺行向优于垂直行向;黄板放置高度花菜田以黄板下端略高于菜叶顶部为宜,搭架的菜豆田以架中部为宜;诱集时间以11时至15时为佳。     

Comparative study on biological parameters of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) collected on four host plants from Varamin-Iran

During 2003 biological parameters of sweetpotato whitefly, B. tabaci (Genn.) (Horn. Aleyrodidae) as a major pest of field crops, vegetables and ornamentals were studied. In this study, the infested leaves of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) with whitefly nymphs and pupae were collected from Varamin-Iran, and were transferred to the laboratory. The newly emerged males and females of each population were released separately into a large cage set on cotton plants. Experiments were carried out in a growth chamber on cotton, (Varamin 76 variety) at 24+/-2 degrees C, 55+/-3% RH and 16:8 h (L: D) photoperiod. The adults of every collected population after emergency were reared in the large cages (40 x 50 x 70) containing pots of cotton plant. The preimaginal developmental time and reproductive parameters of 40 mated females were calculated for each population. The results revealed that the intrinsic rates of increase (r(m)), on cucumber, zucchini, eggplant and cotton were 0.093, 0.068, 0.085 and 0.078 respectively, gross fertility rate, were 67.92, 59.08, 76.13 and 63.14 respectively and mean generation time (T(c)) were 27.4, 27.74, 27.73 and 27.52 days respectively. Other demographic parameters such as intrinsic birth rate (b), intrinsic death rate (d), finite rate of increase (lambda), doubling time (DT), net fecundity rate, net fertility rate , gross fecundity rate, mean age gross fecundity and fertility, mean age net fecundity and fertility, mean age hatch, number of eggs/female/day and daily reproductive rate were also calculated. The results revealed that there were not significant differences between parameters of demography in different populations and the host plant has no significant influence on biological parameters.     

Population dynamics of Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on spring collard and relationship to yield in the lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas

Seasonal population dynamics of the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring [formerly known as the sweetpotato whitefly, B. tabaci (Gennadius) Biotype "B"], was investigated on collard (Brassica oleracea L. variety acephala) during spring 1998 and 1999 in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. Yield loss caused by whitefly was determined by using insecticides to suppress whitefly populations to a low level. Although B. argentifolii populations of adults and immatures fluctuated greatly from April to June during the two seasons, the relative values were similar. Adult whiteflies first appeared on the plants in early April, increased rapidly within the month, peaked in May, and declined at the end of the season in early or mid-June. Whitefly eggs appeared on plants soon after adults were found, but high numbers of eggs were observed on foliage until late May 1998 and mid- and late May 1999. Nymphs and pupae increased slowly before June 1998 and increased early in May 1999. Whitefly population levels appeared to be positively associated with the availability and the growth of host plants until plant maturation, afterward being negatively related with plant quality in the late season. Temperature, rainfall, and natural enemies were not key factors in regulating population dynamics during the two seasons. Collard plants with heavy infestations of whiteflies were unmarketable because of the damage caused by honeydew and sooty mold on the foliage. Application of a combination of fenpropathrin (Danitol) and acephate (Orthene) not only significantly reduced the whitefly infestation levels but also reduced plant foliar damage, resulting in marketable foliage with six to seven times greater yield and higher quality compared with the untreated plants.     

Toxicity of sucrose octanoate to egg, nymphal, and adult Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) using a novel plant-based bioassay

The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), B biotype, presents a unique problem for vegetable growers by serving as a vector of plant viruses and by inducing physiological disorders of leaves and fruit. An action threshold of a single whitefly is necessary because of the threat of disease in many areas and growers rely heavily on a single class of insecticides (neonicotinoids) for whitefly control. Additional control methods are needed to manage this pest in commercial vegetables. Extracts of wild tobacco contain natural sugar esters that have previously been shown effective in controlling many soft-bodied insects. We developed a novel tomato leaf bioassay system to assess a synthetic sugar ester derivative, sucrose octanoate, for insecticidal activity against the eggs, nymphs, and adults of B. tabaci. The LC50 values for sucrose octanoate against adults, second instars, and fourth instars of the whitefly were 880, 686, and 1,571 ppm, respectively. The LC50 against whitefly eggs was higher (11,446 ppm) but indicated that some egg mortality occurred at the recommended application rate of 0.8-1.2% (3,200-4,800 ppm [Al]). Toxicity of sugar esters to whitefly eggs has not been reported previously. The tomato leaf bioassay produced reliable and repeatable results for whitefly toxicity studies and predicted that effective nymph and adult whitefly control can be achieved with sucrose octanoate at application rates < or = 1% (4,000 ppm [AI]). Field efficacy studies are warranted to determine whether this biorational pesticide has application in commercial tomato production.     

烟粉虱在温室内甘薯寄主上生物学特性的研究

对烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)在温室内甘薯寄主上主要生物学特性的研究表明：烟粉氮成虫喜光、喜湿,晴朗高温时活动性强,但扩散飞行能力弱;多在白天交尾,多在中午产卵,具有强的惫鬃性．若虫一生脱皮3次,若虫(除一龄初期)固定生活。卵的孵化及成虫的羽化也多发生在中午。雌雄性比为1．628：1,成虫平均寿命14．25天,雌成虫平均寿命比雄成虫长6．9天,每雌平均产卵158．5粒。以两性生殖为主,也可孤雌生殖,两性生殖的产卵量及卵孵化率均高于孤雌生殖。     

Inundative field releases and evaluation of three predators for Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) management in three vegetable crops

Abstract The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is a global pest on numerous crops, including vegetables. Weekly inundative releases of a coccinellid predator (Coccinella undecimpunctata L. [Coleoptera: Coccinellidae]), a common green lacewing predator (Chrysoperla carnea Stephen [Neuroptera: Chrysopidae]), and a mirid predator (Macrolophus caliginosus[Wagner][Hemiptera: Miridae]) were independently made in three vegetable crops (cabbage [Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.], cucumber [Cucumis sativus L.], and squash [Cucurbita pepo L.]) for the management of the sweetpotato whitefly. Approximately 1 million to 2.5 million larvae or nymphs of each predator were released in the vegetable crops during 20 weeks. Whitefly populations were reduced by ≈ 25%–45% during most of the season in each crop where each predator was released. The effect of each predator was similar on whitefly population reduction. Late in the season (October) when whitefly populations were low, generally no benefit was obtained from releasing the predators. Numbers of predators recovered during sampling in all crops were greatest for C. carnea, but this corresponded with the fact that more individuals of this predator were released than any other predator in the experiment. These results help define the utility of these natural enemies for managing B. tabaci in vegetable crops.     

Interactions of light intensity, insecticide concentration, and time on the efficacy of systemic insecticides in suppressing populations of the sweetpotato whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and the citrus mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

The impact of light intensity on the uptake and persistence of the systemic neonicotinoid insecticides, imidacloprid and dinotefuran, were evaluated in poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.) and yellow sage (Lantana camara L.). Insecticide residues were measured in leaves sampled from the treated plants at four time intervals after treatment to determine the relationship between insecticide concentration and efficacy against two insect pests: sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, and the citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri Risso. The insecticides were evaluated at their respective label rate and at the comparable label rate of the other insecticide under two different light environments: ambient and shade. The uptake of dinotefuran into yellow sage was more rapid at both treatment rates than both rates of imidacloprid, resulting in higher percent mortality of whitefly nymphs (89.8-100) compared with imidacloprid (14.1-89.2) across all 4 wk. Additionally, plants that received both rates of dinotefuran had fewer whitefly pupae (< 1.0) at week 4 compared with imidacloprid-treated plants (23.7-25.3). The uptake of dinotefuran into poinsettia plants was also more rapid and resulted in quicker and higher percent mortality of whitefly nymphs (89.5-99.6) compared with imidacloprid (14.1-89.2) across all 4 wk. However, despite efficient uptake, the efficacy of both systemic insecticides was less for citrus mealybug where percent mortality values were <50% among all the treatments across the 4 wk. The use of the two systemic insecticides evaluated in regards to pest management in horticultural cropping systems is discussed.     

Determining the frequency of heteropteran predation on sweetpotato whitefly and pink bollworm using multiple ELISAs

The gut contents of field-collected, predaceous Heteroptera were assayed for the presence of eggs of the sweetpotato whitefly,Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) and the pink bollworm,Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) using multiple enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Of seven species examined,Geocoris species andOrius tristicolor (Say) were the most frequent predators of sweetpotato whitefly with 32–39% of the individuals tested over the whole season scoring positive for whitefly antigens. With the exception ofLygus hesperus Knight, a major insect pest as well as a predator, the frequency of predation on pink bollworm eggs was much lower (0.7–14.3% positive over the season). Relatively few predators tested positive for both antigens (0.3–12.5%).     

Fitness of Encarsia sophia (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) parasitizing Trialeurodes vaporariorum and Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

Abstract Fitness and efficacy of Encarsia sophia (Girault & Dodd) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) as a biological control agent was compared on two species of whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) hosts, the relatively smaller sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype ‘B’, and the larger greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood). Significant differences were observed on green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in the laboratory at 27 ± 2°C, 55%± 5% RH, and a photoperiod of 14: 10 h (L: D). Adult parasitoids emerging from T. vaporariorum were larger than those emerging from B. tabaci, and almost all biological parameters of E. sophia parasitizing the larger host species were superior except for the developmental times of the parasitoids that were similar when parasitizing the two host species. Furthermore, parasitoids emerging from T. vaporariorum parasitized more of these hosts than did parasitoids emerging from B. tabaci. We conclude that E. sophia reared from larger hosts had better fitness than from smaller hosts. Those from either host also preferred the larger host for oviposition but were just as effective on smaller hosts. Therefore, larger hosts tended to produce better parasitoids than smaller hosts.