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1.
角倍蚜Schlechtendalia chinensis Bell可刺激盐肤木(Rhus chinensis Mill)叶片组织形成虫瘿。本研究通过对虫瘿形成过程中可溶性蛋白、保护酶、丙二醛和脯氨酸等生理指标的测定,分析虫瘿形成对盐肤木的影响。结果表明:在虫瘿发育的不同时期,除可溶性蛋白在有虫瘿叶片与无虫瘿叶片存在一定差异外,其他各项生理指标的差异均不显著,表明虫瘿形成未对植株造成严重氧化性损伤及脂质膜的破坏,但对盐肤木物质代谢存在一定程度的扰动。推测盐肤木通过形成虫瘿抵御蚜虫的攻击,而角倍蚜则从虫瘿中获得稳定的营养来源,二者在长期进化过程中可能已经形成了互利关系。  相似文献   

2.
角倍蚜冬寄主侧枝匐灯藓的生长特性研究   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2  
角倍蚜[Schlechtendaliachinensis(Bel)]是致瘿形成五倍子的主要蚜虫之一,由它寄生在盐肤木(RhuschinensisMil.)复叶的叶翅上形成的虫瘿角倍,其产量占我国五倍子总产量的75%以上。角倍蚜完成一个生活周期,必须经...  相似文献   

3.
邵淑霞  杨子祥  何钊  陈航  陆沁  许鑫  魏洪媛  陈晓鸣 《昆虫学报》2022,65(10):1306-1313
【目的】角倍是角倍蚜Schlechtendalia chinensis在第一寄主植物盐肤木Rhus chinensis叶片上取食而形成的一种封闭型虫瘿,瘿内蚜虫排泄物(蜜露)的清洁对于维持角倍蚜种群的生存至关重要。本研究旨在探究角倍蚜瘿内世代的蜜露排泄及糖分组成情况。【方法】采用倒置荧光显微镜连续观察角倍蚜瘿内干雌的蜜露排泄情况;用含有不同浓度蔗糖或淀粉的培养基饲喂瘿内干雌,统计泌露率,分析蔗糖和淀粉对角倍蚜瘿内干雌蜜露排泄的影响;利用液相色谱检测和分析蜜露的糖分组成和含量。【结果】角倍蚜瘿内,很少能观察到无翅干雌排泄蜜露,35.40%±2.41%的有翅干雌可被观察到排泄蜜露。但在琼脂糖培养基上,无翅干雌和有翅干雌均可排泄蜜露,泌露率分别为23.89%±5.58%和173.96%±28.61%;在含有不同蔗糖浓度的琼脂糖培养基上,无翅干雌和有翅干雌泌露率均随蔗糖浓度的升高而降低。在含有不同淀粉浓度的琼脂糖培养基上,无翅干雌泌露率随淀粉浓度的升高而降低;当淀粉浓度由0增加至2%时,有翅干雌泌露率由173.96%±28.61%增加至236.81%±55.67%,随后泌露率随淀粉浓度的升高而降低,当淀粉浓度达到10%时,有翅干雌泌露率降为55.92%±7.22%。角倍蚜瘿内干雌排泄的蜜露共检测出7种糖分,其中:果糖和葡萄糖的含量较高,分别为51.07%和31.68%;蔗糖的含量较低,仅为1.59%;另有4种未知组分占15.66%。【结论】角倍蚜瘿内干雌蜜露的主要成分为果糖和葡萄糖;食物中蔗糖和淀粉的含量对其蜜露的排泄有明显影响。  相似文献   

4.
秦永杰   《广西植物》1985,(2):141-145
<正> 五倍子,即由半翅目蚜科(Aphididae)的角倍蚜寄生在盐肤木(Rhus chinensis Mill.)上,危害叶组织所造成的一种病理产物——虫瘿的总称。五倍子主要成分为单宁酸,是医药,化工、印染和国防上的重要原料。目前,我国的五倍子按外形可分为十余种,其中以角倍蚜分布最广,产量最高。角倍蚜亦称五倍蚜(Schlechtendalia chinensis Bell),一年有六个世代,终年生活,无休眠阶段。成虫有有翅型及无翅型两种,当盐肤木快落叶之  相似文献   

5.
盐肤木林内间作对角倍蚜虫瘿数量的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
对不同间作方式下盐肤木林的角倍蚜虫瘿数量进行研究,结果表明:(1)盐肤木纯林的单株虫瘿数、单叶虫瘿数和有虫瘿梢头率分别为14.1个、2.3个和78.4%,而盐肤木襄荷混作林的单株虫瘿数、单叶虫瘿数和有虫瘿梢头率分别为25.8个、3.2个和91.2%,分别为前者的1.8倍、1.4倍,有虫瘿梢头率增加了12.8%。(2)与盐肤木纯林相比,盐肤木襄荷混作林内的温度略低,全天平均低1.6℃,而相对湿度略高,全天平均高5.9%,高湿和较小温度变幅可能是虫瘿数量增加的主要原因。(3)当盐肤木与蔬菜混作时,单株梢头数和有虫瘿梢头数分别比纯林增加了1.4倍,增加的原因可能与蔬菜种植中的松土和施肥有关。综上所述,盐肤木与襄荷混作可以增加倍子产量,盐肤木与蔬菜混作可以增加有虫瘿梢头数量,两种混作模式均可在生产中推广应用。  相似文献   

6.
为探究榆树虫瘿叶片形成的分子机制,以不同时期榆瘿蚜取食诱导的榆树叶片为试材,利用iTRAQ技术分析榆树虫瘿叶片形成过程中蛋白表达丰度的差异。通过质谱鉴定,共得到2 689个蛋白,与KEEG数据库进行比对,发现2 145个蛋白被注释到126个不同的代谢通路中,和本研究相关的蛋白有12条,涉及代谢途径的蛋白数量最多,为813 (37.9%)个。未被榆瘿蚜取食的叶片与榆瘿蚜取食诱导叶片形成虫瘿的前期、中期、后期相比,差异蛋白分别有418个、390个、244个,筛选出虫瘿发育的共有差异蛋白29个,这些蛋白在榆瘿蚜取食形成虫瘿的初始形成期和成长分化期持续发挥作用的有过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶等氧化还原酶类;在前期持续发挥作用的有翻译控制肿瘤蛋白TCTP和肌动蛋白;在榆瘿蚜取食形成虫瘿的开裂期起到重要抗性作用的有溶质的抗坏血酸过氧化物酶、70 kD热激蛋白等。在榆树虫瘿叶片发展过程中,数个蛋白基因涉及了应激防御反应、氧化还原、免疫系统过程和光合作用等生理反应过程,建议进一步进行榆树虫瘿叶片形成的分子机制研究。  相似文献   

7.
角倍蚜对盐肤木叶片物质代谢的影响   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
王健  吴振廷 《昆虫知识》1995,32(6):363-366
角倍形成初期,倍子内游离氨基酸总量增加,以几种正常叶片中含量较少的必需氨基酸增长最为明显,而可溶性糖的含量减少,碳氮比下降,有利于角倍蚜的生长繁殖;角倍形成后期,虽然倍子内游离氨基酸总量仍在继续增加,但几种重要的必需氨基酸含量却明显下降,并且可溶性糖含量成倍增加、碳氮比低于叶片,不利于角倍蚜的生长繁殖。角倍中单宁的含量约占干重的56%,而角倍蚜体内单宁含量仅为其寄主的0.84%,角倍蚜的排泄物和蜕中单宁含量分别是虫体的37.5和4.8倍,因此这可能是角倍蚜克服寄主体内单宁伤害的重要途径。  相似文献   

8.
封面照片     
正照片示角倍蚜Schlechtendalia chinensis(半翅目:蚜科)秋迁蚜从其在盐肤木Rhus chinensis上形成的虫瘿裂口处爬出,准备迁飞。本期报道了角倍蚜各虫态蜡腺的数量、排列和发达程度的差异及其与生活微环境的关系(pp. 490-497)。照片由杨子祥于2020年9月19日摄于贵州省遵义市汇川区沙湾镇五倍子培育示范基地。  相似文献   

9.
五倍子产量的高低取决于雏倍的数量.为了探讨影响角倍雏倍形成的影响因子,在贵阳市、石阡县的青阳乡和本庄镇开展了角倍种虫的袋内培养、野外挂放及成瘿复叶叶序的研究.结果表明:挂放地海拔高度、不同来源的盐肤木以及适合致瘿的复叶数量是影响雏倍形成的主要因素.在角倍种虫的袋内培养环节,填充物会影响袋内干母数量,但使用玉米苞叶和皱纹纸作为内垫物,两者间差异不显著.海拔因子对野外挂放的成瘿数量有显著影响,高海拔地区(1200 m以上)的虫瘿数量显著高于低海拔地区;野生盐肤木林中的成瘿数量显著高于人工盐肤木林;成瘿复叶以7~11片叶上的雏倍最多,每片叶上的倍子数为1~5个.因此,可以通过改善虫袋内垫物,低海拔种虫在中高海拔挂放,不同倍林的选择及成瘿复叶调控等措施来提高雏倍的数量.  相似文献   

10.
夏蜡梅是浙江省特有的濒危单种属物种.本文研究了不同程度土壤水分胁迫和不同温度处理对2年生盆栽夏蜡梅光合作用的影响.结果表明:轻度和中度水分胁迫下夏蜡梅净光合速率分别下降至对照的92.3%和74.3%,净光合速率的降低主要由气孔限制引起;重度水分胁迫下,净光合速率仅为对照的44.4%,主要由非气孔限制引起.夏季夏蜡梅的光合适宜温度范围在20 ℃~28 ℃,39 ℃下其净光合速率、水分利用效率和最大光化学效率显著降低,暗呼吸速率和蒸腾速率显著升高.随着水分胁迫的加重及处理温度的升高,夏蜡梅光补偿点上升,光饱和点、表观量子效率和最大净光合速率下降.重度水分胁迫及高温是制约夏蜡梅生存的重要环境因子.  相似文献   

11.
12.
焦懿 《昆虫知识》1998,35(2):87-89
角倍由角倍蚜Schlechtendaliachinensis(Bell)寄生在盐肤木RhuschinensisMill和滨盐肤木R.chinensisvar.raxburghii(DC)Rehd.叶上致瘿而形成,约占五倍子总产量的80%。藓圃上越冬若蚜和盐肤木林中角倍的分布均属聚集分布。影响越冬若蚜和角倍聚集度的主要生态因子分别为藓长势、湿度、光照和树与藓的距离、风向、风速。于母和雏倍分布在盐肤木和滨肤木的第5~11片叶上,其中7~9片叶上干母数和雏倍数超过50%。干母数与雏倍数存在着显著的线性关系。盐肤木上:y1=3.3394+0.7662x1,r1=0.9994**滨盐肤木上:y2=3.6707+0.7431x2,r2=0.9894**  相似文献   

13.
14.
《Journal of Asia》2014,17(2):151-154
Previous studies of the impacts of galls on host leaf photosynthesis do not suggest any general trends, with a reported range of effects from negative to positive. In this study, photosynthetic characteristics such as chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm), photosynthetic capacity, and stomata conductance were determined in two types of fruit-like galls (red ovoid and green obovate galls) induced by Daphnephila taiwanensis and Daphnephila sueyenae, respectively, in order to investigate whether the number of galls affects the photosynthesis of galled leaves of Machilus thunbergii. In 2008, chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic capacity were negatively correlated with gall numbers, non-significantly and significantly, respectively, whereas stomata conductance was positively but non-significantly correlated with gall numbers. In 2009, photosynthesis capacity and stomata conductance were negatively, but non-significantly, correlated with gall numbers. Results imply that photosynthesis in M. thunbergii leaves is slightly affected by the number of cecidomyiid insect galls, and that the higher the gall number, the greater the negative effect that galls have on host leaf photosynthesis and subsequent infection.  相似文献   

15.
Many researchers have studied the potential medicinal properties of galls from Rhus chinensis because of the importance of these galls in East Asian traditional medicine. Gall formation induced by a parasitic aphid species (Schlechtendalia chinensis) occurs via a well-documented developmental progression, and traditional medicinal efficacy is thought to be maximal during a specific portion of this cycle. To investigate seasonal changes of metabolites in the galls of R. chinensis, we collected samples from the galls and leaves of R. chinensis at sites in Mt. Jiri and Mt. Cheonma in Korea between May and December, 2011. Samples were extracted and analyzed gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography quadrupole time-offlight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) to monitor metabolic changes. Multivariate analyses such as principle components analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were used to find patterns in metabolite profile changes and the responsible substances for seasonal fluctuations. LC-QTOF-MS analyses showed differences of metabolites in same organisms depending on seasons, locations, and biological interactions. Additional GC-MS analyses identified approximately 28 metabolites including sugars, amino acids, and organic acids. Shikimic acid and gallic acid appear to be the major compounds contributing to the seasonal variability in metabolic profiles of R. chinensis leaves and galls. In addition, we found that shikimic acid and gallic acid content in R. chinensis galls were the highest during wintertime.  相似文献   

16.
One of the galling herbivores associated to the superhost Schinus polygamus (Cav.) Cabrera (Anacardiaceae) is Calophya duvauae Scott (Hemiptera: Calophyidae). The galls are located on the adaxial surface of leaves and vary from red to green. The levels of their pigments were herein investigated in relation to age. Samples were collected between June 2008 and March 2009, in a population of S. polygamus at Canguçu municipality, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Galls were separated by color, measured, dissected, and the instar of the inducer was determined. The levels of photosynthetic (chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophylls, and carotenoids) and protective pigments (anthocyanins) were also evaluated. Red galls were more numerous than the green ones, and the induction should occur preferentially on young leaves, but may also occur on mature leaves. Immature stages of C. duvauae were observed in all samples throughout the year, characterizing its life cycle as multivoltine. There was a significant correlation between the instar of the inducer and the size of the gall (r = 0.675, p < 0.001), with larger galls corresponding to more advanced instars. The ratio between red and green galls varied over the samples, with the highest (96%) and lowest (38%) frequency of red galls observed in September, and December 2008, respectively. The average amounts of chlorophyll b and total chlorophylls were 70% lower in the gall tissues when compared to non-galled portions of galled leaves. There is a notable reduction in the contents of all pigments in the galls when compared to non-galled leaves, especially for total anthocyanins in green galls. The red galls presumably had the constant stimuli of healthy gall inducers, whereas in green galls they died prematurely, due to the interference of parasitoids and inquilines. The alterations in gall structure and color were related to the gradual decreasing in galling stimuli.  相似文献   

17.
The fluid-feeding aphid Schlechtendalia chinensis (Bell) induces horned galls on its primary host, the Chinese Sumac (Rhus chinensis Mill). Horned galls are harvested for their high content of tannins, and used in a range of medical and chemical applications. Gall development is a complex and highly controlled physiological process, where the growing insect population manipulates the plant developmental programs that allow the transformation of plant tissue into a gall. In this study, we examine whether Schlechtendalia alters the balance of plant hormones in the host tree as a means to achieve gall formation. For this, we measured concentrations for a series of endogenous hormones, including indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), cytokinin (CTK), gibberellic acid (GA), abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), and ethylene (ETH). Specifically, we conducted a time course (namely, 30, 85, 100, 115, 125, 140, 155, and 170 days from gall initiation) analysis, where we measured both gall and leaf samples representing different developmental stages that spanned an entire growing season. To correlate these hormone data with developmental parameters during gall growth, we determined gall volume, tannin content, and aphid population size for the same time points. Interestingly, tannin production rose steeply in the early stages of gall development, while the aphid population size grew little. After this single peak (day 100), tannin concentrations declined moderately and aphid population size increased from then on. This switch in population growth was accompanied by notable changes in plant hormone titers. In general, all hormones but GA were elevated in all sample types isolated from the host tree (gall, leaves near and distant from gall) when compared with samples from an uninfected tree. Most of the elevated hormones showed similar changes over time; however, GA appeared to display the opposite behavior in all samples, suggesting that GA is a key target for controlling gall growth. When tannin concentrations spiked, GA levels peaked as well, while the remaining plant hormones exhibited a decline at that time. Principle component analysis revealed distinct functional groups in our hormone cohort. This yielded three groups comprising (1) CTK, ABA, ETH, and JA, (2) IAA and SA, (3) GA. The fact that GA comprised its own group and exhibited a unique profile during gall development prompted us to examine whether exogenous GA would alter the rate of gall growth. Indeed, we found that ectopic GA significantly accelerated gall growth, and more strongly than all other hormones, consistent with the notion that controlling GA levels within the gall is crucial for stimulating gall development. We propose a model, whereby the host plant downregulates GA concentrations in an attempt to throttle gall growth, while the gall-inducing aphid population counters these attempts.  相似文献   

18.
Gall-site selection by the aphid Kaltenbachiella japonica was evaluated in relation to leaf position in a shoot, and gall positions within a leaf. First-instar fundatrices induce closed galls on the midribs of host leaves, and several galls were often induced on one leaf. Leaves with many galls were often withered before emergence of sexuparae from the galls. Within a leaf, gall volume was positively correlated with the sum of lateral-vein length in the leaf segment at which the gall was induced. The observed pattern in gall volume among the leaf segments corresponded with that in the lateral-vein length. These results show that a foundatrix selects the most vigorous position within a leaf to produce more offspring. Although distal leaves grew faster than did basal leaves, gall density was highest on leaves at the middle order when a shoot has more than seven leaves. Optimal gall-site selection seems to be constrained by the asynchrony in timing between the hatching of fundatrices and leaf growth within a shoot. These results suggest that the observed gall distribution is affected by both the distribution of suitable galling sites within a leaf and the synchrony with leaf phenology of the host plant.  相似文献   

19.
Four types of prosoplasmatic galls induced by Daphnephila midges are found on leaves of Machilus zuihoensis, a species endemic to Taiwan: urn- and small urn-shaped, obovate, and hairy oblong galls. In addition to containing nutritive tissues, these galls are lined with fungal hyphae. The objective of this study was to describe and compare the structural organization of the various gall morphologies and to examine the ultrastructure of the nutritive and fungal cells lining the gall chambers. The morphology and ultrastructure of mature-stage galls were examined by light, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy. Diverse epidermal cell shapes and wax textures were observed in the leaves and galls of M. zuihoensis. In small urn-shaped, obovate, and hairy oblong galls vascular bundles extend from the gall base to near the centre of the gall top. In contrast, vascular bundles in urn-shaped galls are distributed in the gall wall and extend to close to the outer gall top. Trichomes were present only abaxially on leaves and on hairy oblong gall surfaces. Starch granules, tannins, and mucilage were distributed differently among the four gall types. Further, fungal mycelia spread in the interior gall wall and partially passed through the intercellular spaces of nutritive cells and reached the sclerenchyma. Histological analyses revealed that the surface structure of galls differs from that of the leaf and that the epidermal organization differs among the four gall types. Different types of leaf galls on the same plant have different patterns of tissue stratification and contain different ergastic substances. The results of this study will contribute to the understanding of tritrophic relationships and the complex interactions among parasitic gall-inducing insects, mutualistic fungi, and host plants.  相似文献   

20.
The nutrition hypothesis for the adaptive significance of insect gall formation postulates that galls accumulate higher concentrations of nutritive compounds than uninfested plant tissue, resulting in a high performance of the gall former. This hypothesis has been supported by some taxa of gall insects, but not by taxa such as cynipid wasps. Aphid galls are expected to require higher levels of nitrogen than other insects’ galls with a single inhabitant, because aphid galls are required to sustain a number of aphids reproducing parthenogenetically over two generations. The present study tested this hypothesis by evaluating aphid performance and amino acid concentration in phloem sap, using the aphid Rhopalosiphum insertum (Walker) (Homoptera: Aphididae), which establishes colonies on leaves of Sorbus commixta Hedlund or in galls of the aphid Sorbaphis chaetosiphon Shaposhnikov (Homoptera: Aphididae). We prepared the gall and non‐gall treatments on trees of S. commixta, in which R. insertum fundatrices were reared and allowed to reproduce. In S. chaetosiphon galls, R. insertum colonies propagated more rapidly, and the second generation grew larger and more fecund than on ungalled leaves. The amount of amino acids exuding from cut galled leaves was fivefold that in ungalled leaves; however, there was no significant difference in the amino acid composition between galled and ungalled leaves. In the intact leaves, total amino acid concentration in the phloem sap declined rapidly from late April to late May; however, the galls retained this high amino acid concentration in developing leaves for 1 month. These results indicate that the improved performance in R. insertum is ascribed to the increased concentration of amino acids in galled leaves. We suggest that S. chaetosiphon galls function to promote the breakdown of leaf protein, leading to an increased performance of gall‐inhabiting aphids.  相似文献   

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