青海高原6—7岁小儿红细胞形态定量分析

应用计算机辅助形态测量系统,对我国青海高原贵南县（海拔３１００ｍ）、玛多县（海拔４３００ｍ）６－７岁小儿红细胞形态进行了定量分析。与北京市儿童（平原地区）相比,高原正常儿童细胞平均周长、面积、直径较平原对照组大,而红细胞平均厚度减小（Ｐ＜０．０１）。且红细胞平均、面积、直径与海拔高度呈正相关。红细胞平均厚度与海拔高度呈负相关（Ｐ＜０．０００１）。在高原低氧状态下,红细胞形态的这种改变使红细胞比表面     

低氧诱导兔血MDA和棘状红细胞增加及其被MPEG—SOD抑制

兔模拟海拔高度５ ０００ｍ低氧（低压舱,ＰａＯ２＝６．９ｋＰａ）,按０．２５,０．５,１,２,３,４,５和２４ｈ顺序,红细胞超氧化物歧化酶（ｓｕｐｅｒｏｘｉｄｅ ｄｉｓｍｕｔａｓｅ,ＥＣ１．１５．１;．１,ＳＯＤ）活性百分数分别下降至８６％,７６％,８１％,８４％,５５％,８１％,８４％和９５％,在０．５和３ｈ酶活性下降显著（与低氧前比,ｎ＝５,ｐ〈０．０５和ｐ〈０．０１）。在低氧前由腹腔注入维生     

高原鼠兔和灰尾兔红细胞的形态计量研究

本文应用扫描电镜形态计量研究方法,对栖息于果洛草原的高原鼠兔、灰尾兔的红细胞形态、大小进行了研究,结果表明,这两种世居高原的土著兔形目动物的红细胞平均直径和内凹区平均直径与平原家兔相近,但明显小于移居高原家兔组。高原鼠兔红细胞的平均直径为4.72+0.42 um,红细胞的内凹区平均直径为2.2O+O.27um,平均体积为20.31士1.68um³ 灰尾兔红细胞的平均直径为4．91士0.4 7um,红细胞内凹区的平均直径为2.35士0.21um,平均体积为21.48+1.40 um³．由此认为高原土著动物对高原低氧环境的适应机制之一,可能是通过维持较高水平的红细胞数目,减小红细胞体积,从而增加红细胞膜对氧扩散的总表面积降低血浆粘滞度,加速血液氧的运输来实现。     

高原低氧环境下红细胞增多和血液粘度间关系的研究

目的：观察高原低氧环境下人体红细胞增多和血液粘度间的关系。方法：对进入高原不同时间人群进行血液流变学（红细胞压积、血液粘度、红细胞变形性和聚集性以及供氧指数等）检测和分析。结果：（1）红细胞压积和红细胞变形性随进住高原时间的延长而显著升高;（2）血液粘度在进住高原的早期明显升高,后期恢复正常;（3）红细胞的聚焦性在进住高原的早期显著升高,后期则下降;（4）组织供氧指数在进住高原的早期明显降低。而后期恢复正常,结论：在高原低氧环境下,人体血液粘度不随红细胞压积增高按比例升高。红细胞变形性增强和红细胞聚集性下降,可能抑制了红细胞压积增高所引起的血液粘度的过度升高,从而有助于维持组织的正常供氧。     

高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔红细胞低氧适应特征

为探讨高原鼢鼠对低氧高二氧化碳洞道生境及高原鼠兔对高海拔低氧生境的适应机制,用Sysmex SF-3000血细胞分析仪及聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对两种高原动物的血常规及血红蛋白类型进行分析,后者采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法。结果表明,高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔的红细胞数(RBC)、红细胞压积(HCT)及平均红细胞容积(MCV)组间无显著差异(P>0.05),但高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔的红细胞数显著高于SD大鼠,红细胞压积及平均红细胞容积均显著低于SD大鼠(P<0.05);高原鼢鼠的血红蛋白浓度(HBC)与SD大鼠无显著差异(P>0.05),但显著高于高原鼠兔的HBC(P<0.05)。高原鼢鼠血红蛋白主要有2种类型,高原鼠兔血红蛋白主要有3种类型,而SD大鼠血红蛋白主要有5种类型。从血红蛋白电泳迁移来看,2种高原动物血红蛋白类型有明显的趋同特征并与SD大鼠具有明显的差异。上述结果提示,长期适应高海拔低氧环境的高原动物的红细胞和血红蛋白表现出趋同进化,同时因生境和习性的差异又表现出各自的特异性。     

急进高原人群血浆NO和红细胞SOD变化

目的：本文旨在探讨急进高原低氧人群血浆ＮＯ和红细胞ＳＯＤ的变化及其相互作用的生理意义。方法：以急进高原的健康人群为研究对象,年龄范围在１８～２１岁之间,分为对照组和高原低氧组。血浆ＮＯ测定采用硝酸还原酶法,红细胞ＳＯＤ测定采用亚硝酸盐显色法。结果：高原低氧组血浆ＮＯ浓度显著低于平原对照组;高原低氧组红细胞ＳＯＤ含量显著高于平原对照组。结论：急进高原低氧人群红细胞ＳＯＤ显著升高,ＮＯ降低,可能与低氧造成肺血管收缩有关系。但ＮＯ、自由基及自由基清除剂（ＳＯＤ）之间的调控网络,在低氧的病理生理过程中的作用有待进一步研究     

高原低氧对大鼠大脑皮质生长休止蛋白7表达的影响

目的 探讨高原低氧对大鼠大脑皮质生长休止蛋白7(Gas7)表达的影响.方法 36只大鼠随机分为正常对照组和模拟高原低氧组,模拟高原低氧组大鼠进行6周缺氧,复制慢性高原低氧动物模型.实验结束后,所有动物采用免疫组织化学和免疫印迹技术检测大鼠大脑皮质中Gas7的表达.结果 与对照组相比,Gas7在模拟高原低氧组大鼠大脑皮质的表达明显增强.结论 Gas7可能参与了高原低氧对大鼠大脑皮质神经元结构和功能的影响.     

腹泻小儿便中双歧杆菌含量变化和红细胞免疫功能关系的探讨

目的：研究腹泻小儿便中双歧杆菌含量变化与红细胞免疫的关系。方法：对42例腹泻小儿和38例正常小儿进行了粪便双歧杆菌含量、红细胞CR1数量及红细胞自然粘附肿瘤花环率（NTRR）的测定。结果：与正常小儿相比,腹泻小儿粪便中双歧杆菌含量明显下降,红细胞CR1数量无明显改变,NTRR明显下降。结论：小儿肠道内双歧杆菌含量与其红细胞CR1免疫活性有相关关系。     

高原低氧习服大鼠红细胞变形性的变化规律及其分子机制

目的：探讨高原低氧习服大鼠红细胞变形性的变化规律及其分子机制。方法：将健康雄性大鼠随机分为3组（n=10）：常氧对照组、急性低氧组和低氧习服组。模拟高原低氧环境对大鼠分别进行急性低氧和间断低氧习服,麻醉后心脏采血,分别测定大鼠红细胞变形性、膜流动性、膜胆固醇和总磷脂含量、膜磷脂成分的含量、红细胞ATP酶活性、红细胞内Na＋和Ca2＋浓度及建立红细胞膜蛋白质双向电泳图谱,寻找差异蛋白质点,对其进行质谱鉴定。结果：①急性低氧大鼠红细胞变形性、膜流动性、膜胆固醇和总磷脂含量、红细胞ATP酶活性均降低;红细胞内Na＋和Ca2＋浓度均增高;红细胞膜磷脂酰丝氨酸（PS）、鞘磷脂（SM）含量增加,磷脂酰胆碱（PC）含量降低;建立了红细胞膜蛋白质双向电泳图谱,选取7个差异蛋白质点,其中4个在急性低氧后表达降低。②低氧习服大鼠红细胞变形性、膜流动性、膜胆固醇和总磷脂含量、红细胞ATP酶活性明显均增高;红细胞内Na＋和Ca2＋浓度均降低;红细胞膜PS、SM含量降低,PC含量增加;上述7个差异蛋白质点中4个在低氧习服后表达增高,3个表达降低,质谱技术鉴定结果为补体结合蛋白、水通道蛋白、膜攻击复合物抑制因子、葡萄糖运载体、脂质移行酶、氨基磷脂转移酶、依赖ATP的翻转酶,其中后三个酶与红细胞膜磷脂翻转有关。结论：急性低氧引起红细胞变形性、膜流动性、膜蛋白质表达、红细胞ATP酶活性及胞内Na＋和Ca2＋浓度方面相应的改变;经低氧习服后,上述指标有所改善,低氧习服对急性低氧引起红细胞的影响具有一定的保护作用;红细胞膜上的3种蛋白质,包括脂质移行酶、氨基磷脂转移酶和依赖ATP的翻转酶在低氧习服改善红细胞变形性的机制中可能发挥重要的作用。     

高原红细胞增多症患者肠道菌群变化研究

目的 探究高原红细胞增多症患者肠道菌群变化及相关意义。 方法 招募西藏那曲地区血红蛋白(hemoglobin,HB)含量高于210 g/L的高原红细胞增多症患者12人,对照组(170 g/L结果 高原红细胞增多症患者的血红蛋白水平以及红细胞比容显著高于对照组。红细胞增多症患者的肠道菌群整体结构改变不明显,多样性没有显著差异。红细胞增多症患者的粪便菌群出现厚壁菌门中梭状芽胞杆菌BB60属、纺锤链杆菌属、厌氧棒杆菌属、霍氏真杆菌,变形菌门中假单胞菌属,拟杆菌门中副拟杆菌属丰度的显著增高。这些菌属改变经KEGG预测分析显示与代谢紊乱相关。斯皮尔曼分析显示多种菌群改变与血红蛋白水平以及红细胞比容正相关。 结论 高原红细胞增多症患者肠道菌群出现紊乱,菌群变化与代谢紊乱和红细胞增多相关。     

Importance of cholesterol-phospholipid interaction in determining dynamics of normal and abetalipoproteinemia red blood cell membrane

Acanthocytic red blood cells in patients with abetalipoproteinemia have a decreased membrane fluidity that is associated with increased sphingomyelin/phosphatidylcholine (SM/PC)§ ratios. Here we describe studies designed to gain better insight into (i) the interrelationship between the composition of lipoprotein and red blood cell membrane in abetalipo-proteinemia patients and normal controls; and (ii) how the differences in lipid composition of the red blood cell membrane affect its fluidity. The increased SM/PC ratio found in abetalipoproteinemia plasma high density lipoproteins (HDL) (3 times greater than controls) was paralleled by an increase in this ratio in acanthocytic red cells, but to a lesser degree (almost twice greater than control red cells). Cholesterol/phospholipid mole ratios (C/P) were increased 3-fold in abetalipoproteinemia HDL, but only slightly increased in red cells compared to controls values. As in the controls, 80–85% of abetalipo-proteinemia red cell sphingomyelin was found to be in the outer half of the erythrocyte membrane. Membrane fluidity was defined in terms of microviscosity ({ie116-1}) between 5 and 42°C by the fluorescent polarization of 1,6-diphenylhexatriene (DPH) present in erythrocyte ghost membranes. At all temperatures, membrane microviscosity was higher in abetalipoproteinemia ghosts than controls, but these differences decreased at higher temperatures (12.34 vs 9.79 poise, respectively, at 10°C; 4.63 vs 4.04 poise at 37°C). These differences were eliminated after oxidation of all membrane cholesterol to cholest-4-en-3-one by incubation with cholesterol oxidase. Following cholesterol oxidation, the membrane microviscosity decreased in patient ghosts more than in normal red blood cells so that at all temperatures no significant differences were present relative to control ghosts, in which the apparent microviscosity was also diminished but to a lesser degree. Therefore, although increased SM/PC ratios in abetalipoproteinemia may be responsible for decreased erythrocyte membrane fluidity, these effects are dependent upon normal interactions of cholesterol with red cell phospholipid.     

Erythrocyte antigens in Norwegian goats: serological and genetic studies.

Goat alloantisera and bovine blood typing reagents were used to characterize eight erythrocyte antigen specificities in Norwegian goats by cluster analysis, absorption and family studies. Most of the goat sera were produced by injecting dams once or twice with blood cells or blood from their own kids. The characterized specificities were designated N1-N8. The two specificities N5 and N8 were recognized both by goat alloantisera and by reagents against the bovine factors E'1 and E'2 (N5) and I (N8), which are allelic factors in the bovine B-system. In goat families, the two specificities also behaved as alleles. Consequently, the locus or gene system coding for these specificities was called the B-system of goats. The six other erythrocyte antigens were provisionally assigned to six separate loci. In addition, a bovine anti-sheep R factor reagent reacted with cells from 3.3% of the goats tested, whereas a monoclonal antibody against the Forssman antigen reacted with all the goats tested.     

Resistance to the Brownian movement of red blood cells on flat horizontal surfaces

The movements of red blood cells (RBC), suspended in plasma, on plastic, glass, rhodium metal plate, siliconized glass, and siliconized rhodium were recorded on cinéfilm and analyzed. Values for the drag coefficient were calculated, using Einstein's theory of Brownian movement, and compared with the theoretical Stokes' hydrodynamic drag. The difference between the computed and Stokes' values gave the frictional coefficient or resistance resulting from the interaction of the cells, with the test surface. Of the three uncoated test surfaces, plastic was found to have the least interaction with the RBC. The frictional coefficient for plastic was found to be 1.75×10⁻⁷ N s m⁻¹ compared with a value of 2.82×10⁻⁷ N s m⁻¹ for rhodium metal, which had the largest interaction. Upon siliconization of the test surfaces, the interaction decreased by 40%. Reduction in the pH of the suspending plasma increased the interaction between the cells and the uncoated test surfaces, but the pH effect of diminished when the surfaces were siliconized.     

Calcium-induced proteolysis of spectrin and band 3 protein in rat erythrocyte membranes

Calcium-dependent protease activity capable of degrading a number of endogenous proteins was found in rat red blood cell membranes. This protease activity, like that found in human red blood cells, was activated by low concentrations of calcium, but in the rat red blood cells, unlike the human red blood cells, calcium-activated protease activity was membrane-bound. A number of endogenous membrane-bound proteins were degraded after the addition of calcium to the membranes. These included spectrin bands 1 and 2 as well as bands 3, 2.1, and 2.2. No calcium-induced aggregation (transglutaminase activity) was noted in the rat red blood cell membranes.     

红细胞伪装纳米颗粒：一个具有潜力的药物及疫苗递送系统

红细胞伪装纳米颗粒是一种以红细胞或红细胞膜纳米囊泡为载体在体内递送药物、酶、多肽和抗原等物质的系统,具有生物相容性好、循环周期长、靶向性强等优势。本文从红细胞载体的种类、发展历程、递送策略应用以及其局限性和未来的挑战等方面进行了详细阐述,并展望了其未来的发展方向。     

Thermodynamic studies on oxygen binding by human red blood cells

Oxygen equilibrium curves have been measured on human normal red blood cells, at the temperatures of 20, 25, 30, 37 and 41 degrees C, and at pHs ranging from 6.8 to 8.2. The thermodynamical parameters have been determined for the four successive steps of oxygenation and for overall oxygenation, according to the Adair and MWC models [Monod J, Wyman J, Changeux JP. On the nature of allosteric transitions: a plausible model. J Mol Biol 1965;12:88-118]. The heat release appears to be nearly equal for the four steps. At the first three steps, the delta H change is counterbalanced by a nearly equivalent change of delta S, resulting in a rather small delta G value. delta G is greater at the fourth step, because of diminution of this enthalpy-entropy compensation phenomenon. The four steps are both enthalpy and entropy driven. According to the MWC model, the T to R transition is endothermic, and allosteric quaternary transition occurs at binding of the third oxygen. The average heat release increases by 2.8 kcal/mol when pH raises from 7.4 to 8.2, but flattens below pH 7.4. After correction for the heat of solution of oxygen and for the heat of proton release (referred to intracellular pH), an intrinsic heat for oxygenation of the heme of approximately--13 kcal/mol is obtained for the successive steps of oxygenation (at pH 7.4, 37 degrees C). These results are compared with those previously obtained for pigeon and trout red blood cells.     

犬、猫、貂细小病毒通用快速诊断盒的研制

本文报道,由犬细小病毒灭活抗原、特异抗体、戊二醛醛化猪红细胞及微量血凝板、稀释棒等组成的犬、猫、貂细小病毒通用快诊盒,可用于犬细小病毒性肠炎、猫泛白细胞减少症和水貂肠炎的特异诊断,适合于基层和野外应用,并可在接到病料后4小时内报告结果,有关试剂的有效期在一年以上。     

Polymerization of human hemoglobin using the crosslinker 1,11‐bis(maleimido)triethylene glycol for use as an oxygen carrier

Vasoconstriction and systemic hypertension are the main side effects associated with transfusion of current commercial polymerized hemoglobins (PolyHbs). It is hypothesized that the presence of free tetrameric hemoglobin (Hb) in the PolyHb solution is the root cause of these side effects. Therefore, increasing the size of PolyHbs and reducing the amount of free Hb in solution should dually reduce the extent of vasoconstriction and systemic hypertension. However, all current commercial PolyHb preparations have a small fraction of free Hb in solution. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop novel chemical strategies to synthesize large PolyHb molecules with a higher degree of polymerization without free Hb in solution. In this study, a Hb‐based oxygen carrier was synthesized by polymerizing human Hb using a dimaleimide poly(ethylene glycol) derivative (1,11‐bis(maleimido)triethylene glycol). The resultant PolyHb has a weight‐averaged molecular weight of 1.49 ± 0.62 MDa, O₂ affinity (P₅₀) of 2.75 ± 0.55 mm Hg, and Hill coefficient (n) of 0.97 ± 0.07. Light scattering analysis of the PolyHb dispersion confirmed the absence of free Hb monomers, dimers, and tetramers in solution. This work is significant, as it should enable future engineering of nonvasoactive PolyHbs with potential applications in transfusion medicine. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010