蚜虫报警信息素的研究进展

<正> 蚜虫是农业上的主要害虫之一。近年来国内外农业部门在努力探索和研究防治蚜虫的新途径时,开展了蚜虫行为控制剂的探索,其中蚜虫报警信息素(aphid alarm pheromone)的研究尤为突出。利用昆虫信息素(insect phero-mone)作为虫害防治的一种手段,目前正日益受到重视。它具有专一性强,无公害,保护天敌等优点。本文试图从化学的角度介绍这一研究情况和应用前景。     

昆虫信息素结合蛋白的研究概况

在昆虫感受信息素的嗅觉反应中,信息素结合蛋白发挥了重要的作用。它作为脂溶性信息素的溶剂和载体,在亲水性淋巴液中起着运载信息素和使之失活的双重作用。由于它在昆虫识别信息素物质中起着重要的作用,近1 0年来,国内外对其进行了广泛、深入的研究。文章从信息素结合蛋白的生化特点、表达情况、代谢以及生理功能等方面的概况进行综述。     

纤毛虫信息素研究进展

信息素(pheromone)在纤毛虫的生长分裂和接合生殖中起重要的信号传导作用,由典型的多结构域“信号肽—前体片段—成熟信息素”组成。本着重阐述了信息素及其受体的结构、功能及作用机制等方面的研究进展。     

鼠信息素研究

一前言生物发出信号可能通过嗅觉、视觉、听觉、触觉而起作用。信息素(又称外激素)系化学信号物质,是通过触觉或嗅觉而接收的。哺乳动物发出信号的气味源很多,如汗腺、后肠腺体等,若从尿液排出,则可以从     

昆虫信息素研究及应用的新进展──欧洲及发展中国家信息素工程学术讨论会概况

1会议的一般情况由国际生物防治组织西地中海分部（IOBOWPRS）信息素及其它信息化学物质应用工作组和英国海外发展部自然资源研究所联合主办的“欧洲及发展中国家信息素工程学术讨论会”（PheromoneTechnologyinEuropeandDevelopingCountries）于1993年5月9日至14日在英国罗彻斯特限ochester）市查坦姆（Chatham）举行。参加会议的有30个国家的代表共127人。中国正式代表是江苏省农业科学院植物保护研究所营赤阳教授、中国科学院动物研究所刘盈英教授。正在英国进行自然资源研究工作的南京农业大学植物保护系韩召军副教授和华中农业大…     

浅谈鱼类繁殖的多样性

鱼类的怀卵量和产卵量差别很大。如虎鲨每次产卵2枚 ;中华多刺鱼怀卵量百余粒 ,银鱼怀卵量 2 0 3～34 5 2 0粒 ,银鲳怀卵量 8万～ 30万粒 ,江鳕怀卵量 5万～30 0万粒 ,青鱼怀卵量 2 6万～ 6 95万粒 ,翻车鱼屯怀卵量竟高达 3亿粒。同为鱼类 ,相差如此悬珠。日常雌鱼满肚怀卵现象非常普遍 ,然而灰星鲨腹中怀的却是小鲨鱼 ,这些都说明鱼类的生殖方式是多种多样的。其生殖方式可归纳为3种类型 :1　卵生大多数鱼类的生殖方式是卵生。其卵一般无卵壳保护 ,卵子产出体外 ,能否受精、孵化、成活 ,往往是“听天由命”,所以产卵量很大 ,成活率却很低。…     

盲蝽科昆虫性信息素研究概况

盲蝽科MIridae昆虫具有重要的经济价值,包含许多农林业的重要害虫和一些害虫的重要天敌。目前,已确定性信息素化学成分的有3属4种盲蝽。这4种盲蝽性信息素的化学成分分别是显角微刺盲蝽Campylomma verbasci：丁酸丁酯和反-2-丁酸丁烯酯(16：1),Phytocoris californicus：乙酸己酯和反-2-乙酸龙脑脂(2：1),Phytocoris relativus：乙酸己酯和反-2-丁酸龙脑脂(2：1)及Lygocoris pabulinus：顺-9-二十五碳烯和顺-7-二十五碳烯(5：1)。相反,草盲蝽属Lygus昆虫的性信息素却难以鉴定。尽管从草盲蝽属昆虫中已分离鉴定20多种化合物,但至今没有1种或1个组分能成功地产生吸引该属雄虫的生物活性。     

蚜虫报警信息素与类似物的合成及其对桃蚜定居行为的影响

蚜虫是主要的农业害虫之一,它对作物的危害除直接吸取液汁外,更严重的是传播多种植物病毒病(张广学等,1981)。杀虫剂的大量使用,使得蚜虫的抗药性增长很快,而且由于蚜虫迅速得毒和迅速传毒,所以杀虫剂很准保护作物免遭蚜虫传播非持久性病毒。因此近年来国内外开展了蚜虫行为控制剂的研究(Montgomery等,1978;Briggs等,1983;Gibson等:1984;Dawsow等,1988;张钟宁等,1988)。 [反]-β-法尼烯是许多蚜虫报警信息素的主要成分。它是蚜虫受到危害时,从腹管分泌出的以告警于其他蚜虫逃散的化合物。其分子结构于1972年被Bowers等人鉴定。Pickett等(1980)进一步报道了蚜虫报警信息素全成分的研究。本文将报道[反]-β-法尼烯及其类似物的合成及生测结果。     

鱼类性外激素的研究进展

外激素(Pheromon)是指动物释放于体外的,能引起同种另一个体产生一种或多种特异性反应的化学物质。外激素在动物个体间的化学通讯中起着非常重要的作用,国内外学者对外激素的研究多集中在昆虫和哺乳动物。近年来,对鱼类性外激素(Sexpheromone)的研究受到越来越多的重视,一方面,性外激素在吸引异性。     

Androgen increases olfactory receptor response to a vertebrate sex pheromone

Although it is well known that responses to ethologically-relevant odors are influenced by endocrine factors, it has not been clear whether these hormonal effects might be mediated at the level of the peripheral sensory neurons. During an investigation of hormonal pheromones in South-East Asian Cyprinids, we observed that in adult male Puntius schwanenfeldi, an androgen-dependent sex character was correlated with electro-olfactogram response to a putative sex pheromone (15-keto-prostaglandin-F₂ ). As secondary sex characteristics are androgen-dependent in male teleosts, this observation suggested a functional relationship between androgen and peripheral olfactory receptor response. We therefore investigated this possibility using androgen implants.In laboratory-raised juveniles, androgen treatment increased the magnitude and sensitivity of electro-olfactogram response to prostaglandin without affecting responses to other odors. Furthermore, androgen-treated juveniles performed pheromone-dependent sex behavior in the presence of a prostaglandin-injected stimulus fish. For the first time in vertebrates, the present data demonstrate hormone-induced plasticity of primary chemosensory neuronal responsiveness to an ethologically relevant compound.Abbreviations EOG electro-olfactogram - PGF Prostaglandin-F₂ - 15KPGF 15-keto-prostaglandin-F₂ - 17,2 1P 17,21 -dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one - MT 17-methyltestosterone - 11KA 11-ketoandrostenedione - 11KT 11-ketotestosterone - DHT 5-dihydrotestosterone     

Breakup and re-formation of colony in the first-instar larvae of the winter cherry bug,Acanthocoris sordidus thunberg (Hemiptera: Coreidae), in relation to the defence against their enemies

The winter cherry bug, Acanthocoris sordidusThunberg , lives in aggregation especially in their early larval instars. Using the 1st-instar larvae of this species, the author tried to clarify both the processes and the mechanisms of the breakup and later re-formation of colony in relation to the defence against their enemies. The results obtained were summarized as follows.

1. In the field population, there is a high possibility of dispersal of the 1st-instar larvae from a colony possibly through the disturbance by some predators but they can re-form a colony with each other or join, with colonies of different instar larvae.
2. The individuals in a colony immediately disperse through the attack of predatory coccinellid beetle, Harmonica axyridis but tend to re-form a colony in a short time.
3. The breakup of colony is caused by the secretion from the attacked individual.
4. The formation of colony is attributed to the habit closely related with the senses of smell and/or contact.

From these results, it was concluded that the dispersal of 1st-instar larvae from a colony, followed by the re-formation of a colony, is an an adaptive behaviour to escape from the attack by their predators.     

Social chemosignals from breastfeeding women increase sexual motivation

Human pheromones, a type of social chemosignal, modulate endocrine function by regulating the timing of ovulation. In animals, pheromones not only regulate ovulation but also female reproductive motivation and behavior. There is no extant evidence that humans produce social chemosignals that affect human sexual motivation or reproductive behavior as occurs in other mammals. Here, we demonstrate that natural compounds collected from lactating women and their breastfeeding infants increased the sexual motivation of other women, measured as sexual desire and fantasies. Moreover, the manifestation of increased sexual motivation was different in women with a regular sexual partner. Those with a partner experienced enhanced sexual desire, whereas those without one had more sexual fantasies. These results are consistent with previous pheromonal effects on endocrine function, and warrant further study of these social chemosignals as candidates for pheromonal processes, including their effects on other aspects of motivation and behavior.     

Sagittal otolith growth patterns in regularly and irregularly spawning burbot,Lota lota,in northern Finland

Synopsis Sagittal otolith growth patterns were compared among three burbot,Lota lota, populations in northern Finland. Coastal burbot off Simo on the northern coast of the Bothnian Bay and lake burbot from Lake Kemijärvi represented populations with about 30% non-spawning adult individuals, while the river burbot from the River Kitinen spawned regularly. Irregular growth patterns i.e. crenulations on the dorsal edge of the sagitta and pointed extensions in the rostrum region and cloudy appearance of the sagittal otoliths, as observed by light, scanning and transmission microscopy, occurred significantly more often in the coastal and lake burbot than in the river burbot. This could not be explained by differences in age or size. Its possible relationship to supposed reproduction disorder is discussed.     

Biological clocks help reduce the physiological conflicts in avian migrants

We present evidence from experiments on overwintering populations of two Palearctic-Indian latitudinal migratory birds, the black-headed bunting (Emberiza melanocephala) and the red-headed bunting (E. bruniceps), that the bird’s clock in interaction with day length regulates seasonal rhythms of migration and reproduction such that physiological conflict between them is reduced. Initiation and termination of the body mass and testicular cycles are separately regulated photoperiodic events. For example, under stimulatory photoperiods the response curve of body mass does not overlap with that of the testicular growth. A response-specific photoperiodism is adaptive, since gain in body mass, critical to spring migration, precedes gonadal recrudescence. Finally, migration as indicated by the night-time migratory restlessness under experimental situations (e.g., intense locomotion under caged condition-called Zugunruhe) appears to be regulated by a separate circadian oscillator.     

Ultrastructure of Pagrus major and Rhabdosargus sarba spermatozoa (Perciformes: Sparidae: Sparinae)

Transmission and scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate the ultrastructure of spermatozoa in two Sparinae species Pagrus major and Rhabdosargus sarba. Ultrastructurally, the spermatozoa of P. major and R. sarba both consist of a spherical, homogeneously electron-dense nucleus with a deep axial nuclear fossa, and an unusual notch, in the nuclear region. The midpiece contains two spherical mitochondria in R. sarba and one in P. major. The comparison of spermatozoal ultrastructure of these two species of Sparidae shows that they closely resemble one another and suggests that they are closely related. Variation in the geometry and dimensions of the mitochondrion and nucleus is substantial in these two Sparidae species. It is concluded that the spermatozoa of both species are of primitive type, and they are distinguished by several unique features which may provide useful systematic characteristics.     

Effects of alarm substance on schooling in the common shiner (Notropis cornutus,Cyprinidae)

Synopsis The behavioral responses of common shiners (Notropis cornutus) to Schreckstoff (alarm pheromone produced in the epidermis) were quantified in laboratory experiments. Schreckstoff increased cohesion and polarization, and decreased the variability in overall school dimensions. There was also a positive correlation between size of fish and their distance to the center of the school. Furthermore, the tendency to seek cover increased in the presence of Schreckstoff. The greater organization in school structure appears to be an adaptive response to aquatic predators, whereas increased cover seeking may be an adaptive response to aerial predators.