华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米农田生态系统土壤自养和异养呼吸模型构建

土壤呼吸是陆地生态系统碳循环的重要过程,准确估算土壤呼吸对估算陆地生态系统碳源汇具有重要意义。通过在华北平原典型农田内开展土壤呼吸及其组分的原位观测实验,构建了适用于华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米轮种制农田生态系统的半经验半机理土壤异养呼吸和土壤自养呼吸模型。结果表明,冬小麦-夏玉米农田土壤异养呼吸模型可表达为土壤温度和土壤水分的函数,其中,土壤温度对土壤异养呼吸的影响适合用Arrhenius方程描述,而土壤水分的影响适合用对称的倒抛物线描述。验证表明,该模型的R²和RMSE分别为0.68和0.52μmol m^-2 s^-1。土壤自养呼吸模型包括维持呼吸和生长呼吸两个模块,其中,维持呼吸表达为土壤温度和叶面积指数的函数,其形式分别为Van′t Hoff指数方程和米氏方程;生长呼吸表达为总初级生产力与维持呼吸之差的线性函数。冬小麦季和夏玉米季土壤自养呼吸模型的结构相同,但是两种作物的模型参数差异较大。验证表明,冬小麦季土壤自养呼吸模型的R²和RMSE分别为0.64和0.50μmol m^-2...     

渭河平原农田冬小麦土壤呼吸及其影响因素

基于对半湿润易旱区的渭河平原农田2013—2014年冬小麦生长期土壤呼吸(SR)及环境因子和生物因子的观测,研究了冬小麦土壤呼吸日变化、季节变化特征,综合分析了温度(T)、土壤含水量(W)、总初级生产力(GPP)和叶面积指数(LAI)对土壤呼吸的影响.结果表明: 冬小麦土壤呼吸日变化呈单峰型,呼吸速率变化范围为1.5～6.94 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1,最大值出现在12:00—14:00;温度是影响土壤呼吸日变化的驱动因子,其中地表温度(T_s)能解释土壤呼吸时间变异的80.9%;土壤呼吸速率与温度的昼夜变化对应关系呈顺时针近椭圆曲线.冬小麦土壤呼吸速率从出苗后到冬季呈下降趋势,在冬季时保持较低水平,进入返青期后迅速增加,在抽穗期和灌浆期达到最大,成熟期后有所下降,变化范围为0.65～4.85 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1;土壤呼吸季节变化与温度、土壤含水量、GPP、LAI均呈显著(P<0.01)正相关关系;土壤温度和水分是影响土壤呼吸季节变化的关键因素,使用复合模型SR=e^{(a+bT_{5 cm}}+cW10 cm+dW_{10 cm²}),可以解释土壤呼吸时间变异的82.6%,比单因子模型(不超过65.7%)的解释能力显著提高.经模型计算,该区域2013—2014年冬小麦生长期平均土壤呼吸速率为1.67 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1.     

黄土旱塬区不同覆盖措施对冬小麦农田土壤呼吸的影响

采用田间试验研究了黄土旱塬区不同覆盖措施下的冬小麦农田土壤呼吸日变化和季节变化特征.试验包括4个处理：作物生育期秸秆覆盖600 kg·hm^-2（M₆₀₀）、秸秆覆盖300 kg·hm^-2（M₃₀₀）、地膜覆盖（PM）和无覆盖处理（CK）.结果表明：冬小麦农田土壤呼吸速率从播种至返青之前呈下降趋势,处理间没有显著差异;越冬后土壤呼吸速率迅速提高,至拔节期最高.与CK相比,3个覆盖处理在越冬至成熟期间均显著促进了土壤CO₂的释放,其中PM与其他处理间的差异达到极显著水平.全生育期M₆₀₀和M₃₀₀处理土壤呼吸速率平均分别为1.47和1.52 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1,较CK（1.38 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1）分别提高了6.6%和10.2%;PM处理土壤呼吸速率平均为3.63 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1,较CK提高了163%.CK处理土壤呼吸日变化呈单峰曲线,峰值出现在12：00左右,秸秆覆盖后峰值时间推迟到14：00左右;PM处理土壤呼吸日变化特征在拔节期与对照相似,在成熟期则呈双峰曲线,峰值分别出现在12：00和16：00左右.土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度和土壤水分分别呈指数和抛物线式相关.     

华北平原冬小麦农田生态系统通量贡献区

利用2013—2014年涡度相关系统观测的华北平原冬小麦农田生态系统通量数据,结合通量贡献区模型FSAM,分析华北平原冬小麦农田生态系统通量贡献区的时空分布特点,对比研究不同大气稳定层结条件和生长期内通量贡献区的分布差异.结果表明: 在主风风向上,冬小麦整个生育期内大气稳定条件下的通量贡献区范围大于不稳定条件下的贡献区范围.在0°～90°主风风向上,生长初期稳定条件下通量贡献区范围比不稳定条件下大17.8 m左右,生长末期稳定条件下的通量贡献区范围比不稳定条件下大11 m左右.生长初期的通量贡献最大值点位置比生长末期距观测点位置远15 m(大气稳定条件)和12.4 m(大气不稳定条件);通量贡献最大值点在稳定条件下比不稳定条件下距观测点位置远5 m(生长初期)和2.4 m(生长末期).在非主风风向上,当风向为90°～180°时,生长初期和生长末期不同大气条件下的最大通量值分别位于距观测点的67.8、53.4和47.0、30.8 m.当风向为270°～360°时,生长初期和生长末期不同大气条件下的最大通量值位于距观测点的58.8、42和41.1、33.1 m.在整个生育期尺度上,观测塔的通量信息主要来自东北、西南和东南方向,其所占比例分别为35.4%、32.5%和19.4%.冬小麦整个生育期内通量贡献区的主要变化发生在观测点东北方向16.0～173.8 m和西南方向14.7～209 m,通量信息全部来源于农田生态系统.两个典型日期的通量贡献区日变化特征明显,通量贡献区范围随大气稳定条件和风向改变而发生变化.夜晚通量信息全部来源于农田生态系统,白天少部分通量信息来源于居民区和果园.本文的定量化结果可为农田生态系统通量贡献区的研究提供依据.     

冠层温度与冬小麦农田生态系统水分状况的关系

1　引　　言通过表面温度遥感监测作物和土壤水分一直是一个共同关注的问题,而该问题解决的一个基础是冠层温度与农田土壤湿度和作物水分状况的关系的研究.国内这方面的研究起步于80年代并已取得一些结果[1～3].但主要集中在冠层空气温度差与农田土壤湿度的关系上,对于冠层温度     

华北高产农田生态系统中蚯蚓种群次生演替规律

通过对山东省桓台县不同土壤肥力的农田生态系统中蚯蚓种群的调查发现 ,该地区农田生态系统中有 7种蚯蚓 ,高肥力土壤中蚯蚓相对较丰富 ,种群密度可达 83.83条 / m2 ,梯形流蚓为优势种 ;低肥力土壤中蚯蚓种群密度 4 0 .18条 / m2 ,优势种是天锡杜拉蚓。梯形流蚓和湖北远盲蚓在高肥力土壤中的种群密度要明显高于低肥力土壤 ;而其他几种蚯蚓种群数量变化不大 ,随着土壤肥力的演变 ,低肥力土壤中天锡杜拉蚓的优势地位随着土壤肥力的提高逐渐被梯形流蚓所代替。合理的投入特别是农田有机物投入可以加速农田生态系统中生态演替 ;试验中不同处理间蚯蚓的种群生物量有以下趋势 :化肥投入 <化肥与麦秸还田 <化肥与玉米麦秸全还田 <化肥与玉米麦秸全还田以及有机肥的施用。无论在高肥力还是低肥力的土壤上都表现出相同的规律 ,但蚯蚓种群组成并没有明显差异     

不同土壤培肥措施对华北高产农田生态系统蚯蚓种群的影响

通过在华北高产农田生态系统进行的土壤培肥试验 ,研究了不同秸秆还田方式和施肥措施对土壤大型动物——蚯蚓的影响。研究结果表明 :该区域高肥力土壤共有 7种蚯蚓 ,其中以正蚓科梯形流蚓为主 ,并同时分布巨蚓科的远盲蚓属、腔蚓属和链胃蚓科的杜拉蚓属的一些广布种。全年平均种群密度为 83.83条 /m2 ,最高种群数量出现在 1998年 8月份 ,其季节变化趋势为夏季 >春季 >秋冬季。在投入同量化肥条件下 ,有机物投入越多 ,蚯蚓越丰富 ,其生物量有以下趋势 :化肥投入 <化肥与麦秸还田 <化肥与玉米秸麦秸全还田 <化肥与玉米秸麦秸还田加施有机肥处理。在有有机物投入的条件下 ,化肥对土壤生物的负面效应不明显 ,不会对土壤中的蚯蚓有较大影响 ;而单施化肥 ,对蚯蚓负面影响较为显著。有机肥的施入可以增加蚯蚓的种群数量 ,随着时间的增加这种趋势越明显     

不同施氮水平对冬小麦生长期土壤呼吸的影响

在目前全球氮沉降不断增加的背景下, 研究农田土壤呼吸对氮沉降的响应有助于理解未来生态系统碳循环对全球变暖的潜在影响。为探讨不同施氮浓度对华东地区冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)生长期土壤呼吸的影响, 该实验设计了对照组(不施加氮肥)和3种浓度施氮处理组(低浓度施氮15 g·m^-2·a^-1, 中等浓度施氮30 g·m^-2·a^-1, 高浓度施氮45 g·m^-2·a^-1)。使用便携式土壤CO₂通量观测仪LI-8100测定不同施氮浓度处理下冬小麦生长期(2013年12月至2014年5月)的土壤呼吸速率, 并探讨土壤呼吸与土壤温度、湿度等环境因素的关系。结果表明: 低、中、高3种浓度施氮处理的土壤呼吸速率平均值分别为5.29、6.17和6.75 μmol·m^-2 ·s^-1, 与对照组(土壤呼吸速率平均值为4.90 μmol·m^-2·s^-1)相比, 分别增加了7.8%、23.6%和37.8%; 地上生物量分别增加39.9%、104.4%和200.2%, 并与冬小麦生长季的总土壤呼吸正相关。5 cm深度土壤的温度与土壤呼吸速率呈指数关系(p < 0.05), 土壤呼吸季节变化的65%-75%由土壤温度引起, 其温度敏感性为2.09-2.32。结果表明, 添加氮肥促进了植物的生长, 增加了生物量, 从而增加了冬小麦农田的土壤呼吸速率。     

农田生态系统中钾循环研究进展

论述了农田生态系统中K的收入和支出,以及K的循环再利用等方面的研究进展,并针对当前K循环存在的问题提出了调控方法.从全国来看,我国施用K的数量比作物收获时从土壤中带走的K的数量少得多,K一直处于负平衡状况.我国土壤K肥力不断下降、钾肥有效地区不断扩大,虽然钾肥用量在逐年增长,但补充的K尚不能维持K的收支平衡.为了维持与提高土壤K肥力,使作物高产稳产,在今后农业生产中应充分注意土壤K的平衡,优化农田生态模式,注重水肥调控,坚持有机肥与无机肥配施的原则,促进K养分循环,保持农田K平衡,提高土壤K肥力.     

农田冬小麦生长和产量对臭氧动态暴露的响应

 评估臭氧(O₃)污染对农田冬小麦生长和产量的影响是污染生态学和生理生态学研究的重要内容之一。该研究运用开顶式气室(OTC),对冬小麦‘ 嘉403’(Triticum aestivum cv. Jia 403)进行了O₃动态暴露的田间原位试验。实验设置过滤空气组(CF)、自然大气组(NF)和两个不同浓度的 O₃动态暴露组(DO100和DO150)。结果表明：1) O₃浓度增加,一方面可以改变灌浆期冬小麦叶片气体交换参数的日变化规律;另一方面引起表观 光量子产额、光饱和点和光补偿点等光响应参数的显著降低。这表明灌浆期叶片光合能力的下降是气孔因素和非气孔因素共同作用的结果。2) O₃暴露可以改变小麦形态特征,如植株变矮、叶片衰老加速、 叶面积变小,并最终导致产量大幅下降。     

RT-PCR检测HUTP14A mRNA时排除假基因HUTP14C干扰的方法

人类U3蛋白14C基因(HUTP14C)是人类U3蛋白14A基因(HUTP14A)的假基因。两者转录本序列同源性高达95%。常规RT-qPCR技术在检测HUTP14A mRNA丰度时,HUTP14C的存在会影响检测结果。本研究旨在建立检测HUTP14A mRNA时排除HUTP14C干扰的RT PCR方法。本研究设计出能分别从多种肿瘤细胞DNA和RNA中特异性扩增HUTP14A和HUTP14C的引物,避免假基因HUTP14C对其同源基因HUTP14A检测的干扰。在检测细胞系HUTP14A mRNA时,通过DNaseⅠ消除RNA中污染的HUTP14C DNA,用靶向HUTP14C 3′-UTR的siRNA沉默HUTP14C mRNA后,再用RT PCR检测HUTP14A mRNA丰度,使结果更加准确。在18对肝癌及癌旁组织中,利用特异性引物进行RT PCR检测,HUTP14A和HUTP14C mRNA的表达略高于癌旁组织。本研究提示,针对有假基因存在的功能基因,对其mRNA丰度进行检测时,在提取细胞或组织总RNA后,用DNaseⅠ处理,再用RNA直接进行PCR扩增,排除DNA污染后,再进行RT-PCR或RT-qPCR扩增。大多假基因具有较长的3′-UTR区,在该区域设计siRNA特异性沉默假基因的mRNA后,用RT-qPCR检测功能基因的mRNA丰度,可以排除假基因mRNA的影响。在病理组织中检测功能基因的mRNA丰度时,可以根据假基因和其功能基因的序列差异设计出特异扩增功能基因的引物,从假基因的3′-UTR区设计特异扩增假基因的引物,通过RT-qPCR技术分别检测二者的mRNA。     

Metabolic Fluxes Between [14C]2-Deoxy-D-Glucose and [14C]2-Deoxy-D-Glucose-6-Phosphate in Brain In Vivo

The rates of the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of 2-deoxyglucose were measured in rat brain in vivo using tracer kinetic techniques. The rate constant for each reaction was estimated from two separate experiments with different protocols for tracer administration. Tracer amounts of [1-14C]2-deoxyglucose (1 microCi) were injected through the internal carotid artery (intraarterial experiment), or through the atrium (intravenous experiment). Brains were sampled by freeze-blowing at various times after the injection. In the intraarterial experiment, the rate constant for the forward reaction from 2-deoxyglucose to 2-deoxyglucose phosphate was calculated by dividing the initial rate of 2-deoxyglucose phosphate production by the 2-deoxyglucose content in brain. The rate constant for the reverse reaction from 2-deoxyglucose phosphate to 2-deoxyglucose was calculated from the decay constant of 2-deoxyglucose phosphate. The rate constants estimated were 10.1 +/- 1.4%/min (SD) and 3.00 +/- 0.01%/min (SD), respectively, for the forward and reverse reactions. In the intravenous experiment, rate constants for both reactions were estimated by compartmental analysis. By fitting data to program SAAM-27, the rate constants for the forward and reverse reactions were estimated as 11.4 +/- 0.4%/min (SD) and 5.1 +/- 0.4%/min (SD), respectively. The rate constants determined were compared to those for the reactions between glucose and glucose-6-phosphate, estimated previously from labeled glucoses. It is concluded that the rate of glucose utilization measured by the 2-deoxyglucose method reflects the rate of the hexokinase reaction and not the rate of glucose utilization or brain energy utilization.     

A complex mathematical model of the human menstrual cycle

Despite the fact that more than 100 million women worldwide use birth control pills and that half of the world's population is concerned, the menstrual cycle has so far received comparatively little attention in the field of mathematical modeling. The term menstrual cycle comprises the processes of the control system in the female body that, under healthy circumstances, lead to ovulation at regular intervals, thus making reproduction possible. If this is not the case or ovulation is not desired, the question arises how this control system can be influenced, for example, by hormonal treatments. In order to be able to cover a vast range of external manipulations, the mathematical model must comprise the main components where the processes belonging to the menstrual cycle occur, as well as their interrelations. A system of differential equations serves as the mathematical model, describing the dynamics of hormones, enzymes, receptors, and follicular phases. Since the processes take place in different parts of the body and influence each other with a certain delay, passing over to delay differential equations is deemed a reasonable step. The pulsatile release of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is controlled by a complex neural network. We choose to model the pulse time points of this GnRH pulse generator by a stochastic process. Focus in this paper is on the model development. This rather elaborate mathematical model is the basis for a detailed analysis and could be helpful for possible drug design.     

叶片碳同位素对城市大气污染的指示作用

沿南京市市中心-郊区-城市森林的梯度,观测了近地层大气CO2(pN-S(CO2))、SO2(pN-S(SO2))、NO2(pN-S(NO2))浓度,以及公路两侧悬铃木(Platanus acerifolia)叶片重金属Pb、Cr含量、稳定碳同位素13C和放射性碳同位素14C的变化规律,探讨叶片13C和14C对城市大气污染的指示作用。结果表明,沿市中心-郊区-城市森林梯度,pN-S(CO2)、pN-S(SO2)和pN-S(NO2)均呈现下降的趋势,与观测点距市中心距离间均存在极显著的负相关关系;与城市森林相比,市中心pN-S(CO2)、pN-S(SO2)和pN-S(NO2)分别高7.3%、88%和210%。沿市中心-郊区-城市森林梯度,叶片δ13C和14C含量有升高的趋势,其中,δ13范围为-27.9‰—-31.4‰,14C pMC范围为95.8%—101.2%,即叶片C有9.3%—14.4%来源于化石燃料;叶片14C含量与距市中心距离间存在极显著的线性相关。叶片1δ3C与污染参数pN-S(CO2)、pN-S(SO2)、pN-S(NO2)、Pb、Cr间均表现为负相关,其中与pN-S(CO2)、Pb间的相关性达到显著水平;而叶片14C含量与pN-S(CO2)、pN-S(SO2)、pN-S(NO2)、Pb和Cr间均表现出显著的负相关。表明,叶片14C含量可用于指示城市大气污染状况,且与叶片δ13C相比更为稳定。     

不同海拔地区种植的水稻于抽穗前后饲喂~(14)C的最终分配

本文比较了在海拔400米、1600米和2000米地区种植的水稻,于孕穗期和灌浆期分别饲喂的~(14)C黄熟期在营养体和米及谷壳中的分配百分数。并结合库/源比例,就不同地区的生境条件讨论了三地间~(14)C最终在水稻不同部位分配的差异。     

Cerebral Glucose Utilization: Comparison of [14C]Deoxyglucose and [6-14C]Glucose Quantitative Autoradiography

The [14C]deoxyglucose [Sokoloff et al., J. Neurochem. 28, 897-916 (1977)] and [6-14C]glucose [Hawkins et al., Am. J. Physiol. 248, C170-C176 (1985)] quantitative autoradiographic methods were used to measure regional brain glucose utilization in awake rats. The spatial resolution and qualitative appearance of the autoradiograms were similar. In resting animals, there was no significant difference between the two methods among 18 gray and three white matter structures over a fourfold range in glucose utilization rates (coefficient of correlation = 0.97). In rats given increasing frequencies of photoflash visual stimulation, the two methods gave different results for glucose utilization within visual pathways. The linearity of the metabolic response was studied in the superior colliculus using an on-off checkerboard stimulus between 0 and 33 Hz. The greatest increment in activity occurred between 0 and 4 Hz stimulation with both methods, probably representing recruitment of neuronal elements into activity. Above 4 Hz, there was a progressive increase in labeling with [14C]deoxyglucose up to 1.7 times control at 33 Hz. With [6-14C]-glucose, there was no further increment in change above a 30% increase seen at 4 Hz. Measurement of tissue glucose revealed no drop in the visually stimulated structures compared to control. We interpret these results to indicate that, with increasing rates of physiological activity, the products of deoxyglucose metabolism accumulate progressively, but the products of glucose metabolism are removed from brain in 10 min.     

Effects of heavy metals on nitrogen uptake by Paxillus involutus and mycorrhizal birch seedlings

The effects of the heavy metals Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb and Zn on [(14)C]methylamine and [(14)C]aminoisobutyric acid uptake were studied in the free-living fungus Paxillus involutus and in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal birch roots. The uptake of both N sources by P. involutus was inhibited by the five metals tested. However, Cu(2+) and Pb(2+) had a greater inhibitory effect. Non-competitive inhibitions were determined between heavy metals and [(14)C]methylamine uptake. [(14)C]Methylamine uptake was reduced by one third by 2 μM Cd(2+) and Cu(2+) in non-mycorrhizal roots, whereas that of mycorrhizal roots was not affected. However, it was reduced by 30 to 80% by 200 μM Cd(2+) and Cu(2+) irrespective of the mycorrhizal status. [(14)C]Aminoisobutyric acid uptake in mycorrhizal roots was not significantly affected by Cd(2+) and Cu(2+), whereas that of non-mycorrhizal roots was decreased by 77% at 200 μM Cu(2+). [(14)C]Aminoisobutyric acid uptake was 4.5 to 6 fold higher in mycorrhizal roots, compared with non-mycorrhizal roots, even under metal exposure. The high efficiency of N acquisition by mycorrhizal birch seedlings under metal exposure might be regarded as a mechanism of stress avoidance.