快速城市化区域生态安全的空间模糊综合评价——以广州市为例

随着经济的快速发展,城市生态安全状况令人担忧。进行城市生态安全评价,了解城市生态安全状况成为城市生态建设、改善和提高城市生态安全状况的前提。基于TM遥感数据以及GIS平台,构建评价指标体系,采用空间模糊评价方法进行生态安全的空间综合评价,进而分析其时间与空间变化。生态安全空间分布图及其属性的统计结果表明,整体上讲,广州市生态安全等级为一般,并且随时间推移,生态安全状态比较稳定,但是在1995年受到较大的破坏;不同区域之间生态安全的对比分析显示,广州市生态安全的城乡差异明显,中心城区生态安全状态堪忧;将研究结果与作者早已经完成的同区域基于统计数据的生态安全评价分析结果进行趋势对比,二者显示出一致性,表明基于格网的空间模糊综合评价方法用于生态安全评价是可行的,研究的设计也是合理的,但是这种空间综合评价方法却具有传统方法不具备的优点：不仅具有可视化的表达效果,还有利于不同范围大小区域之间的对比研究。     

城市生态安全及其动态评价方法

城市生态安全是人类生存和发展的一个重大课题。当前,城市生态安全正严重威胁着城市的可持续发展。全面了解城市生态安全状况是维护城市持续发展的基础。而城市生态安全的研究仍处于起步阶段,在吸取现有的国内外相关研究成果的基础上,探讨了城市生态安全的内涵和动态特征,分析了城市生态安全问题。对城市生态安全的评价方法进行了研究,提出了城市生态安全状态评价的指标体系和评价模型,趋势分析模型,以及基于状态评价与趋势分析的城市生态安全动态评价方法。     

基于能值分析的唐山市生态安全评价

基于“压力-状态-响应(PSR)”模型,运用能值分析方法构建了城市生态安全评价体系和城市生态安全指数（EUESI）,并评价了1995-2005年间唐山市生态安全水平的变化.结果表明：1995-2005年间,唐山市生态安全水平呈先升高后降低的趋势;基于能值分析的研究区城市生态安全指数由1995年的0.017增加到1996年的0.022后逐年降低,2003年进入不安全状态.基于能值分析的城市生态安全评价方法克服了传统评价体系的指标繁多、重复、单位不统一和可比性差等缺点,更加真实客观地反映了城市生态安全状态,为城市生态环境的管理和决策提供了科学依据.     

快速城市化地区景观生态安全时空演化过程分析——以东莞市为例

依托“压力-状态-响应”概念框架模型,建立景观生态安全评价指标体系,以东莞市为例,研究区域景观生态安全时空发展变化过程,揭示快速城市化地区生态安全发展变化的规律.结果表明:1988、1997和2005年东莞市的平均生态安全综合指数分别为0.497、0.436和0.395,区域总体生态安全从中高安全状态逐步降低到中低安全状态;生态中低安全的区域空间上从“市中心-镇中心”沿“市中心-镇中心-道路”不断扩张.采用以像元为中心的公里网格滑动模板的指标作为像元的评价指标,可以有效解决景观结构指数等指标的计算,在生态安全等级划分时边界过度很平滑,景观尺度的生态安全评价可以为生态可持续发展政策的制定提供科学依据.     

区域生态安全格局研究进展

如何构建一个安全的区域生态格局,对土地可持续利用和区域生态安全有重要意义。区域生态安全格局的构建需要多学科的综合、多角度的分析和多种实现手段的结合,一般从景观格局优化、土地资源优化配置和景观恢复等途径入手,构建结构合理、功能高效、关系协调的区域生态安全模式。在分析国内外相关研究进展的基础上,对区域生态安全格局构建在数量优化、空间优化和综合优化等方法进行了总结,在此基础上提出了构建区域生态安全格局的思路：区域生态现状评价、情景预案与目标设定、区域生态安全格局设计、方案实施及其效果评价、方案调整与管理。未来区域生态安全格局研究的趋势表现为：空间优化模型的进一步改进;区域生态安全标准量化的探索;注重公众参与机制和不同组织水平利益相关者的协调。     

基于潜力-约束模型的冀中南区域建设用地适宜性评价

区域建设用地适宜性评价是区域规划空间布局的重要前提和基础,是区域土地资源合理利用的重要依据.基于GIS软件平台,采用区域综合实力与空间可达性分析方法对冀中南区域发展潜力进行了空间定量分析,采用生态环境敏感性方法对研究区发展的生态约束进行定量评价,进而借鉴损益分析法,构建了由发展潜力和生态约束构成的潜力-约束模型,并通过相互作用判别矩阵,得到不同发展理念下的建设用地适宜性情景方案.结果表明： 研究区综合实力与空间发展潜力均呈首位分布,且点轴发展模式明显;生态环境敏感性总体上呈西高东低的分布格局;区域经济发展理念对区域生态安全格局和城市建设用地增长空间规模具有重要影响.潜力-约束模型重新构建了区域用地发展适宜性的评判原则与方法,能够较为科学地实现区域综合发展潜力的空间栅格化,获取研究区未来用地的发展趋势和空间布局,可以为城市与区域规划提供科学依据,是实现区域“精明增长”与“精明保护”的有效途径.     

基于土地利用分析的兰州市城市区域生态安全格局研究

中尺度区域生态安全的研究针对区域的实际生态安全问题展开,处于各尺度生态安全概念的核心地位.作为特殊的区域,以生态基础设施建设为核心的城市区域生态安全格局的构建成为城市可持续发展的基础内容.基于土地利用分析的定性、定量相结合的景观格局研究,生态价值评估以及社会经济驱动分析为城市区域生态安全格局的构建提供了一种可能.兰州市区域生态安全格局由生态保障体系、生态缓冲体系以及生态过滤体系所构成,经过分析,认为生态缓冲体系的建设成为兰州市区域生态安全格局构建的关键.城市未来扩展格局的定量分析成为兰州市区域生态安全格局安全级别的判别函数,根据不同的响应,把区域生态安全格局化分为低级、中级和高级3个级别.     

城市综合生态风险评价——以淮北市城区为例

城市面临复杂的生态风险,为了保障城市安全,需要对单一灾害或污染源的生态风险评估结果进行整合。基于城市复合生态系统特性,将当前城市地域常见的生态风险区分为自然灾害、环境污染及生态退化等3种主要类型,以土地利用单元作为风险受体,整合自然、人文、景观及环境因子,在现有生态风险评价研究方法基础上,构建了城市综合生态风险评价的空间分析框架。研究中选择淮北市城区作为研究区,针对研究区内存在的洪涝、干旱、水污染、大气污染、采煤塌陷及生态服务降低等生态风险类型,定量评价其空间差异,并提出相应的风险防范措施。案例分析结果表明,研究区综合生态风险较高的区域包括龙河、岱河、龙岱河与闸河等过境河流流经塌陷密集带的河段,北湖、东湖、中湖及南湖等人工湖泊沿岸,化家湖湖岸,及土型、新蔡、北杨新杨煤矿及其外围地区。由降低生态风险保障城市生态安全角度,在未来城市的整体规划中,建议结合城市外围绿地与城市内部的高风险区域,划设禁建或限建区域,共同构建淮北城市生态风险防范的空间结构。     

基于生态红线划分的生态安全格局构建——以江西省为例

生态红线是对维护生态安全格局、保障生态系统服务具有重要战略意义的空间区域,也是实现国家和区域生态安全的重要途径。本文以江西省为研究区域,通过生态系统服务重要性和生态敏感性评价,并结合现有的生态保护地区,划定江西省生态红线区域总面积为59608.16 km~2,占全省总面积的35.71%。然后以生态红线区域作为生态安全格局构建的生态源地,基于最小累积阻力模型构建了江西省生态安全格局,确定了生态廊道、辐射通道、生态战略节点等生态安全格局组分的空间分布,并划分为低、中、高3种水平生态安全格局。其中低水平安全格局面积为78285.47 km~2,占研究区面积的46.89%;中水平安全格局和高水平安全格局面积分别是49405.89和23104.93 km~2,各占研究区面积的29.59%和13.84%。     

北京西南地区区域生态安全评价

根据陆地表层气候-植被-土壤自然综合体的地带性分布规律,综合区域自然环境背景、生态系统稳定性、景观结构和外界干扰4个方面,以地理信息系统和模糊数学作为支撑,构建了区域生态安全评价指标体系和评价方法,并依据北京西南地区近30年来的气候、土壤等背景数据,计算了整个区域2004年的生态安全指数．结果表明：北京西南地区中部及西部山区、浅山区的区域生态安全程度较高,南部及东南部平原地区的区域生态安全状况较差;山区的各种采矿行为已经影响了北京西南地区西部山区的生态安全,必须采取一定的关停措施．对北京西南地区的案例研究表明：该评价方法可以克服目前区域生态安全评价中存在的问题,评价结果能够反映区域生态问题和区域各个局部位置的生态安全状况．     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。