处理对菊芋幼苗光合及叶绿素荧光的影响

以砂培菊芋(Helianthus tuberosus)幼苗作为试验材料，分别进行不同浓度NaCl (50、 100、150、200、250 mmol•L^－1)和Na₂CO₃ (25、50、 75、100、125 mmol•L^－1)胁迫处理，以1/2全营养液作为对照，处理7 d后研究NaCl和Na₂CO₃胁迫处理对菊芋幼苗叶片光合作用及叶绿素动力学 参数的影响。结果表明：1)在NaCl处理下，当浓度小于150 mmol•L^－1时，增加了菊芋的叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Net photosynthetic rate, P_n)和气孔导度(Stomatal conductivity, G_s)，对荧光参数PSⅡ的电子传递情况( F_m/F_o)、PSⅡ原初光能转换效率(F_v/F_m)、PSⅡ量子效率 (Actual quantum yield of PSⅡ under actinic irradiation,φPSⅡ)和光化学猝灭系数(Photochemical quenching coefficient, qP)和非 光化学猝灭系 数(Non-photochemical quenching coefficient, NPQ)没有显著影响，随着浓度的增加，各项生理指标与对照相比除了NPQ显著 增加，其余均显著降低；2)在Na₂CO₃胁迫处理下，随着Na₂CO₃浓度的增加，与对照相比菊芋幼苗叶绿素含量、P_n、G_s以及叶绿素a荧光诱导动力 学参数F_m/F_o、F_v/F_m、φPSⅡ和qP均显著降低，NPQ显著增加；3)就NaCl和Na₂CO₃相比而言，在相同Na⁺浓度情况下，处于Na₂CO₃胁迫下的菊芋 幼苗的叶绿素含量、P_n、G_s以及叶绿素a荧光诱导动力学参数F_m/F_o、F_v/F_m、φPSⅡ和qP下降幅度和NPQ的增加幅度均显著大于NaCl，这说明 NaCl和Na₂CO₃胁迫均对菊芋幼苗造成不同程度的伤害，但在相同Na⁺浓度情况下，Na₂CO₃的伤害程度大于NaCl。由此说明菊芋对盐的忍耐程度高 于碱。     

外源NO对盐胁迫下黑麦草幼苗活性氧代谢、多胺含量和光合作用的影响

采用溶液培养法研究了外源一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)供体硝普钠(sodium nitroprusside,SNP)对100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl胁迫下黑麦草幼苗生长、活性氧代谢、多胺含量和光合作用的影响。结果表明,50 μmol·L^-1 SNP显著提高盐胁迫下黑麦草幼苗叶片的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性及谷胱甘肽(GSH)、精胺(Spm)、亚精胺(Spd)含量和(Spm+Spd)/Put比值,降低了腐胺(Put)、超氧阴离子(O^—·₂)、H₂O₂和丙二醛(MDA)含量,使幼苗叶片叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量、净光合速率(P_n)和气孔导度(G_s)升高,胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)下降,相对生长量增加。叶绿素荧光动力学资料显示,SNP处理降低盐胁迫下黑麦草叶片的初始荧光(F₀),表明它对光合膜系统具有保护效应。SNP处理不仅提高了盐胁迫下叶片的最大荧光(F_m)、PSⅡ潜在光化学效率(F_v/F₀)和PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m),而且提高了PSⅡ实际光化学效率(Φ_PSⅡ)、光化学荧光猝灭系数(q_P)、表观光合电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学速率(PCR),降低了非光化学荧光猝灭系数(NPQ)和天线热耗散(D),而1 mmol·L^-1 NO清除剂PTIO和0.5 μmol·L^-1 NaNO₂处理(对照)则无此效应。由此表明,外源NO可能通过提高植株的抗氧化能力及光能的捕获与转换而增强盐胁迫下黑麦草叶片的光合能力,从而缓解盐胁迫对幼苗生长的抑制作用。     

草光合作用日变化及其与环境因子的关系

对镇江北固山湿地优势植物——〓草的光合作用进行了试验研究。结果表明,春夏季晴天〓草净光合速率(P_n)的日变化为双峰曲线,有明显的光合“午休”现象;多云天〓草的P_n主要受光强制约,随光合有效辐射(PAR)变化而变化。经统计学验证,〓草的P_n与PAR、气孔导度(G_s)有显著正相关关系,而与细胞间隙CO₂浓度(C_i)呈显著负相关。用一元二次方程拟合了〓草的光响应曲线,得到光补偿点为38.572 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,光饱和点为2 087.5 μmol·m^-2·s^-1。     

干旱胁迫下藜的光合特性研究

通过人工控制水分模拟干旱来研究生长期的藜对干旱胁迫的生理生化反应,以期望为干旱农业的高效生产提供理论依据。以盆栽的藜为材料,用称重控制浇水的方法,研究了干旱胁迫对藜叶片的光合特性。结果表明：干旱胁迫下藜的光合日变化呈双峰型,有“午休”现象（13:00）且受气孔限制;最大净光合速率出现在上午8:00。与正常条件下生长的藜相比,干旱胁迫下藜的光饱和点(LSP)、最大净光合速率(Pn)、表观量子效率(AQY)、二氧化碳饱和点(CSP)和羧化效率(CE)均降低,分别为1 200 μmolphoton·m^-2·s^-1、8.01 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1、0.016 1 μmol CO₂·mol^-1 photons、1 200 μmol CO₂·mol^-1、0.017 6 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1;光补偿点(LCP)、二氧化碳补偿点(CCP)升高,分别达到44.88 μmol photon·m^-2·s^-1、和46 μmol CO₂·mol^-1,干旱使藜的光合能力下降。干旱胁迫下藜的光合能力虽有所下降,但与其它C3植物相比仍具有较强的CO₂同化能力。藜是一种耐旱力较强的植物。     

一氧化氮(NO)熏蒸蒜瓣对蒜苗叶片光合作用的影响

以白皮改良蒜为试验材料,用不同浓度的一氧化氮气体（0.1、0.5、1.0 μmol·L^-1）在无氧环境中对大蒜进行熏蒸。并使用TPS 1便携式光合仪结合Farquhar和Sharkey的理论测定或计算NO处理蒜苗的相关光合指标,同时测定核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化/加氧酶(Rubisco)含量。发现与1.0 μmol·L^-1 NO气体处理相比,0.5 μmol·L^-1 NO处理的蒜苗叶片净光合速率（P_n）、气孔导度(G_s)提高、而胞间隙CO₂浓度（C_i）、气孔限制值(L_s)降低,说明0.5 μmol·L^-1 NO处理下蒜苗光合速率高于1.0 μmol·L^-1 NO的处理的主要是非气孔因素。而且0.5 μmol·L^-1 NO处理提高了蒜苗叶片表观量子效率(AQY)、表观羧化效率(CE)和光合能力(A_o)及Rubisco含量,说明外源NO处理提高了蒜苗叶片光合作用过程中光反应能力和碳同化过程中羧化酶羧化效率。与对照相比,1.0 μmol·L^-1 NO处理降低了蒜苗叶片净光合速率,同时气孔导度、胞间隙CO₂浓度、表观量子效率、Rubisco含量、羧化效率和光合能力均降低,而气孔限制值升高,说明1.0 μmol·L^-1 NO对蒜苗光合作用的抑制既有气孔因素,也有非气孔因素。而0.1 μmol·L^-1 NO处理各项指标与对照无显著性的差异。     

C差异与气体交换参数

在苗木生长的不同时期对13个毛白杨(Populus tomentosa)杂种无性系叶片碳同位素δ¹³C和气体交换参数(净光合速率P_n、蒸腾速率T_r、瞬时水分利用效率WUE_i、气孔导度G_s和胞间CO₂浓度C_i)的差异进行研究, 分析不同无性系间δ¹³C与气体交换参数的相互关系, 目的在于探求δ¹³C在筛选高光合及高水分利用效率毛白杨杂种无性系中的应用价值。结果表明: 不同生长时期和不同无性系间δ¹³C、T_r、WUE_i、G_s和C_i的差异均显著, δ¹³C和WUE_i表现为9月＞7月, T_r、G_s和C_i表现为7月＞9月, P_n在不同生长时期差异不显著。季节变化是引起毛白杨杂种无性系叶片δ¹³C差异的主要原因。同一时期, 无性系间δ¹³C和WUE_i表现出较好的一致性, 即WUE_i较高的无性系30、42、46、83、BL2和BL5, 其δ¹³C值也较高, WUE_i较低的无性系B331和TG34, 其δ¹³C值也较低, 且不同时期(7月和9月) δ¹³C和WUE_i呈较强的正相关, 相关系数r分别为0.739 0和0.545 8, 高δ¹³C可以作为筛选高WUE_i毛白杨的有效指标, 且在苗木生长旺盛时期选育能得到更为可靠的结果。对毛白杨而言, 高WUE_i的无性系, 一般具有适中或较低的G_s和C_i, 但不一定具有很高的P_n, 气孔调节使得毛白杨在不影响光合作用的同时保持较高的WUE。     

通量

了解三江源人工草地净生态系统CO₂交换(Net ecosystem CO₂ exchange, NEE)的季节变化规律和主要生物因子及环境因子对这些过程的影响将有助于认识青藏高原人工草地生态系统碳循环、生态价值、功能，以及对三江源区的生态安全的重要意义。该研究利用涡度相关技术，于2005年9月1日至2006年8月31日对位于青海腹地的垂穗披碱草（Elymus nutans）人工草地的NEE及生物和环境因子进行观测， 阐明NEE及其组分的动态变化特征和影响因子。三江源区人工草地生态系统的日最大吸收量为2.38 g C·m^－2·d^－1，出 现在7月30日。日间最大吸收率和最大排放率都出现在8月，分别为-6.82和2.95μmol CO₂·m^－2·s^－1。在生长季， 白天的NEE主要受光合有效辐射(Photosynthe tically active rad iation, PAR)变化控制，同时又与叶面积指数和群落多样性交互作用，共同调节光合速率和光合效率的强度。最大光合同化速率为2.46～10.39μmol CO₂·m^－2·s^－1，表观初始光能利用率为0.013～0.070μmol CO₂·μmol^－1 PAR。 在碳交换日过程中，NEE并不完全随着 PAR的增加而增大，当PAR超过某一值（>1 200μmol ·m^－2·s^－1）时，NEE随PAR的增加而降低。受温度的影响，生长季的生态系统的呼吸商Q₁₀（1.8）小于非生长季节的 2.6）。 生态系统呼吸主要受温度的控制，同时也受到叶面积指数的显著影响。生长季昼夜温差大并不利于生态系统的碳获取。 三江源区人工草地生态系统是一个较强的碳汇，为-49.35 g C·m^－2·a^－1。     

通量的影响

东北地区森林生态系统因其面积大,碳贮量高而在本地区和我国碳平衡中占有重要的地位。土壤表面CO₂通量(RS)作为陆地生态系统向大气圈释放的主要CO₂源,其时空变化直接影响到区域碳循环。该研究采用红外气体分析法比较测定我国东北东部次生林区6个典型的森林生态系统的RS及其相关的土壤水热因子,并深入分析土壤水热因子对RS的影响。研究结果表明：影响RS的主要环境因子是土壤温度、土壤含水量及其交互作用,但其影响程度因生态系统类型和土壤深度而异。包括这些环境因子的综合RS模型解释了 67.5%～90.6%的RS变异。在整个生长季中,不同生态系统类型的土壤温度差异不显著 ,而土壤湿度的差异显著(α= 0.05)。蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)林、红松(Pinus koraiensis)林、 落叶松(Larix gmelinii)林、硬阔叶林、杂木林和杨桦(Populus davidiana_Betula platyphylla)林的RS变化范围依次为：1.89～5.23 µmol CO₂•m^－2•s^－1,1.09～4.66µmol CO₂•m^－2•s^－1,0.95～3.52µmol CO₂•m^－2•s^－1,1. 13～5.97µmol CO₂•m^－2•s^－1,1.05～6.58µmol CO₂•m^－2•s^－1和1.11～5.76µmol CO₂•m^－2•s^－1。RS的季节动态主要受土壤水热条件的驱动而呈现单峰曲线,其变化趋势大致与土壤温度的变化相吻合。Q₁₀从小到大依次为：蒙古栎林2.32,落叶松林2 .57,红松 林2.76,硬阔叶林2.94,杨桦林3.54和杂木林3.55。Q₁₀随土壤湿度的升高而增大;但超过 一定的阈值后,土壤湿度对Q₁₀起抑制作用。该研究结果强调对该地区生态系统 土壤表面CO₂通量的估测应同时考虑土壤水热条件的综合效应。     

浓度NO对高表达转玉米C4型pepc水稻光合的促进

为了揭示C₃植物中C₄ pepc高表达带来的生理差异与其高光合效率的关系。本文以高表达的转玉米C₄ pepc光合基因水稻（PC）及原种Kitaake(WT）为材料,通过水培在孕穗期通过根吸入的方法,进行不同浓度的NO供体、NO合成抑制剂以及相关影响信号分子的试剂单独和联合过夜处理12 h,选取倒二叶研究NO对供试材料净光合速率（P_n）,气孔导度(G_s)和胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)的影响。结果表明：WT和PC在200 μmol·L^-1 SNP（Sodium nitroprusside）和1 mmol·L^-1 L-Arg(L-Arginine)处理下,P_n分别增加20.8%、10.7%,差异显著（p<0.05）;随SNP和L-Arg浓度的增加,其表现不同程度的抑制,与PC相比,WT的P_n抑制更显著（p<0.05）,而G_s和C_i的变化则相反（p<0.05）;进一步结合200 μmol·L^-1 SNP和1 mmol·L^-1 L-Arg与SA处理,结果与高浓度的NO供体处理类似;在联合6 mmol·L^-1 Ca²⁺螯合剂EGTA处理下,与PC相比,WT的P_n抑制达到极显著水平（p<0.01）,C_i的变化则相反（p<0.05）。相关分析结果表明：PC的P_n的高低与G_s的相关性小于WT,PC与WT决定系数分别为0.654 9、0.773 5;而与C_i的相关性则更大些,PC与WT决定系数分别为0.466 5、0.419 6,显示PC可能有不同的调节方式,尤其在低浓度的NO,PC可在Ca²⁺参与下调节气孔的开放,在气孔关闭的条件下,仍能维持一定的P_n。     

显脉金花茶的光合生理特性研究

采用LI-6400便携式光合测定系统(Li-Cor Inc., USA)对显脉金花茶光合特性进行研究。结果表明：(1)在夏季,显脉金花茶叶片的P_n日变化呈单峰曲线,最高峰出现在中午11：00。其最大净光合速率（P_max）为3.81 μmol·m^-2·s^-1、光饱和点（LSP）为459.9 μmol·m^-2·s^-1、光补偿点（LCP）为6.9 μmol·m^-2·s^-1。显脉金花茶的光饱和点和光补偿点都比较低,表明其是一种阴生植物。（2）在控制光照强度和温度的条件下,CO₂浓度小于800 μmol·mol^-1,P_n几乎呈直线上升,升高CO₂浓度可使显脉金花茶的净高合速率增大,提高了叶片对光能的利用率。其叶片CO₂饱和点(CSP)大约在1 200 μmol·mol^-1左右,CO₂的补偿点（Г^*）为70.1 μmol·mol^-1,最大羧化速率（V_cmax）为17.5 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,最大电子传递速率（J_max）为40 μmol·m^-2·s^-1。     

Classical biological control for the protection of natural ecosystems

Of the 70 cases of classical biological control for the protection of nature found in our review, there were fewer projects against insect targets (21) than against invasive plants (49), in part, because many insect biological control projects were carried out against agricultural pests, while nearly all projects against plants targeted invasive plants in natural ecosystems. Of 21 insect projects, 81% (17) provided benefits to protection of biodiversity, while 48% (10) protected products harvested from natural systems, and 5% (1) preserved ecosystem services, with many projects contributing to more than one goal. In contrast, of the 49 projects against invasive plants, 98% (48) provided benefits to protection of biodiversity, while 47% (23) protected products, and 25% (12) preserved ecosystem services, again with many projects contributing to several goals. We classified projects into complete control (pest generally no longer important), partial control (control in some areas but not others), and “in progress,” for projects in development for which outcomes do not yet exist. For insects, of the 21 projects discussed, 62% (13) achieved complete control of the target pest, 19% (4) provided partial control, and 43% (9) are still in progress. By comparison, of the 49 invasive plant projects considered, 27% (13) achieved complete control, while 33% (16) provided partial control, and 49% (24) are still in progress. For both categories of pests, some projects’ success ratings were scored twice when results varied by region. We found approximately twice as many projects directed against invasive plants than insects and that protection of biodiversity was the most frequent benefit of both insect and plant projects. Ecosystem service protection was provided in the fewest cases by either insect or plant biological control agents, but was more likely to be provided by projects directed against invasive plants, likely because of the strong effects plants exert on landscapes. Rates of complete success appeared to be higher for insect than plant targets (62% vs 27%), perhaps because most often herbivores gradually weaken, rather than outright kill, their hosts, which is not the case for natural enemies directed against pest insects. For both insect and plant biological control, nearly half of all projects reviewed were listed as currently in progress, suggesting that the use of biological control for the protection of wildlands is currently very active.     

Relationships between biodiversity and biological control in agroecosystems: Current status and future challenges

Agricultural systems around the world are faced with the challenge of providing for the demands of a growing human population. To meet this demand, agricultural systems have intensified to produce more crops per unit area at the expense of greater inputs. Agricultural intensification, while yielding more crops, generally has detrimental impacts on biodiversity. However, intensified agricultural systems often have fewer pests than more “environmentally-friendly” systems, which is believed to be primarily due to extensive pesticide use on intensive farms. In turn, to be competitive, less-intensive agricultural systems must rely on biological control of pests. Biological pest control is a complex ecosystem service that is generally positively associated with biodiversity of natural enemy guilds. Yet, we still have a limited understanding of the relationships between biodiversity and biological control in agroecosystems, and the mechanisms underlying these relationships. Here, we review the effects of agricultural intensification on the diversity of natural enemy communities attacking arthropod pests and weeds. We next discuss how biodiversity of these communities impacts pest control, and the mechanisms underlying these effects. We focus in particular on novel conceptual issues such as relationships between richness, evenness, abundance, and pest control. Moreover, we discuss novel experimental approaches that can be used to explore the relationships between biodiversity and biological control in agroecosystems. In particular, we highlight new experimental frontiers regarding evenness, realistic manipulations of biodiversity, and functional and genetic diversity. Management shifts that aim to conserve diversity while suppressing both insect and weed pests will help growers to face future challenges. Moreover, a greater understanding of the interactions between diversity components, and the mechanisms underlying biodiversity effects, would improve efforts to strengthen biological control in agroecosystems.     

Forest bolsters bird abundance,pest control and coffee yield

Efforts to maximise crop yields are fuelling agricultural intensification, exacerbating the biodiversity crisis. Low‐intensity agricultural practices, however, may not sacrifice yields if they support biodiversity‐driven ecosystem services. We quantified the value native predators provide to farmers by consuming coffee's most damaging insect pest, the coffee berry borer beetle (Hypothenemus hampei). Our experiments in Costa Rica showed birds reduced infestation by ~ 50%, bats played a marginal role, and farmland forest cover increased pest removal. We identified borer‐consuming bird species by assaying faeces for borer DNA and found higher borer‐predator abundances on more forested plantations. Our coarse estimate is that forest patches doubled pest control over 230 km² by providing habitat for ~ 55 000 borer‐consuming birds. These pest‐control services prevented US$75–US$310 ha‐year⁻¹ in damage, a benefit per plantation on par with the average annual income of a Costa Rican citizen. Retaining forest and accounting for pest control demonstrates a win–win for biodiversity and coffee farmers.     

Sustainable pest regulation in agricultural landscapes: a review on landscape composition, biodiversity and natural pest control

Agricultural intensification has resulted in a simplification of agricultural landscapes by the expansion of agricultural land, enlargement of field size and removal of non-crop habitat. These changes are considered to be an important cause of the rapid decline in farmland biodiversity, with the remaining biodiversity concentrated in field edges and non-crop habitats. The simplification of landscape composition and the decline of biodiversity may affect the functioning of natural pest control because non-crop habitats provide requisites for a broad spectrum of natural enemies, and the exchange of natural enemies between crop and non-crop habitats is likely to be diminished in landscapes dominated by arable cropland. In this review, we test the hypothesis that natural pest control is enhanced in complex patchy landscapes with a high proportion of non-crop habitats as compared to simple large-scale landscapes with little associated non-crop habitat. In 74% and 45% of the studies reviewed, respectively, natural enemy populations were higher and pest pressure lower in complex landscapes versus simple landscapes. Landscape-driven pest suppression may result in lower crop injury, although this has rarely been documented. Enhanced natural enemy activity was associated with herbaceous habitats in 80% of the cases (e.g. fallows, field margins), and somewhat less often with wooded habitats (71%) and landscape patchiness (70%). The similar contributions of these landscape factors suggest that all are equally important in enhancing natural enemy populations. We conclude that diversified landscapes hold most potential for the conservation of biodiversity and sustaining the pest control function.     

The invasive gall wasp Quadrastichus erythrinae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in South America: is classical biological control needed?

The invasive gall wasp Quadrastichus erythrinae, a pest of Erythrina plants, is recorded for the first time in South America in Espírito Santo, Brazil. Research on Q. erythrinae and its potential natural enemies in this region is required to determine the need for classical biological control of this invasive pest.     

Persistent negative effects of pesticides on biodiversity and biological control potential on European farmland

During the last 50 years, agricultural intensification has caused many wild plant and animal species to go extinct regionally or nationally and has profoundly changed the functioning of agro-ecosystems. Agricultural intensification has many components, such as loss of landscape elements, enlarged farm and field sizes and larger inputs of fertilizer and pesticides. However, very little is known about the relative contribution of these variables to the large-scale negative effects on biodiversity. In this study, we disentangled the impacts of various components of agricultural intensification on species diversity of wild plants, carabids and ground-nesting farmland birds and on the biological control of aphids.In a Europe-wide study in eight West and East European countries, we found important negative effects of agricultural intensification on wild plant, carabid and bird species diversity and on the potential for biological pest control, as estimated from the number of aphids taken by predators. Of the 13 components of intensification we measured, use of insecticides and fungicides had consistent negative effects on biodiversity. Insecticides also reduced the biological control potential. Organic farming and other agri-environment schemes aiming to mitigate the negative effects of intensive farming on biodiversity did increase the diversity of wild plant and carabid species, but – contrary to our expectations – not the diversity of breeding birds.We conclude that despite decades of European policy to ban harmful pesticides, the negative effects of pesticides on wild plant and animal species persist, at the same time reducing the opportunities for biological pest control. If biodiversity is to be restored in Europe and opportunities are to be created for crop production utilizing biodiversity-based ecosystem services such as biological pest control, there must be a Europe-wide shift towards farming with minimal use of pesticides over large areas.     

Decreased functional diversity and biological pest control in conventional compared to organic crop fields

Organic farming is one of the most successful agri-environmental schemes, as humans benefit from high quality food, farmers from higher prices for their products and it often successfully protects biodiversity. However there is little knowledge if organic farming also increases ecosystem services like pest control. We assessed 30 triticale fields (15 organic vs. 15 conventional) and recorded vascular plants, pollinators, aphids and their predators. Further, five conventional fields which were treated with insecticides were compared with 10 non-treated conventional fields. Organic fields had five times higher plant species richness and about twenty times higher pollinator species richness compared to conventional fields. Abundance of pollinators was even more than one-hundred times higher on organic fields. In contrast, the abundance of cereal aphids was five times lower in organic fields, while predator abundances were three times higher and predator-prey ratios twenty times higher in organic fields, indicating a significantly higher potential for biological pest control in organic fields. Insecticide treatment in conventional fields had only a short-term effect on aphid densities while later in the season aphid abundances were even higher and predator abundances lower in treated compared to untreated conventional fields. Our data indicate that insecticide treatment kept aphid predators at low abundances throughout the season, thereby significantly reducing top-down control of aphid populations. Plant and pollinator species richness as well as predator abundances and predator-prey ratios were higher at field edges compared to field centres, highlighting the importance of field edges for ecosystem services. In conclusion organic farming increases biodiversity, including important functional groups like plants, pollinators and predators which enhance natural pest control. Preventative insecticide application in conventional fields has only short-term effects on aphid densities but long-term negative effects on biological pest control. Therefore conventional farmers should restrict insecticide applications to situations where thresholds for pest densities are reached.     

重大外来入侵害虫——美国白蛾生物防治技术研究

美国白蛾Hyphantria cunea(Drury)是重大外来入侵害虫,对我国林业和园林绿化造成重大危害,尤其是近年来美国白蛾传入北京,严重威胁着我国“绿色奥运”的顺利举办和首都园林绿化及生态环境安全。根据美国白蛾多发生在居民区、乡镇和城市的特点,作者开展对环境安全的生物防治技术研究。汲取前苏联等国家从美国白蛾的原产地引进天敌进行生物防治没有成功的经验和教训,立足调查和寻找我国本土天敌。经过21年的努力,发现和筛选出白蛾周氏啮小蜂Chouioia cunea Yang(新属新种)这种寄生美国白蛾的特优天敌;研究这种小蜂的行为学、生态学、生物学、解剖学及人工大量繁殖、放蜂防治技术;筛选出人工大量繁殖小蜂的替代寄主,解决小蜂的大量繁殖的瓶颈问题;通过放蜂防治试验,取得良好的防治效果。同时,筛选出防治美国白蛾的高毒力HcNPV病毒毒株,研制出美国白蛾人工饲料,利用人工饲料大量饲养美国白蛾幼虫,然后接种扩增病毒,成功解决HcNPV病毒大量扩增生产和常年生产的技术难题,做到病毒的规模化生产和常年生产,保证大面积生产防治的需要和病毒质量。研究出利用天敌昆虫和病原微生物综合应用的防治模式:在美国白蛾幼虫期喷洒HcNPV病毒,蛹期释放白蛾周氏啮小蜂,达到既控制当代美国白蛾的危害,又有效抑制其下代的种群数量,取得长期的持续控制美国白蛾的防治效果。上海市、大连市、烟台市和青岛市利用该项技术已经完全控制美国白蛾,特别是上海市利用本项生物防治技术防治后,已经连续6年没有再发现美国白蛾。由于该项生物防治技术利用的是自然界原有的控制害虫的生态因子,因而对环境安全,做到既消灭害虫,又保证生态环境和人畜的安全,也保护生物多样性。该项研究成果也为北京采用“绿色”防治技术有效控制美国白蛾提供重要的科技支撑和技术保障。     

The interactive effects of livestock exclusion and mammalian pest control on the restoration of invertebrate communities in small forest remnants

Abstract

In many agricultural landscapes, significant biodiversity gains can be made by improving the ecological condition of degraded remnants of semi‐natural habitat. Recent emphasis has been on the level of management intervention required to initiate vegetation recovery in small forest remnants, but no comparable emphasis has been placed on benefits for invertebrate communities. In the Waikato region, New Zealand, we tested the effects of livestock exclusion, mammalian pest control, and their interaction, on leaf‐litter invertebrate communities in 30 forest remnants, using a space‐for‐time substitution approach. A total of 87 376 invertebrates were extracted from 964 leaf‐litter samples. Invertebrate density was an order of magnitude lower in remnants than in nearby large forest reserves. For key taxa, such as Diplopoda, Isopoda, Coleoptera and Mollusca, 10‐ to 100‐fold lower densities were recorded in remnants with no pest control, particularly where livestock were not excluded. By contrast, other taxa such as Thysanoptera and For‐micidae (Hymenoptera) had up to 100‐fold greater densities in remnants with recent stock exclusion and pest control. These changes led to a significant livestock exclusion x pest control interaction effect on the degree of invertebrate community dissimilarity between forest remnants and forest reserves. Using structural equation modelling, we found that treatment effects were largely mediated by a cascading series of indirect causal paths involving altered soil chemistry, vegetation composition, and litter mass relative to large forest reserves, although the livestock exclusion × pest control interaction was inadvertently confounded with differing slopes and areas of remnants in different treatments. Livestock exclusion and mammalian pest control have significant, but contrasting, effects on invertebrates in the first 10–20 years following livestock exclusion from forest remnants, with mammalian pest control having limited benefit for the leaf‐litter invertebrate fauna without livestock exclusion.     

Mechanisms for flowering plants to benefit arthropod natural enemies of insect pests： Prospects for enhanced use in agriculture

Reduction of noncrop habitats, intensive use of pesticides and high levels of disturbance associated with intensive crop production simplify the farming landscape and bring about a sharp decline of biodiversity. This, in turn, weakens the biological control ecosystem service provided by arthropod natural enemies. Strategic use of flowering plants to enhance plant biodiversity in a well-targeted manner can provide natural enemies with food sources and shelter to improve biological control and reduce dependence on chemical pesticides. This article reviews the nutritional value of various types of plant-derived food for natural enemies, possible adverse effects on pest management, and the practical application of flowering plants in orchards, vegetables and field crops, agricultural systems where most research has taken place. Prospects for more effective use of flowering plants to maximize biological control of insect pests in agroecosystem are good but depend up on selection of optimal plant species based on information on the ecological mechanisms by which natural enemies are selectively favored over pest species.