《保护生物学》简介

由于环境的恶化,全世界生物多样性的丧失日趋严重。现已引起了包括科技、教育等社会各界的关注。因此,一个以“如何用最科学的理论和最有效的手段去指导生物多样性保护”的综合性学科———保护生物学产生了。我国是世界生物多样性最丰富的国家之一,同时也是生物资源丧失较严重的国家之一。尽管我国在保护生物多样性方面做过大量的工作,取得了一定的成绩,但生物资源保护的任务还相当艰巨,保护生物多样性的理论和实践都较薄弱,尤其是公众保护生物资源的意识还很淡薄,大多数人还不知道如何去保护生物资源。保护生物学作为一门学科在中国也是近…     

云南及周边地区少数民族对农业生物资源的保护与利用

"云南及周边地区生物资源调查"项目属于国家科技部基础性工作专项。云南及周边地区是我国少数民族聚集区,农业生物多样性十分丰富。然而,近些年来随着经济发展,外来文化的渗透,该地区正经历着较大的变迁,少数民族文化和农业生物资源正在逐步消失[1]。为了保护和发扬少数民族的传统文化和农业生物资源,对该地区的41个县和10个民族进行了系统调查。本次调查全面完成了各项任务和考核指标。本文仅介绍云南及周边地区少数民族对农业生物资源的保护和利用情况,旨在为国家保护和发扬少数民族传统文化,制定生物资源保护政策和科学研究提供基础信息和科学依据。     

贵州安龙县少数民族特色农业生物资源保护与利用现状

安龙县是贵州特色农业生物资源较为丰富的代表地区之一,开展资源保护与开发利用状况的调查具有重要意义。采取专业组队、查阅文献、地方座谈和实地考察等方式,对该县4个乡镇9个村的特色农业生物资源进行了系统调查,共采集220份当地特色资源及其地理生态信息。并对当地农业生物资源保护利用现状与消长情况以及收集品的利用价值进行了分析,为安龙县特色农业生物资源的利用、保护和开发提出建议。     

云南阿昌族地区农业生物资源调查

2008年9月、2009年5-6月分别对云南省陇川县户撒阿昌族乡和梁河县的九保、曩宋2个阿昌族乡共18个村分布的与阿昌族生产、生活密切相关的农业生物资源进行了调查、收集与整理,共收集到农业生物资源300份.本文对当地农业生物资源现状、消长情况及原因和调查、收集到的资源种类及其利用价值进行了分析,并对云南省阿昌族地区农业生物资源的利用、保护和开发进行了讨论.     

云南省元阳县哈尼族彝族农业生物资源调查

根据当地的气候特点和生态环境选取有代表性的3个乡9个村对云南省元阳县哈尼族、彝族的农业生物资源进行了系统调查和收集,共收集与当地民族生活、生产和民族文化密切相关的农业生物资源341份,其中粮食作物资源139份,果树资源(含野生种类)35份,蔬菜资源(含野生种类)55份,药用植物资源56份,饲用资源56份。详细整理分析了调查、收集到的资源的种类和利用价值,并对当地的农业生产和农业生物资源的利用和保护提出了具体建议。同时对当地的农业生物资源现状和变化情况进行调查和分析,为制订我国少数民族地区特有农业生物资源有效保护与高效利用发展战略提供基础数据和研究材料。     

世界生物资源概况

生物资源是地球生物多样性的核心组成部分,是人类生存和发展的战略性资源。合理利用和保护日趋濒危的生物资源是世界各国当务之急。本文概述了生物资源的概念、重要性和基本特征,介绍了世界生物资源物种数目、管理利用情况及濒危现状,对我国生物资源的保护具有一定参考价值。     

云南省新平县农业生物资源调查与分析

对云南省新平县3个乡镇的11个村进行了重点调查,实地走访了15个村小组,访问了90户农户,共收集到与彝族、傣族、哈尼族、拉祜族生产、生活密切相关的特优、特有、特用农业生物资源164份。分析了当地农业生物资源现状和消长情况及原因和调查、收集到的资源种类及其利用价值,并针对该地区的农业生物资源的特性,提出了利用、保护和开发建议。     

论传统知识的概念与保护

近年来, 传统知识受到国际国内的广泛关注, 特别是与生物资源相关的传统知识保护问题在《生物多样性公约》等国际论坛已成为焦点议题。然而, 传统知识尚没有统一的定义。本文在分析相关国际公约有关传统知识的概念的基础上, 结合作者过去几年在中国民族地区的相关研究工作, 提出与生物资源保护与持续利用相关的传统知识可分为以下5类: (1)传统利用农业生物及遗传资源的知识; (2)传统利用药用生物资源的知识; (3)生物资源利用的传统技术创新与传统生产生活方式; (4)与生物资源保护与利用相关的传统文化与习惯法; (5)传统地理标志产品。本文还针对目前传统知识保护中存在的问题, 探讨了开展传统知识调查、整理、编目、继承、发展、保护和推广应用的各项措施, 并提出建立国家法规制度, 以确保公平公正地与地方社区和土著居民分享因利用传统知识而产生的惠益。     

佤族传统文化在生物多样性保护中的作用

生物多样性与文化多样性相辅相成, 传统文化对生物多样性的保护作用已经得到广泛认可。佤族在长期利用和管理当地生物资源的过程中形成了丰富的民族文化, 研究佤族传统文化对生物多样性的保护作用对当地生物多样性保护和可持续发展具有重要意义。本研究以佤族聚居人口最多的西盟佤族自治县与沧源佤族自治县作为研究区域, 采用生态学和民族学方法调查了佤族利用的野生植物资源及相关传统文化。结果表明: 佤族传统使用的野生植物十分丰富, 是当地佤族形成传统饮食、医药、服饰、建筑文化的物质基础。基于自然崇拜形成的生态观、习惯法和节庆习俗可促进当地生物多样性保护与生物资源可持续利用。地方政府在传统文化和传统知识保护方面做出了积极努力, 非物质文化遗产项目已经应用于扶贫和乡村振兴的产业发展; 市场化和城市化发展、生活方式改变、生物资源减少、保护意识薄弱、外来文化侵蚀等是文化多样性丧失的主要因素; 地方社区将特色生物资源转化为生态产品的能力不足, 制约了生物资源的可持续利用。因此, 亟需健全保护传统知识和传承民族文化的政策和制度, 建立传统知识数据库, 加强宣传教育、科学研究和人才培养, 充分发挥少数民族优秀传统文化在生物多样性保护与生物资源可持续利用中的积极作用。     

浅谈生物教学中的危机感教育

在高中生物教学中,对学生进行爱国主义教育,应包括开展危机感教育,因为它也是爱国主义教育的一个重要方面。危机感教育是指教师在教育、教学中有意识地创设一定的刺激环境,展示事物的危机,促使学生产生危机意识。１　危机感教育的重要性第一,我国的生物资源由于盲目开发,利用不科学,加上原本人口数量大,对生物资源需求量也很大的实情,生物资源实际上并不丰富,更不是“取之不尽,用之不竭”。所以生物资源亟待大家保护和发展。其二,随着科学的发展,工业和城市建设布局不合理,工业生产排出大量的“三废”没有处理,直接进入人类…     

试论植物园功能变迁与中国国家植物园体系建设

植物资源是自然生态系统的基本组成部分, 是经济社会可持续发展的重要物质来源, 植物多样性是关系到国家生态安全和生物安全的战略资源。就地保护和迁地保护是植物多样性保护的两种主要方法, 构建以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系是就地保护的主要形式, 构建以国家植物园为引领的植物园体系是迁地保护的主要形式, 二者相辅相成, 共同形成我国较为完整的植物多样性保护体系。通过建设国家植物园体系对我国植物多样性进行迁地保护, 同时开展科学研究、园林展示、科普教育和资源开发利用, 对深入推进生态文明建设和高质量发展具有重要意义。本文回顾了植物园的功能变迁、全球和中国植物园分布与数量以及植物迁地保护现状,讨论了植物园与植物迁地保护的关系, 在此基础上, 提出了我国国家植物园的定义及设立标准, 进而讨论了建设国家植物园体系的意义、挑战、统筹迁地保护和就地保护等问题, 最后提出了我国国家植物园体系的建设目标、管理体制、空间布局和认证等方面的建议, 以期为我国的国家植物园体系建设提供参考。     

Biodiversity conservation in Changbai Mountain Biosphere Reserve, northeastern China: status, problem, and strategy

The Changbai Mountain Biosphere Reserve (CMBR) is the largest and one of the earliest natural reserves established in China. The continuous losses of species and ecosystems in the reserve since its establishment have raised numerous concerns within China and beyond, which also leads some people to question the function and efficiency of natural reserves in protecting biological and ecological resources. By collecting the published data, conducting field investigation, and interviewing local people, we present the current status of biological and ecological diversity/resources in the reserve and analyze the major factors causing biodiversity loss in the reserve in an ecological and socio-economic context. We found that the high human population pressure, mismanagement practices of resources, a poor resource evaluation system which underestimates the ecological value of the natural reserve, an inappropriate economic development policy, and rapid expansion of the tourist industry were the major causes leading to the biodiversity loss in the reserve in the past few decades. In order to manage the biological resources and biodiversity in the CMBR in a sustainable way, we recommend some strategies and measures which include balancing economic development and biological/ecological conservation, controlling human population in the reserve, encouraging collaboration within and outside the reserve, especially the areas around the reserve, enhancing governmental assistance and subsidy to the local residents, and promoting scientific research and biodiversity education in the local communities.     

Biodiversity conservation in a fast-growing metropolitan area in China: a case study of plant diversity in Beijing

As the capital of China, Beijing has experienced extensive urbanization in the past two decades. To explore the effect of urbanization on plant diversity, we investigated the vascular plant diversity of the whole Beijing Municipality in three different functional (urban, suburban and exurban) regions. For its geo-diversity, Beijing has a rather abundant vascular plant diversity (2,276 species), including 207 species of conservation concern such as endemic, threatened and protected species. The exurban region had not only the highest species diversity (1,998 species), but also the most species of conservation concern (194 species). Urban region possessed the maximum alien species in terms of both absolute number and proportional representation, while the suburban region had the least species diversity (1,026 species). Some problems, such as wetland shrink and biological invasions, were common in the whole Beijing Municipality. However, primary threats to biodiversity differed in the three functional regions. The urban and suburban regions mainly suffered from habitat loss and fragmentation due to urban sprawl, while the exurban region faced serious ecosystem degradation from increasing disturbance from both local and urban people. Based on our investigation, we put forward conservation strategies for the three regions: improving the structure and ecological function of green spaces in urban region, preserving as much remnant natural habitats in the suburban region, and restricting the rural tourism and establishing a biosphere reserve in the exurban region. In addition, improving public education and orientating that more to social aspects of conservation practice is strongly recommended.     

Communicating old-growth forest through an educational trail

This paper describes the experience of developing an educational trail inside an old-growth beech forest in central Italy. In the last 150 years local people exploited this stand almost exclusively for recreational purposes and now the beechwood has acquired new ecological value after having reached old-growth status. Despite the cultural-historical importance of the site, there is a substantial lack of knowledge about this magnificent stand among members of the public, who have no tools to understand its dynamics nor to accept those structural changes related to its natural evolution. Tourist facilities were restored at the site, according to non-restricting criteria, and an educational program was developed in order to promote a shared comprehension of old-growth forests, their ecological processes and value, the services they provide, and to increase tourist awareness toward this fragile ecosystem. We discuss the educational role ecotourism might potentially hold in western developed countries to link the public with the scientific world, educating people about nature, while preventing negative impacts on natural environments. Even if the importance of local communities in conservation of natural resources has been widely recognized by a number of conservationists, public involvement, particularly in forest conservation and management, still represents a difficult challenge, since it requires the implementation of a common understanding about forest ecosystems, forest goods and forest services. The educational trail inside the beech forest of Monte Cimino may represent a low impact strategy for preserving forest aesthetic functionality, limiting potential damages to the forest while increasing its importance for nature conservation.     

Wild bees and natural enemies prefer similar flower species and respond to similar plant traits

Designing wildflower habitats to support beneficial insects providing pollination and pest control services is important for supporting sustainable crop production. It is often desirable to support both groups of insects, making the selection of resource plants for insect conservation programs more challenging. Moreover, the process of selecting resource plants is complicated by the array of possible options in each region, and the need to provide resources over the entire growing season. Identifying traits shared by resource plants that are attractive to both bees and natural enemies can reduce the need to evaluate new plants in each region, by providing a guide for the types of plants expected to be rewarding to these insects. Using insect visitation data collected from replicated common garden plantings of native wildflower and shrub species from the Great Lakes region of the United States, we found a high degree of correlation between the abundance of bees and natural enemies visiting native plant species. These results were used to identify a set of 15 plant species that can provide resources for these insects throughout the summer. Across all tested species, pollen quantity per flower and the week of bloom were positively correlated with some, but not all, taxonomic groupings of beneficial insects. In contrast, floral area was consistently positively associated with visitation of both natural enemies and wild bees. This trait is easy to document and can allow for efficient local testing of potential resource plants, providing a faster path to implementing insect conservation in working landscapes.     

School yards and nature trails: ecology education outside the university

Ecologists, conservation biologists and other natural historians increasingly recognize the need to become involved in public education. An ecologically literate public may be the 'last best hope' for a sustainable biosphere. Partnerships between ecologists and educators may be the best hope, though not the last, for moving towards an ecologically literate public. What are some practical schemes for such partnerships? We present a model for ecology education that has shown promise in several South American settings and describe its application in two quite different contexts in southern Argentina. We hope that our colleagues will ponder, criticize, modify, improve and apply the model in settings other than those we present here.     

Problems of public participation in the Ramsar CEPA programme at the Tana Delta,Kenya

This research examines the problems of public participation in conserving a Ramsar site at the Tana Delta in southeastern Kenya. Given no participation of the public in government initiatives so far, we attempted to find out what had prevented local people from cooperating with responsible government bodies. Using empirical evidence that we obtained from fieldworks, questionnaire surveys, and workshops, we found that the low participation was not mainly due to local people’s unwillingness to conserve natural resources. Instead, we found that they were strongly interested in wetland resources conservation as long as their customary rights to governing resources are sufficiently recognized. We also documented how these local people managed their resources. The Kenya Wildlife Service and the National Museum of Kenya are the main government bodies to promote public participation, but we found that these agencies had not done effective communication works among local people. Our survey then clarified what sources of information can be most effective in communicating with local people in the Tana Delta. Finally, we discuss how the problems of public participation can be solved or reduced.     

Perception of local people towards conservation of forest resources in Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve,north-western Himalaya,India

This article examines the perception of the Bhotiya tribal community on the use and conservation of natural resources in Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (NDBR), north-western Himalaya in India with an objective of identifying the bottlenecks in the sustainable management of forest resources of NDBR through people’s participation. Despite, 85% of the respondents supporting the concept of conservation of forest resources, management decisions such as ban on mountaineering activities by creation of the Nanda Devi National Park (NDNP) in 1982 and NDBR in 1988, developed negative attitude among local people towards NDBR management, mainly because of restricted access to the forest resources for their livelihood. Promotion of some alternative income generating activities to reduce the dependence on natural resources was responded positively by the local people.     

A community perspective on participatory conservation in western Tanzania

Local participation is a key component of sound management of protected areas. The starting point for achieving this goal is to establish factors influencing it. In the Ugalla ecosystem of western Tanzania, the government in collaboration with other conservation organisations has initiated efforts to engage local people in conservation. However, the area is under increasing pressure especially from local livelihood activities and exploitation of natural resources. This study used focus group discussions and key informants to explore factors that would promote local engagement in conservation. Fifty-two activities were mentioned and ranked in terms of their effectiveness in reducing illegal use of natural resources. Improving household-level livelihoods ranked highest, followed by improving subsistence agriculture and stopping game rangers from harassing villagers. Reducing land use conflicts between local people and conservation authorities was also commonly mentioned. Capacity building and alternative sources of livelihood cannot be overstated. Additionally, Ugalla should be managed appropriately and transparently, and used effectively to improve participatory conservation. Overall, local communities were interested in a participatory conservation that would strike a fair balance between the improvement of their living standards and the conservation of natural resources. Further, research should include household interviews to reveal household level factors that affect participation in conservation.     

浅论香港世界地质公园可持续发展之策略

香港虽是只有1108 km2的弹丸之地,却有着非常丰富的地质多样性,以及不同的地质、地貌、地表形态和作用,其中更有世界级的地质景观.虽然一直以来香港投放大量资源保护生物多样性,但对地质多样性的保护却相对缺乏.为了完善自然保育工作,香港政府在2009年成立香港国家地质公园.在2011年9月,香港国家地质公园成功申报成为香港世界地质公园.香港建立地质公园的目的除了地质保护之外,还希望通过地质公园促进旅游和教育的发展.然而,这3个目标似乎存在矛盾,要平衡矛盾,首先需找出公园的定位,然后根据实际情况分区设计、规划和管理.