稀有鮈鲫脑垂体组织学观察

稀有鮈鲫Gobiocypris rarus是中国特有的小型淡水鱼类,已成为重要的实验研究用动物.运用AF、Mallory's三色法染色,HE对照,观察了稀有鮈鲫脑垂体的组织学结构.稀有鮈鲫的脑垂体呈肾形,由神经垂体和腺垂体组成,整个垂体通过垂体柄与下丘脑相连.腺垂体分为垂体前外侧部(RPD)、垂体中外侧部(PPD)和垂体中间部(PI)3部分.神经垂体及其分支深入腺垂体的各部分,在PI中分布尤为丰富.脑垂体中血管丰富.     

黄颡鱼脑垂体的组织学和超微结构的研究

利用组织切片和超薄切片对性成熟雌黄颡鱼的脑垂体进行了组织学和超微结构的研究.黄颡鱼的脑垂体由垂体神经部和垂体腺部组成,垂体腺部又由前叶、间叶和后叶三部分构成.舍有嗜酸性和嗜碱性细胞.促肾上腺皮质激素细胞和催乳激素细胞组成腺垂体前叶,促性腺激素分泌细胞、促生长激素分泌细胞、促甲状腺激素分泌细胞组成腺垂体间叶,腺垂体后叶由促黑色素激素细胞构成.     

乌龟脑垂体显微及其腺垂体超微结构的研究

乌龟脑垂体由柄形神经垂体和椭圆形腺垂体两部分组成,神经垂体位于腺垂体后部上方呈背腹型排列。神经垂体中神经叶不发达,腺垂体分为远侧部和中间部,特殊空泡结构成为垂体门脉系统的特征。远侧部细胞分为嗜酸性细胞、嗜碱性细胞和嫌色细胞3种。通过透射电镜观察,腺垂体远侧部主要有5种分泌激素细胞:即生长激素(GH)分泌细胞、催乳激素(PRL)分泌细胞、促甲状腺激素(TSH)分泌细胞、促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)分泌细胞、促性腺激素(GTH)分泌细胞和非分泌类型滤泡-星形细胞(FS)。生长激素分泌细胞核大、分泌颗粒少的特征成为乌龟与其他动物最大的区别,可能与乌龟具有生长慢、寿命长的生物学特性有关。     

长鬣蜥脑垂体的组织学结构观察

用HE、尼氏染色和Holmes银染法对长鬣蜥脑垂体的显微结构进行了观察.发现其脑垂体分腺垂体、神经垂体两部分,为背腹型.HE染色观察到腺垂体分为嗜酸性细胞、嗜碱性细胞和嫌色细胞3种类型,另外还观察到室管膜细胞和神经垂体内的垂体裂;尼氏染色显示神经垂体的赫令氏体以及排列致密的腺垂体中间部细胞;Holmes银染法显示神经垂体的无髓神经纤维、垂体门脉系统的血管.首次发现垂体裂与中脑视叶的水管系统相连通.     

乌脑龟垂体显微及其腺垂体超微结构的研究

乌龟脑垂体由柄形神经垂体和椭圆形腺垂体两部分组成,神经垂体位于腺垂体后部上方呈背腹型排列。神经垂体中神经叶不发达,腺垂体分为远侧部和中间部,特殊空泡结构成为垂体门脉系统的特征。远侧部细胞分为嗜酸性细胞、嗜碱性细胞和嫌色细胞3种。通过透射电镜观察,腺垂体远侧部主要有5种分泌激素细胞：即生长激素（GH）分泌细胞、催乳激素（PRL）分泌细胞、促甲状腺激素（TSH）分泌细胞、促肾上腺皮质激素（ACTH）分泌细胞、促性腺激素（GTH）分泌细胞和非分泌类型滤泡．星形细胞（Fs）。生长激素分泌细胞核大、分泌颗粒少的特征成为乌龟与其他动物最大的区别,可能与乌龟具有生长慢、寿命长的生物学特性有关。     

神经内分泌讲座（四）——神经垂体与腺垂体

１垂体的解剖垂体由腺垂体与神经垂体２部分组成。腺垂体来自原始口腔顶部的外胚层凸出的小囊,腺垂体断开后与口腔分开。神经垂体则来自间脑底部的凸出部,通过垂体柄与间脑连接。腺垂体与神经垂体间可见充满胶质的裂隙。垂体位于蝶鞍的垂体窝内,下为蝶窦,上与第３脑室...     

南方鲇脑垂体发育的研究

对不同发育阶段南方鲇脑垂体的显微和超微结构进行了研究。结果表明 :南方鲇脑垂体由两个不同部位的胚胎细胞形成。源自胚胎原始口腔顶壁的上皮细胞团构成垂体的前、中腺垂体和部分后腺垂体 ;从间脑腹面漏斗体分离出来的细胞构成神经垂体和部分后腺垂体。受精后 32h ,原始口腔上皮细胞增生 ,口腔顶壁细胞群内凹 ,开始向内迁移 ;受精后 38h ,上皮细胞与口腔顶壁分离 ,形成实心细胞团 ,并沿着前脑腹面向间脑方向迁移 ;受精后4 5h ,细胞团迁移到间脑底部下方 ;初孵仔鱼原始口腔顶壁上皮细胞团位于间脑底部 ,与漏斗体接触 ;出膜后 36h ,上皮细胞团与漏斗体分离出来的细胞结合 ;出膜后 4 8h ,腺垂体和神经垂体清晰可辨 ;出膜后 4d ,腺垂体可区分前、后两部分 ;出膜后 6d ,GH细胞开始分化 ;出膜后 10d ,前、中、后腺垂体分化形成 ;出膜后 4 8d ,除GTH细胞外 ,其他分泌细胞均已分化 ;6月龄 ,分泌细胞分化完成。 1冬龄和 2冬龄幼鱼脑垂体仅前、中、后腺垂体体积及分泌细胞比例和部分细胞的超微结构与成鱼不同。     

垂体中叶素--降钙素基因相关肽家族的新成员

降钙素(calcitonin ,CT)、胰淀粉样多肽(amylin)、两种降钙素基因相关肽(calcitonin generelatedpeptide ,CGRP ,CGRPα、CGRPβ)和肾上腺髓质素(adrenomedullin ,ADM)均属于降钙素基因相关肽家族。CT主要参与体内的钙代谢;amylin位于胰腺的β细胞;ADM的生物学作用与CGRP相似,对心血管和呼吸系统功能调节有非常重要的作用。垂体中叶素(intermedin ,IMD)是在低等脊椎动物的垂体中间部产生的一种肽类激素,人类垂体中间部退化,只留有痕迹,产生IMD的细胞分散于腺垂体远侧部。IMD主要作用于黑素细胞,生成黑色素。最近,RohJ等(2 0 …     

鳗鲡繁殖生物学研究 Ⅱ.下海雌鳗脑垂体超显微构造的研究

神经垂体主要由神经分泌纤维、脑垂体细胞和微血管组成。神经分泌纤维主要是无髓鞘神经纤维,也有一些是有髓鞘神经纤维。神经垂体中还有一些多层体构造。神经分泌纤维有两个基本类型:A型纤维含有直径为1250—1750(?)的神经分泌颗粒;B型纤维含有直径为450—1000(?)的颗粒状囊泡。腺垂体的分泌细胞按其超显微构造的特点和所含的分泌颗粒大小不同可以区分为六个类型:催乳激素分泌细胞、促甲状腺激素分泌细胞,促肾上腺皮质激素分泌细胞、促生长激素分泌细胞、促性腺激素分泌细胞和后腺垂体的分泌细胞。     

鱼类脑垂体的结构特征

鱼类脑垂体的结构同其他脊椎动物一样,由两部分组成:神经垂体(神经成分),来自间脑底部向下突出的指状突起;腺垂体(咽部成分),来自外胚层上皮构成的口腔顶壁向上的突起。在这两种成分中,还有中胚层形成的血管网,形成脑垂体的血管供应。脑垂体的系统演化可追溯到原始脊索动物(如文昌鱼),它有两个器官引起人们的注意,即漏斗器和哈氏窝。漏斗器是位于脑泡底部的一个凹陷,由具长纤毛的柱状细胞构成,细胞内含有一些颗粒,使这些颗粒着色的染料也能使脊椎动物下丘脑和神经垂体内的神经分泌细胞的颗粒着色。哈氏窝在文昌鱼幼体是口笠里面背部的一个沟…     

Identification and localization of eight distinct hormone-producing cell types in the pituitary of male Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.)

The eight distinct hormone-producing cell types in the adenohypophysis of male Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) were identified and localized using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Lactotropes either occupied most of the rostral pars distalis (RPD) or they were arranged in follicular structures located along the periphery of the RPD. Corticotropes were confined to a thin layer of RPD cells bordering the pars nervosa (PN). The somatotropes were arranged in multicellular layers bordering the highly convoluted PN penetrating the proximal pars distalis (PPD), while thyrotropes, scattered in small islets in between the somatotropes, were located in the centro-dorsal part of the PPD. Gonadotropes were found throughout the PPD. Immunoreactivity to glycoprotein-alpha and luteinizing hormone beta-subunit was also observed along the periphery of the pars intermedia (PI), indicating that a thin extension of the PPD surrounded the PI. In situ hybridization showed that follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone were produced in distinct cells of the PPD. PI contained somatolactotropes bordering the highly convoluted PN, and melanotropes that showed positive immunostaining against both anti-alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and anti-beta-endorphin. The general cellular organization was similar to that of other teleost fish. These results lay the basis for future investigations on Atlantic halibut pituitary physiology.     

Immunocytochemical characterization of adenohypophyseal cells in the greater weever fish (Trachinus draco)

The adenohypophysis of the greater weever fish (Trachinus draco) was studied using histochemical and immunocytochemical methods. The adenohypophysis comprised the rostral pars distalis (RPD), the proximal pars distalis (PPD), and the pars intermedia (PI). Neurohypophysis showed a patent hypophyseal stalk which was divided into several branches intermingled with the adenohypophysis. Salmon prolactin (PRL)-immunoreactive (ir) cells, arranged in follicles, resided in the RPD and the most rostral part of the ventral PPD. Human adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)-ir cells were located in the RPD between PRL-ir cells and the neurohypophyseal processes. Salmon and seabream somatotropin (GH)-ir cells were located in both the dorsal and the ventral PPD. Some GH-ir cells were seen in surrounding and in contact with neurohypophyseal branches, whereas other isolated or clustered GH-ir cells were embedded in adenohypophyseal cells of the PPD. In addition, isolated or clustered GH-ir cells were also detected in the tissue of the PPD covering the most rostral part of PI. Only one class of salmon and carp gonadotropin (GTH)-ir cells was detected. Isolated or clustered GTH-ir cells resided in both the dorsal and the ventral PPD and were seen surrounding the PI and in the tissue of the PPD covering the most rostral part of PI. In addition, a few scattered GTH-ir cells were observed in the ventral RPD. Scattered groups of thyrotropin (TSH)-ir cells were present in the anteroventral PPD. Salmon and seabream somatolactin (SL)-ir and bovine melanotropin (MSH)-ir cells were intermingled surrounding the neurohypophyseal tissue. SL-ir cells were negative to periodic acid-Schiff technique. MSH-ir cells showed a very weak immunoreactivity to anti-human ACTH((1-24)) serum. In addition to the PI location, few isolated or clustered SL- and MSH-ir cells were observed in the dorsal PPD.     

Pituitary gland of the exotic carp, Carassius carassius Linn., with reference to the histocytology of the adenohypophysis in conjunction to male and female rhythms of reproduction

The pituitaries of the exotic carp (Carassius carassius) are studied at the light microscopic level, for the characterization of the adenohypophysial cell-types with particular emphasis to the gonadotropic potency of the pituitary in relation to the annual reproductive patterns. The gland in the fish is of the cranioleptobasic type. Based on the classical staining methods and localization of the differential cell-types, the adenohypophysis of the fish can be subdivided into the rostral (RPD) and proximal (PPD) pars distalis and the pars intermedia (PI). The pars nervosa (PN) of the fish consists of the neurosecretory (NS) fibres which show varied accumulations of the NS material in concert with the seasonal reproductive cycle. The NS tract is constituted of AF--ve nucleus praeopticus and AF + ve nucleus lateralis tuberis. 2 tinctorially different cell-types, corresponding to corticotrops and lactotrops of other teleosts, are identifiable in the RPD of the present species. In the PPD, 3 cell-types can be distinguished with various granule-staining procedures: they represent somatotrops, thyrotrops, and gonadotrops. Further, 2 gonadotropic cells with apparently different staining properties are discernible. In the PI are dispersed besides a few agranular cells, islets of 2 kinds of cells separable with combined PAS-PbH technique. Seasonal changes in the gonadosomatic index and diameter of the testicular lobules and egg diameter as indices of gonadal maturation are found to be closely interwoven with the morphometric alterations in the basophilic cell area (BCA) chosen as criterion of gonadotropic potency of the PPD. The maximum BCA values are preceded with the time of greatest atresia of the eggs indicating the influence of the pituitary gonadotropins in the follicular resorption in the test fish.     

A histological study of the hypophysial-gonadal system during sexual maturation and spawning in the milkfish, Chanos chanos (Forskal)

The pituitary gland of the milkfish, Chanos chanos , was studied at different stages of sexual maturation and spawning. Consecutive median sagittal sections were treated with a range of stains to demonstrate the different cell types and regions. The milkfish pituitary consists of a neural component, the neurohypophysis, and an epithelial component, the adenohypophysis, which in turn consists of three regions: the rostral pars distalis (RPD), proximal pars distalis (PPD), and pars intermedia (PI). However, unlike most teleosts, the pituitary gland of the milkfish is encased in a bony chamber, has dorsal and ventral lobes and extends anteriorly from its point of origin at the base of the brain. PAS (+) basophils are found in all regions of the adenohypophysis, but mostly in the proximal pars distalis. These cells undergo hypertrophy and hyperplasia during sexual maturation, shrinkage and degranulation during spawning.     

Pituitary cytology of the freshwater teleost Anabas testudineus (Bloch)

In the pituitary of A. testudineus the rostral pars distalis (RPD), proximal pars distalis (PPD) and pars intermedia (PI) are arranged in a rostro-caudal axis. The rostral neurohypophysis (NH) extends dorsal to the pars distalis, while the caudal part vertically penetrates into the PI and ramifies in its component. The RPD mainly consists of erythrosinophils and PgH-positive cells which are comparable to the lactotropes and corticotropes mentioned in the literature. In the nonbreeding season, acidophils are the predominant cells of the PPD and are largely confined to its dorsal aspect. The two types of cyanophils present in the PPD could not be differentiated with the various techniques used in this study. However, those cyanophils which increase in number and are active during the spawning season may be the gonadotropes, while those which are cytologically inactive may be the thyrotropes. The pars intermedia consists of PAS+ and PhH+ cells. Trichrome and tetrachrome staining techniques revealed the presence of acidophils, cyanophils and amphiphils in the PI.     

The Cell Types in the Adenohypophysis of the Marine Teleost Crenilabrus melops

Sagittal sections from pituitaries of winter and spring fish were stained with a number of methods including alcian blue-PAS-orange G, Herlant's tetrachrome, Luxol fast blue-PAS-orange G and lead haematoxylin. By these methods seven different endocrine cell types were readily demonstrated in the adenohypophysis. In the rostral pars distalis (RPD), there were conspicuous vacuoles (intra- and possibly extracellular) in the prolactin cell zone of all animals. The ACTH cells in the RPD were very numerous. In the proximal pars distalis (PPD), the growth hormone cells were arranged in coiling bands that were predominantly dorsal and juxtaposed to neurohypophysis. Two types of basophils were readily distinguished: both were predominantly ventral in the proximal pars distalis, though the type I basophil also formed a constant group in the dorsal region of the pituitary, between the PPD and the RPD. The pars intermedia contained two cell types — a lead haematoxylin-positive cell and a PAS-positive cell. The pituitary morphology is compared with that of other teleosts.     

Pituitary cytology of radiothyroidectomised teleost Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch.).

The pituitary of Heteropneustes fossilis is divisible into rostral (RPD) and proximal (PPD) pars distalis, and pars intermedia (PI). Neurohypophysis extensively ramifies in the PI. The RPD is formed of acidophilic prolactin cells and lead hematoxylin (H. Pb) positive ACTH cells. The latter is arranged around the neurohypophysial extensions. The PPD is comprised of thyrotrophs (TSH) and gonadotrophs which are stainable with PAS, AF, and aniline blue. Acidophilic somatotrophs (STH) and chromophobes are scattered throughout the PPD. In the pars intermedia PAS positive and H. Pb positive cells are present. The latter is believed to secrete MSH whereas the function of the former is yet to be confirmed. In the partly and completely thyroidectomised H. fossilis the TSH cells exhibited marked hypertrophy. They are located in the middle of the PPD flanked by the gonadotrophs on either side. Hypertrophy of the ACTH cells were also evident. But the other cell types did not show any marked changes as compared to the controls.     

Immunocytohistochemical characterization of pituitary cells of the bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus L

In this paper we report the first complete mapping of the pituitary in a tuna species. The various different adenohypophysis cell types of the bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus L. have been identified and located using different antisera against mammalian and piscine hormones and various histochemical techniques: PAS, Alcian Blue pH 2.5 and lectins -ConA and WGA(Neutral and Acidic Glycoproteins); Bromophenol Blue (Proteins) and Tioglycollate-Ferric-Ferricianide-FeIII (-S-S- groups). Prolactin (PRL) and adrenocorticotrophic (ACTH) cells were located in the rostral pars distalis (RPD) of the pituitary, while the proximal pars distalis (PPD) displayed gonadotrophic (GTH), thyrotrophic (TSH), somatotrophic (GH) and also a few PRL cells. Moreover, somatolactin (SL) and melanotrophic (MSH) cells were identified inside the pars intermedia (PI). Interestingly, some SL-immunoreactive fibers were also detected in the neurohypophysis. Some GTH cells were also located on the exterior surface of the PI. Glycoproteins containing mannose (Man) and/or glucose (Glc); N-acetyl-glucosamine (GlcNAc) and/or sialic acid sugar residues, as well as -S-S- groups, were observed in GTH, TSH and SL cells. The Bromophenol Blue technique stained amphiphilic SL, acidophilic GH cells and weakly ACTH cells. GH and ACTH cells were unreactive to PAS, Alcian Blue, Tioglycollate-Ferric-Ferricianide-FeIII and lectin (Con A and WGA) techniques. Finally, PAS reaction was positive in amphiphilic SL cells, which were PbH unreactive, while MSH and ACTH cells were stained with PbH technique.     

Extravascular circulation in the pituitary of Mugil cephalus (Teleostei)

Summary Extravascular circulation in the pituitary of Mugil cephalus was investigated by injecting live fish with horseradish peroxidase and studying the distribution of the enzyme in the gland. The principal components of the extravascular circulatory system are the pericapillary spaces, and, arising from them, the interlobular and circumhypophyseal spaces. Extensions of these spaces penetrate the glandular parenchyma of the pars distalis, where they merge with pericellular spaces. In the neurohypophysis, pericapillary spaces are connected to the periaxonal spaces.Capillaries penetrating from the proximal neurohypophysis into the pars distalis are accompanied by neurosecretory axons. These axons form a mass of tissue which is limited near the capillaries by the pericapillary spaces and near the adenohypophysis by the interlobular spaces. Toward the interior of the adenohypophysis the amount of nervous tissue accompanying the capillaries progressively diminishes, thus reducing the distance between pericapillary and interlobular spaces. Within the pars distalis, the neurosecretory axons accompanying the capillaries are sparse, and the secretory and stellate cells are mostly located directly adjacent to the pericapillary spaces. In the neuro-intermediate lobe, interlobular spaces outline the neuro-adenohypophyseal boundary.The relationship between extravascular spaces and hormone-secreting cells varies in the different regions of the adenohypophysis depending upon the type of neurosecretory innervation in the respective region. In the regions of prolactin and gonadotropin cells, where neurosecretory axons are in direct contact with the secretory cells, the hormone-secreting and stellate cells are adjacent to the pericapillary spaces. In the regions of ACTH and STH cells, secretory and stellate cells are found adjacent to the interlobular spaces, which are interposed between the cells and the neurosecretory axons.Abbreviations AH adenohypophysis - CH circumhypophyseal - DNH distal neurohypophysis - HRP horseradish peroxidase - NH neurohypophysis - NS neurosecretory - PD pars distalis - PI pars intermedia - PPD proximal pars distalis - RNH rostral neurohypophysis - RPD rostral pars distalis This research was supported by a grant from the National Council for Research and Development, Israel, and the GKSS Geesthacht-Tesperhude, Federal Republic of Germany     

Adenohypophysial cell types in the lamprey pituitary: current state of the art

Adenohypophysial cell types in the pituitary of adult sea lampreys, Petromyzon marinus, was localized by means of immunocytochemical and lectin cytochemical techniques. At least four types of adenohypophysial hormone cells are present in the pituitary of adult sea lampreys. The first type of cell is ACTH-like and occupies most parts of the rostral pars distalis (RPD), but a few scattered ACTH-like cells are also present in the proximal pars distalis (PPD). The second type of cell is MSH-like and occupies the whole pars intermedia. The third type of cell is GH/PRL-like and occupies the dorsal half of the PPD. These GH/PRL-like cells were initially detected by heterologous immunocytochemistry using antibodies to salmon GH, salmon PRL and blue shark GH, after hydrated autoclave pretreatment of sections. Later, by use of an antiserum raised against a synthetic peptide corresponding to the partial sequence of lamprey GH/PRL, the same cells as those containing GH/PRL-like immunoreactivity were stained positively. Similarity of the topographic distributions between lamprey GH/PRL-like cells and gnathostome fish GH cells in the pituitary suggests that GH/PRL-like cells in the lamprey may be GH cells. The last type of cell is GTH-like and occupies the ventral half of the PPD. Although GTH has not yet been isolated from the lamprey pituitary, our immunocytochemical data suggest that GTH-like material in the sea lamprey pituitary is more closely related to mammalian-like LH, rather than to FSH or TSH. These four types of adenohypophysial cells occupy most parts of the lamprey adenohypophysis and indeed there is little room for TSH or PRL cells. Thus, the present study further suggests that GH and LH-like GTH are ancestral forms of GH/PRL/SL family and glycoprotein hormones, respectively.