潜流人工湿地在城市污水三级处理中的应用

采用页岩/钢渣强化潜流人工湿地作为城市污水处理厂三级处理工艺.结果表明:在平均水力负荷为0.32 m·d-1的条件下,当进水有机物(CODcr)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)平均浓度为33.9、15.1和1.57 mg·L-1时,出水CODcr平均浓度为13.6 mg·L-1去除率为60%,面积速率常数KA值为0.3 m·d-1温度对CODcr的去除影响不明显;出水TN浓度在5.4～14.3 mg·L-1之间波动,KA值为0.09～0.31 m·d-1,去除率受温度的影响较大,随着进水硝态氮比例的提高和运行时间的延长,湿地对TN的去除效率有上升趋势;稳定阶段出水TP浓度为0.6 mg·L-1去除率为50%,KA为0.26 m·d-1温度对,TP去除影响不大.     

沿阶草(Ophiopogon japanicus)对土壤中菲芘的修复作用

采用盆栽试验法,研究沿阶草对土壤中芘、菲的去除效果与修复机制.结果显示:在试验浓度范围(0～322mg · kg-1)内,植物-微生物系统对芘、菲的去除效果明显.种植沿阶草60d后,菲、芘去除率分别为77.58%～96.3%、65.25%～83.25%;平均去除率分别比对照1(加0.1%NaN3)高82.27%、72.73%,比对照2(无NaN3)高43.26%、46.27%.沿阶草能吸收积累土壤中的菲和芘,根部和茎叶部菲、芘含量随土壤中菲、芘浓度的提高而增大;生物浓缩系数随土壤中菲、芘含量的增加而减小,且根部大于茎叶部、芘大于菲.修复过程中,非生物因子、植物积累、植物代谢对菲、芘的去除率分别为6.61%、0.157%、6.54%和3.18%、1.21%、5.72%;微生物降解、植物-微生物间的交互作用对菲、芘的去除率分别为39.01%、26.47%和36.57%、39.34%.说明植物-微生物交互作用、微生物降解作用是土壤中菲、芘去除的主要原因.     

湖南省4种森林群落土壤氮的矿化作用

2007年7月,用树脂芯原位测定土壤无机氮含量的方法,对湖南杉木、马尾松、樟树和枫香4种森林群落的土壤氮矿化进行了研究.研究结果表明,经过28d培养,4种森林群落土壤中NH+4-N含量分别下降了31.4%～50.5%,NO-3-N含量增加了8.2～17.3倍,氮矿化主要表现为硝化作用;氮矿化速率由大到小依次为樟树(0.05mg·kg-1·d-1)>马尾松(0.04 mg·kg-1·d-1)>枫香(-0.12 mg·kg-1·d-1)>杉木(-0.15 mg·kg-1·d-1).在4个森林群落的土壤中,NH+4-N是无机氮的主要存在形式,表现为在杉木群落中占78.42%、在马尾松中占79.17%、在樟树中占71.14%和枫香中占79.22%,而且NH+4-N的变化可以解释氮矿化量变化的96.1%～98.8%.土壤氮矿化速率与0～15 cm土壤的C/N、pH值呈显著性正相关,但与凋落物量和0～30 cm 土壤中细根生物量相关性不显著.     

土壤pH对东南景天修复镉和锌污染土壤的影响

采用盆栽方法研究重金属(Zn、Cd)2种污染水平(T1处理:Zn 1200 mg·kg-1+Cd 20 mg·kg-1;T2处理:Zn 300 mg·kg-1+Cd 2.0 mg·kg-1)、4个p H水平(4.0、5.5、7.0和8.5)下,土壤Zn、Cd有效态的变化、东南景天吸收和积累特征以及植物对土壤中Zn、Cd的去除效果。结果表明,随着p H的降低,土壤Zn、Cd的有效态含量显著增大,东南景天吸收和积累土壤Zn、Cd的效率显著提高。T1处理时东南景天生物量在p H 5.5时最大,但与其他p H处理的差异并不显著;Zn、Cd在植物地上与地下部分的含量均在p H 4.0时最大。T2处理时东南景天在p H 4.0时体内重金属含量最高,但由于植物生长受到Al和Mn等元素的毒害,此时生物量最小。东南景天对土壤重金属去除率均在p H 5.5时最高,其中T1处理时Cd、Zn去除率分别为16%和1.33%,T2处理时分别为27%和1.09%;2种污染水平土壤重金属的去除率均在p H 8.5时最小。因此,适当降低土壤p H,可有效提高植物积累和去除土壤Zn、Cd的效率。本研究为进一步利用东南景天修复重金属污染土壤、提高植物修复效率提供了科学依据。     

龙须草对镉的耐受性和富集特征

利用盆栽试验,研究了龙须草对Cd的耐受能力和富集特征.结果表明:低浓度Cd处理(5 mg·kg-1)能促进龙须草的生长,增强其生理活性,生物量、净光合速率等12个指标比对照提高1.0%～15.5%;高浓度Cd处理(>5 mg.kg-1)对龙须草的生长产生抑制作用,但当Cd浓度达到100 mg.kg-1时,龙须草仍能完成正常的生理周期,生物量、净光合速率仅比对照分别下降27.0%和25.6%.龙须草各器官的Cd含量随Cd污染程度的上升而大幅度增加,根的Cd含量为350～500 mg.kg-1,茎叶为15～35 mg·kg-1.在Cd浓度<50 mg·kg-1时,吸Cd量随添加浓度的增大而增大,茎叶吸Cd量占总吸Cd量的15.7%～38.4%,茎叶与根的吸Cd量比值最高可达0.62.龙须草对Cd污染的耐受性、富集和转运能力均较强,是一种潜在的Cd超富集植物.     

紫松果菊对多环芳烃重污染土壤修复效能

采用盆栽试验,以实际油田污染土与自然土和沙土按照一定比例配置两种污染浓度的土壤(PAHs总浓度分别为122.40和183.60 mg·kg-1),以株高、生物量变化以及芘(Pyr)、屈(CHR)、苯并b荧蒽(Bb F)、苯并k荧蒽(Bk F)4种多环芳烃去除率为指标,研究了紫松果菊对PAHs污染土壤的修复效能。结果表明:(1)4种多环芳烃污染土壤对紫松果菊株高和生物量有明显抑制作用,在PAHs总浓度为183.60 mg·kg-1时,紫松果菊仍能存活,说明紫松果菊对PAHs污染土壤具有较强的耐性。(2)在PAHs总浓度为183.60mg·kg-1时,紫松果菊对土壤中4种PAHs的去除率分别为66.2%、70.3%、40.6%和65.4%,4种PAHs的总量由183.60 mg·kg-1降到104.52 mg·kg-1,总去除率为56.93%,远大于对照组中PAHs总去除率。说明紫松果菊具有修复PAHs重污染土壤的潜能。相关性分析发现,PAHs的去除率与地下生物量的相关性更好,说明植物地下生物量对多环芳烃去除率影响较大。本研究拓展了利用植物修复PAHs污染土壤的应用范围,使重污染土壤的植物修复成为可能。     

不同湿地模型净水效果与基质酶活性相关性的比较研究

为了研究不同植物和基质组合的小型湿地模型净水效果及其与基质酶活性(脲酶和磷酸酶)之间的相关性, 并选出净水效果最佳的模型, 通过对两种植物(茭白和慈姑)和两种基质(石榴石和磁铁矿)进行组合构建不同的湿地模型, 对不同湿地模型进出水口水质和基质酶活性进行测定并加以分析进行优化选择。结果表明: 湿地模型对亚硝态氮的去除率最高, 最高能达到98.87%, 最低也能达到58.06%, 对高锰酸盐的去除率最低, 最高37.91%, 最低2.51%; 湿地模型X5-X6对各污染物的去除率基本上都比X1-X4高, 总氮去除率平均高3%, 氨氮去除率平均高10%, 亚硝态氮去除率平均高10%, 总磷去除率平均高15%, 正磷酸盐去除率平均高20%, 高锰酸盐去除率平均高8%; 在相同种植数量的情况下, 茭白和慈姑混合种植的湿地模型总体上比茭白和慈姑单一种植的湿地模型具有更好的净水效果, 是实验中的最佳湿地模型; 湿地模型的脲酶活性与总氮去除率具有显著的相关性(相关系数为0.903—0.980), 脲酶可作为判定人工湿地去除养殖水体中总氮效能的指标, 湿地模型磷酸酶活性与高锰酸盐去除率总体上具有显著相关性(相关系数为0.821—0.992), 磷酸酶可作为判定人工湿地去除养殖水体中高锰酸盐效能的指标。研究为人工湿地植物和基质优化选择和基质酶活性评价净水效果提供了理论依据。     

西双版纳不同热带森林下土壤氮矿化和硝化作用研究

 1998年7月,用埋袋法对西双版纳热带季节雨林、崖豆藤(Mellettia leptobotrya)次生林、季节雨林内林窗和轮歇地土壤的氮矿化和硝化作用进行了研究。研究结果表明季节雨林和崖豆藤次生林的格局基本相同,氮净矿化速率分别为6.55mgN·kg-1·30d-1和6.37mgN·kg-1·30d-1,硝化速率分别为16.28mgN·kg-1·30d-1和16.38mgN·kg-1·30d-1。而林窗下和轮歇地土壤的氮净矿化速率和硝化速率均为负值,氮净矿化速率分别为–7.85mgN·kg-1·30d-1和–10.69mgN·kg-1·30d-1,硝化速率分别为–2.78N·kg-1·30d-1和–3.69mg N·kg-1·30d-1。从实验结果看,在30d的培养过程中,NH4–N消耗较多,导致硝化速率大于氮净矿化速率。     

水生植物修复铁污染水体的效果及作用机制

为解决铁离子污染导致水体发黄问题,采用水培试验,分析了水禾、粉绿狐尾藻、圆币草、黄花水龙、大薸和圆叶节节菜等6种水生植物对铁离子污染水体的修复能力,研究了铁离子浓度、pH和植物生物量对水禾修复效果的影响,并探讨了曝气对水禾除铁的强化作用。结果表明: 6种水生植物均不同程度地促进了水中二价铁和全铁的去除,不同植物对铁的去除效果差异显著;试验24 h,水禾和圆币草处理二价铁浓度分别由5.0 mg·L^-1降至0.23和0.26 mg·L^-1,满足《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)限值要求(二价铁浓度≤0.3 mg·L^-1),全铁浓度降至0.84和1.21 mg·L^-1,去除率达83.2%和75.8%。pH在5、6、7、8时,各pH处理组二价铁和全铁浓度无显著差异,二价铁和全铁去除率分别为95.4%～98.4%和92.2%～94.6%。二价铁初始浓度≤5.0 mg·L^-1时,二价铁和全铁去除率随二价铁浓度增加而增大;高浓度二价铁(10.0 mg·L^-1)对水禾生长有一定的抑制作用,试验期间全铁去除不稳定,试验结束时全铁去除率较对照仅提高7.0%,远低于其他浓度处理。生物量≥300 g时,处理24 h,二价铁浓度从5.0 mg·L^-1降至0.3 mg·L^-1以下,且各生物量处理去除效果差异不显著。间歇曝气和连续曝气均强化水禾对铁的去除,连续曝气更利于稳定去除全铁。     

铜和磺胺甲唑复合污染下人工湿地对禽畜养殖尾水的处理效果

为研究人工湿地同步去除养殖尾水中重金属和抗生素的效果, 文章以铜(Cu)和磺胺甲唑(Sulfamethoxazole, SMZ)为例, 设计了5组小试垂直流人工湿地模拟处理不同重金属-抗生素复合水平的养殖尾水(A: 空白; B: Cu 2 mg/L; C: Cu 2 mg/L, SMZ 5 mg/L; D: Cu 20 mg/L, SMZ 0.2 mg/L; E: Cu 20 mg/L, SMZ 5 mg/L), 探究复合污染下人工湿地处理效果的差异。结果显示, 复合污染下人工湿地对模拟禽畜养殖尾水中的N、P、化学需氧量(Chemical Oxygen Demands, COD)、Cu和SMZ仍具有较高的去除率和较为稳定的去除效果, 各组平均去除率均达到99%, 复合污染的影响主要体现在氨态氮(Ammonia Nitrogen, NH₃-N)和总氮(Total Nitrogen, TN)的去除上。添加不同浓度Cu和SMZ后, 各组NH₃-N平均去除率依次为81.75%、87.59%、79.50%、74.45%和65.41%, TN平均去除率依次为81.59%、87.63%、80.82%、74.15%和67.56%, C、D和E组植物地下部分干重分别较A组下降了 22.22%、30.58%和30.64%, 复合污染对植物产生毒害作用, 使微生物的群落结构产生变化, 一些在氮去除过程中具有重要作用的微生物比如Propionicicella和Bacillus丰度降低, 从而影响NH₃-N 和TN的去除。     

心脑血管疾病大额住院消费统计分析

通过对医院2004-2006年心脑血管疾病大额住院消费(消费大于50000元,以下简称大额消费)病例发病率高的前五种疾病的构成情况、药费、材料费消耗情况进行分析,认为加强大额病例中发病率高的病种的重点管理,是降低医疗费用的有效途径。建议制定常见病大额病种预定额付费方案和审查报销制度;采用适宜技术;控制药费,防止过度医疗,有效地遏制医疗费用的过快增长。     

Evidence that the C-terminus of OprM is involved in the assembly of the VceAB-OprM efflux pump

Although the architecture of tripartite multiple drug resistance (MDR) efflux pumps of Gram-negative bacteria has been well characterized, the means by which the components recognize each other and assemble into a functional pump remains obscure. In this study we present evidence that the C-terminal domain of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa OprM and the α-helical hairpin domain of Vibrio cholerae VceA play an important role in the recognition/specificity/recruitment step in the assembly of a functional, VceAB-OprM chimeric efflux pump. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence directly linking the C-terminal domain of an outer membrane efflux protein to its recruitment during the assembly of a tripartite efflux pump.     

两个猪苓菌株生长速度及酯酶同工酶比较研究

对不同地理分布的猪苓纯培养菌株进行了种性和酯酶同工酶的比较研究,结果表明,鸡爪苓（Z）纯培养菌株和猪屎苓（ZJ）纯培养菌株的种性有很大不同,两个纯培养菌株的酯酶同工酶酶带类型差异较大,亲缘关系较远。     

Synthesis of modified fragments of fibrinogen and their effect on the activity of proteolytic enzymes

New analogues of the Gly-Pro-Arg and Arg-Gly-Asp fragments of fibrinogen were synthesized: Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro (I), Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro-Met-OMe (II), Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro-Phe (III), Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro-Asp (IV), Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro-Glu (V), and Arg-Asn-Trp-Asp (VI). Their effect on the activity of proteases of various types was studied with the method of lysis of fibrin plates. All the peptides were found to inhibit plasmin activity (by 60–85%) and the γ-subunit of nerve growth factor (by 55–93%). Tetrapeptide (VI) proved to be an effective inhibitor of tissue activator of plasminogen and the γ-subunit of nerve growth factor (by 96 and 93%, respectively). The peptides exerted practically no effect on the activity of urokinase and moderately inhibited the activity of streptokinase [(III), IV), and (VI)], papain [(I), (II), IV), and (VI)], subtilisin [(V) and (VI)], α-chymotrypsin [(III), (V), and VI)], and Bacillus subtilis metalloprotease (VI). They inhibit trypsin [except for (I) and (III)] when applied on fibrin plates at a concentration of 1 × 10^?2 M, while, at the concentration of 1 × 10^?3 M, (I) and (II) induced an increase in proteolytic activity by 35 and 47%, respectively.     

林带阻力系数与透风系数关系的理论分析

根据冲量定理分析了林带对气流的阻力,首次得到了林带阻力系数的估算模式（Ｃｄ＝（１．８＋０．２α）（１－α）ｓｉｎ２ω,并利用有关文献发表的资料进行了验证．文章还对来流平行林带时林带对气流的阻力进行了讨论,指出来流平行林带时林带对气流的阻力仅为来流垂直林带时林带对气流阻力的０．７—１．１％,可以不予考虑．     

2种嵩草属植物形态特征对生境干旱化的响应

该研究于西藏自治区东南部的东达山高山草甸沿生境干旱化梯度设置10个样地,采用线性回归方法分析优势种高山嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)和矮生嵩草(K.humilis)叶片数量与其它构件数值(分株数量、茎基直径、根系数量和根系长度)之间的关系,并采用线性回归斜率测度分株功效、叶片萌生能力、根系分生功效和根系伸长功效,以探讨嵩草的分株能力、茎基生长和根系生长对生境干旱化过程的响应机制。结果显示:(1)2种嵩草植物的叶片数量与4种构件数值均为显著线性正相关关系。(2)随着生境干旱化程度增加,高山嵩草分株数量增加,矮生嵩草分株受干旱抑制程度高,分株数量呈下降趋势;2种嵩草分株功效下降,即单株叶片数量因干旱化程度增加而减少。(3)2种嵩草的茎基直径、叶片萌生能力随着生境干旱化程度增加而下降;高山嵩草叶片萌生能力的变化与生境干旱化梯度一致,具有连续性;矮生嵩草叶片萌生能力对生境干旱化的适应性弱,干旱到一定程度发生骤降。(4)随着生境干旱化,高山嵩草的根系数量和长度均增加,矮生嵩草根系长度增加,但数量却无规律变化;2种嵩草的根系分生功效和根系伸长功效均下降。研究表明:嵩草属植物分布的最适宜生境为表面稍有积水的沼生生境。为适应生境干旱化,高山嵩草降低叶片萌生率以减少蒸腾作用,增加分株数量以增强对空间的占有能力,并增加根系数量和长度来提高对土壤水分的吸收能力,因此对干旱有较强适应性且分布范围广;矮生嵩草只通过降低叶片萌生率,增加根系长度响应干旱化生境,其分布范围较窄。     

Studies on the energy coupling sites of photophosphorylation IV. The relation of proton fluxes to the electron transport and ATP formation associated with Photosystem II

1. By using dibromothymoquinone as the electron acceptor, it is possible to isolate functionally that segment of the chloroplast electron transport chain which includes only Photosystem II and only one of the two energy conservation sites coupled to the complete chain (Coupling Site II, observed P/e₂ = 0.3–0.4). A light-dependent, reversible proton translocation reaction is associated with the electron transport pathway: H₂O → Photosystem II → dibromothymoquinone. We have studied the characteristics of this proton uptake reaction and its relationship to the electron transport and ATP formation associated with Coupling Site II.

2. The initial phase of H⁺ uptake, analyzed by a flash-yield technique, exhibits linear kinetics (0–3 s) with no sign of transient phenomena such as the very rapid initial uptake (“pH gush”) encountered in the overall Hill reaction with methylviologen. Thus the initial rate of H⁺ uptake obtained by the flash-yield method is in good agreement with the initial rate estimated from a pH change tracing obtained under continuous illumination.

3. Dibromothymoquinone reduction, observed as O₂ evolution by a similar flash-yield technique, is also linear for at least the first 5 s, the rate of O₂ evolution agreeing well with the steady-state rate observed under continuous illumination.

4. Such measurements of the initial rates of O₂ evolution and H⁺ uptake yield an H⁺/e⁻ ratio close to 0.5 for the Photosystem II partial reaction regardless of pH from 6 to 8. (Parallel experiments for the methylviologen Hill reaction yield an H⁺/e⁻ ratio of 1.7 at pH 7.6.)

5. When dibromothymoquinone is being reduced, concurrent phosphorylation (or arsenylation) markedly lowers the extent of H⁺ uptake (by 40–60%). These data, unlike earlier data obtained using the overall Hill reaction, lend themselves to an unequivocal interpretation since phosphorylation does not alter the rate of electron transport in the Photosystem II partial reaction. ADP, P_i and hexokinase, when added individually, have no effect on proton uptake in this system.

6. The involvement of a proton uptake reaction with an H⁺/e⁻ ratio of 0.5 in the Photosystem II partial reaction H₂O → Photosystem II → dibromothymoquinone strongly suggests that at least 50% of the protons produced by the oxidation of water are released to the inside of the thylakoid, thereby leading to an internal acidification. It is pointed out that the observed efficiencies for ATP formation (P/e₂) and proton uptake (H⁺/e⁻) associated with Coupling Site II can be most easily explained by the chemiosmotic hypothesis of energy coupling.     

中医证候结构表征研究及其前景展望

当前中医理论基础研究,有证候判定规范、证候疗效评价、证候物质基础、方剂配伍规律等的4个主要领域,但其共同的关键科学问题是中医证候结构表征,主要目的都是为了提高辨证论治的准确性和临床疗效。针对中医证候的结构表征研究,以脾气虚证候的发生规律为切入点,通过理论推证结果与临床数据分析结论相互印证,来揭示证候的结构特征,建立起了中医证候的拓扑结构数学模型,挖掘出了中医理论体系的数学科学基础,在证候基础研究上体现出中医理论的自身规律与临床诊疗特色,具有广阔的应用前景。     

Photoinactivation of Photosystem II in leaves

Photoinactivation of Photosystem II (PS II), the light-induced loss of ability to evolve oxygen, inevitably occurs under any light environment in nature, counteracted by repair. Under certain conditions, the extent of photoinactivation of PS II depends on the photon exposure (light dosage, x), rather than the irradiance or duration of illumination per se, thus obeying the law of reciprocity of irradiance and duration of illumination, namely, that equal photon exposure produces an equal effect. If the probability of photoinactivation (p) of PS II is directly proportional to an increment in photon exposure (p = kΔx, where k is the probability per unit photon exposure), it can be deduced that the number of active PS II complexes decreases exponentially as a function of photon exposure: N = N_oexp(−kx). Further, since a photon exposure is usually achieved by varying the illumination time (t) at constant irradiance (I), N = N_oexp(−kI t), i.e., N decreases exponentially with time, with a rate coefficient of photoinactivation kI, where the product kI is obviously directly proportional to I. Given that N = N_oexp(−kx), the quantum yield of photoinactivation of PS II can be defined as −dN/dx = kN, which varies with the number of active PS II complexes remaining. Typically, the quantum yield of photoinactivation of PS II is ca. 0.1μmol PS II per mol photons at low photon exposure when repair is inhibited. That is, when about 10⁷ photons have been received by leaf tissue, one PS II complex is inactivated. Some species such as grapevine have a much lower quantum yield of photoinactivation of PS II, even at a chilling temperature. Examination of the longer-term time course of photoinactivation of PS II in capsicum leaves reveals that the decrease in N deviates from a single-exponential decay when the majority of the PS II complexes are inactivated in the absence of repair. This can be attributed to the formation of strong quenchers in severely-photoinactivated PS II complexes, able to dissipate excitation energy efficiently and to protect the remaining active neighbours against damage by light.     

The detection of salivary enzymes of phytophagous Hemiptera: a compilation of methods

The role of Hemipteran saliva and salivary enzymes is central to an understanding of the etiology of damage that these insects cause to plants. The dilute nature of the salivary secretions and the minute quantities in which they are often obtainable have made analysis and detection of salivary components very difficult. Such investigations in this laboratory have led us to formalise the techniques involved and we believe that the compilation of these methods presented herein may be useful to other research workers in this area. Methods are described for acid and alkaline phosphatase, esterase, /S-glucosidase, carbohydrases, invertase, amylase, proteinase, pectinase, cellulase, catalase, peroxidase, catechol oxidase, superoxide dismutase and ascorbic oxidase.