山东小麦种质资源研究回顾与展望

本简要回顾了自50年代以来山东省小麦种质资源引进、鉴定评价及创新利用概况,提出山东省小麦种质资源研究所存在的问题及解决途径。     

彩色小麦基因发掘和种质资源育种利用北大核心CSCD

随着人类对彩色营养功能小麦需求越来越大,彩色小麦遗传研究越来越深入,彩色小麦品种越来越多,但我国彩色小麦种质资源家底不清。为了满足国内外对彩色小麦营养遗传育种方面的迅猛需求,本文综述了彩色小麦基因和种质资源育种利用进展,首先介绍了彩色小麦基因来源的种质资源,其次介绍了彩色小麦染色体组及系谱,第三是首次全面总结了我国彩色小麦育种和种质资源创新的进展。我国近24年来审定了61个彩色小麦品种,其中紫(黑)粒品种50个,蓝粒小麦品种10个,绿粒小麦品种1个,还育成了19个彩色小麦种质新资源,其中近4年是我国彩色小麦品种审定最多的年份。河南省、山东省、河北省、山西省是我国4大彩色小麦育种和产业化基地。彩色小麦品种大部分来源于彩色小麦和普通小麦杂交,彩色小麦基因主要来自于小麦与野生一粒小麦、野生二粒小麦、偃麦草、黑麦、赖草等远缘杂交。有48个彩色小麦品种籽粒蛋白质含量超过14%,4个彩色小麦品种籽粒蛋白质含量超过18%,4个彩色小麦品种面团稳定时间超过10 min。针对彩色小麦遗传育种和产业化存在的问题,建议作物种质资源保护与利用要遵循“有差异,就选择;能遗传,可定向;有价值,就保藏;需鉴定,要精准;扬其长,广利用”的基本原则。以上资料将为我国彩色小麦遗传育种研究提供大量有用信息和基因种质资源,推动我国彩色小麦遗传育种研究深入发展。     

基于SSR标记的山东省小麦DNA指纹图谱的构建

本文以山东省41份小麦种质资源为材料,使用46对引物,通过SSR技术对其进行了DNA指纹数据库的构建。结果显示,所采用的46对引物在本实验材料中共检测到69个等位基因,有较好的多态性。利用NTSYS进行UPGMA聚类分析后,发现这41种材料在遗传相似系数0.68为阀值处可以分为3个类群。实验证明该方法能够分辨各个种质间的亲缘关系,能够较好满足小麦DNA指纹数据库的构建要求,对山东省小麦遗传资源的收集、保存、分类、评价、核心种质的建立等研究工作提供理论依据。     

山东小麦地方品种资源铁和锌含量分析

利用等离子体发射光谱仪,对426份山东小麦地方品种资源进行了铁和锌微量元素含量的测定,摸清了山东省小麦地方品种资源铁和锌含量的分布情况。结果表明,山东小麦地方品种资源铁含量的分布范围为5.2～44.1mg/kg,锌含量的分布范围为6.2～50.4mg/kg。铁含量最高的种质是土耳其和落麦,分别为44.1mg/kg和41.8mg/kg;锌含量最高的种质是大青芒,为50.4mg/kg。利用这些铁锌含量高、子粒商品性及面制品口味好的小麦地方品种作育种亲本,对培育子粒中富含铁锌微量元素的高营养小麦新种质,具有十分重要的意义。     

山东省农作物种质资源库的建设与运转

山东省农作物种质资源丰富多样,但长久以来缺乏统一、有效的保存管理,许多珍贵的种质资源面临丢失和灭绝的危险。本文简要阐述了建设山东省农作物种质资源库的必要性,详细介绍了山东省农作物种质资源库的类型、功能、技术指标及入库保存和运行服务情况,以期为其他单位建设种质资源库提供参考。     

山东保存小麦种质资源面粉白度分析

对2068份小麦种质资源进行了面粉白度测定和高白度小麦种质子粒硬度测定。结果表明,山东小麦地方品种、山东小麦育成品种和省外引进小麦品种面粉白度值的分布范围分别为63.9～82.9、63.1～83.8和67.2～84.2。筛选出面粉白度值大于80的小麦种质342份(包括白度值大于83的种质26份),其中地方品种22份,山东育成品种(系)228份,省外引进种质92份。从高白度小麦种质资源中,筛选出子粒硬度指数≥50符合高白度强筋、中强筋或中筋的种质资源18份,对培育中筋以上高白度小麦新品种,以满足人们口味和健康保障具有重要意义。     

小麦种质芽期和苗期的耐盐性鉴定评价

【目的】研究不同来源小麦种质资源的耐盐性差异,筛选耐盐性较好的品种（系）,探索不同生育期小麦耐盐性鉴定的适合盐浓度,为小麦耐盐鉴定及耐盐小麦品种选育提供参考。【方法】对来源不同的293份小麦种质,在1.5%NaCl盐溶液下进行盐胁迫处理,调查各种质的芽期相对盐害指数;选择芽期相对耐盐指数小于40%的24份小麦资源,在苗期进行不同盐浓度胁迫鉴定,测量不同处理的根长及苗高相对生长率。【结果】筛选出16份芽期相对盐害指数小于20%的高耐盐种质和42份芽期相对盐害指数20-40%耐盐的小麦种质;苗期鉴定表明1.0% NaCl盐浓度为合适的筛选浓度、根长相对生长率为适合的苗期耐盐性鉴定指标,以此为鉴定技术筛选出了Marmin-Minhardi譎44-Minturki和花树蒲两份芽期及苗期均表现耐盐的优异小麦种质;【结论】来源不同的小麦资源中芽期综合耐盐性大小依次为地方品种>国外引进品种>中间试验品系;Marmin-Minhardi譎44-Minturki和花树蒲两份耐盐小麦种质可作为小麦耐盐育种新种质。     

山东省沿海地区农作物种质资源调查与分析

2008年至2011年对分布在山东省沿海地区34个县（市、区）82个乡（镇）132个行政村的农作物种质资源进行了调查,共收集粮食作物、经济作物、蔬菜、果树地方品种及野生资源材料848份,分属15科39属54种。本文对调查地区农作物种质资源现状、消长情况及原因和调查、收集到的资源种类及其利用价值进行了分析,并对山东省沿海地区农作物种质资源的保护、开发和利用进行了讨论。     

宁夏小麦种质资源粒重基因KASP标记检测及验证

为挖掘高粒重小麦种质资源,连续2年在宁夏引黄灌区生态条件下测定了 209份小麦种质资源的千粒重、粒长、粒宽和粒厚4个籽粒相关性状,同时用4个粒重相关基因TaGW2-6B、TaGASR、TaGS-D1和TaCWI-4A的KASP标记对参试材料进行基因型检测.结果表明,宁夏小麦种质资源籽粒表型性状较丰富.千粒重、粒长、粒宽...     

人工海水胁迫下小麦种质资源的耐盐性筛选与鉴定

利用人工配制的海水筛选耐盐性较好的小麦品种,为沿海滩涂地区的小麦耐盐育种提供重要信息。本研究利用人工海水处理的方法,对363份小麦种质资源进行了芽期耐盐性初步鉴定,筛选出芽期耐盐性为1级的小麦种质28份。进一步对芽期耐盐性较好的48份小麦种质进行了苗期耐盐性鉴定,并对其耐盐指标进行隶属值模糊评价分析,从中鉴定出了2个苗期耐盐性较强的小麦种质,分别为淮麦31和红壳洋麦。依据来源的不同,发现小麦种质资源的芽期耐盐性大小依次为地方品种>育成品种>国外引进品种。小麦芽期与苗期的耐盐性相关分析表明,二者相关性极低(r=-0.0051)。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.