NaCl胁迫下棉花体内 Na~+ 、K~+分布与耐盐性

采用盐化土壤方法 ,选择苗期耐盐性较强的陆地棉品种枝棉 3号和中棉所 1 9及耐盐性较弱的品种泗棉 2号和苏棉 1 2号 ,研究了盐胁迫下棉苗体内 Na+、K+的运输和分配与耐盐性的关系。结果表明 ,耐盐品种根系具有一定的截留 Na+作用。棉花地上部盐分器官水平上的区域化分布特征明显 :2 0 0 mmol/L Na Cl胁迫下 ,枝棉 3号叶片中的 Na+含量显著低于泗棉 2号 ,茎及叶柄中的 Na+含量显著高于泗棉 2号 ;棉株地上部茎、叶柄、叶片中的 Na+含量分别由下而上逐渐减小 ,相同节位的茎、叶柄中的 Na+含量大于叶片 ,枝棉 3号更显著。1 0 0 mmol/L和 1 50 mmol/L Na Cl胁迫下 ,枝棉 3号和中棉所 1 9K+/Na+显著高于泗棉 2号和苏棉 1 2号。Na+在茎和叶柄中滞留和积累 ,根中的 K+向地上部选择性运输 ,以维持叶片中较高的 K+/Na+,是棉花耐盐性的一个重要特点     

运城盐湖群落生物生态学特征研究

运城盐湖植物群落结构简单,种类组成贫乏,总覆盖度20%~80%,变化幅度大,1 m²内仅有优势种1~2个。植物群落类型与土壤含盐量关系密切。同种植物地上部和根部Na⁺含量随土壤盐度的降低而降低,且地上部的降低幅度大于根部。不同种类植物的Na⁺、K⁺、Na/K比含量差异很大。随着土壤盐分的下降,地上部灰分含量也下降。讨论了其可能的变化机制。     

NaCl处理对盐地碱蓬开花及Na~+、K~+含量的影响

为探讨盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)开花与盐的关系,研究了1(对照)、200和400 mmol·L-1 NaCl处理对盐地碱蓬不同分枝和单株开花数目、叶片和茎及花器官中的Na+、K+含量及Na+/K+比的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,200 mmol·L-1 NaCl处理下盐地碱蓬分枝及单株开花数目增加最显著,单株开花数目增加了69.90%,花器官中的Na+含量、Na+/K+比分别增加了1.41倍和1.77倍,而一级叶片的Na+含量、Na+/K+比分别增加了3.96倍和4.96倍,茎中Na+含量、Na+/K+比分别增加了7.00倍和12.39倍。400 mmol·L-1 NaCl处理下,单株开花数目增加了19.00%,花器官中的Na+含量、Na+/K+比分别增加了2.09倍和3.21倍,而一级叶片的Na+含量、Na+/K+比分别增加了4.28倍和6.50倍,茎中Na+含量、Na+/K+比分别增加了7.65和15.40倍。这些结果表明,NaCl处理下真盐生植物盐地碱蓬可能通过把Na+区域化到茎叶而动员其中的K+到花器官中维持花器官中合适的Na+/K+比而促进开花。     

盐胁迫对弗吉尼亚栎生长及矿质离子吸收、运输和分配的影响

以低浓度(50 mmol.L-1)和高浓度(150 mmol.L-1)NaC l处理弗吉尼亚栎(Quercus virginiana)2年生扦插苗,研究了弗吉尼亚栎生长和根系形态学参数变化以及Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、NO3-等矿质离子在不同器官的吸收、运输和分配。结果表明,盐胁迫不同程度促进了地上部和根系生长,地上部和根系干重、根长、表面积和体积在低浓度盐胁迫下明显增加(P0.05),而在高浓度盐胁迫下变化不大。随着根系对Na+和C l-吸收的增加,K+、Ca2+、Mg2+在根部和茎部的积累明显降低,矿质离子由根部向茎部运输的能力在低浓度盐胁迫增加而高浓度下受到抑制。叶片在低浓度和高浓度盐胁迫下对K+、NO3-具有很强的选择吸收能力,这对于维持叶片离子平衡和正常的光合作用及代谢过程具有重要意义。Na+和C l-在根部的浓度远远大于地上部,说明弗吉尼亚栎根系对盐离子具有较高的耐受性,而减少盐离子在地上部的积累,对于维持地上部的正常生长具有重要意义,这也是弗吉尼亚栎对盐胁迫的适应机制之一。     

NaCl处理对盐地碱蓬开花及Na＋、K＋含量的影响

为探讨盐地碱蓬（Suaeda salsa）开花与盐的关系, 研究了1 （对照）、200和400 mmol·L-1 NaCl处理对盐地碱蓬不同分枝和单株开花数目、叶片和茎及花器官中的Na＋、K＋含量及Na＋/K＋比的影响。结果表明： 与对照相比, 200 mmol·L-1 NaCl处理下盐地碱蓬分枝及单株开花数目增加最显著, 单株开花数目增加了69.90%, 花器官中的Na＋含量、Na＋/K＋比分别增加了1.41倍和1.77倍, 而一级叶片的Na＋含量、Na＋/K＋比分别增加了3.96倍和4.96倍, 茎中Na＋含量、Na＋/K＋比分别增加了7.00倍和12.39倍。400 mmol·L-1 NaCl处理下, 单株开花数目增加了19.00%, 花器官中的Na＋含量、Na＋/K＋比分别增加了2.09倍和3.21倍, 而一级叶片的Na＋含量、Na＋/K＋比分别增加了4.28倍和6.50倍, 茎中Na＋含量、Na＋/K＋比分别增加了7.65和15.40倍。这些结果表明, NaCl处理下真盐生植物盐地碱蓬可能通过把Na＋区域化到茎叶而动员其中的K＋到花器官中维持花器官中合适的Na＋/K＋比而促进开花。     

直播羊草在不同pH土壤环境下的生物学特性和生理反应

采用人工配制的不同pH梯度的碱化土进行盆栽试验,研究了直播羊草在不同pH土壤环境下的生物学特性和生理反应.结果表明:pH 8.50以下的弱碱性土壤环境有利于直播羊草的生长,但随着土壤pH的升高其分蘖和地上部生物量均呈下降趋势;当土壤pH达到9.78时,直播后第2年羊草总株数比对照(pH 7.15)降低了42.0%,地上部干质量比对照降低了74.1%.此外,在盐碱胁迫下,羊草地上部含水量、可溶性糖、叶绿素和K 含量亦呈下降趋势,Na 含量和叶片外渗液电导率显著升高,地上部K /Na 比值从对照的28.5下降到1.6(pH 9.78),说明较高的K 水平以及较高的K /Na 比值可能是羊草耐盐碱的重要生理机制.     

NaCl胁迫对海蓬子(Salicornia bigelovii Torr.)离子区室化、光合作用和生长的影响

用含有0、100、300、600mmol/L的NaCl的Hoagland培养液处理海蓬子幼苗,处理一定时间后测定其鲜重、干重、离子含量、Na /K 比值、Na 在细胞中的分布、光合速率、叶绿体超微结构等的变化.结果表明一定浓度NaCl处理促进了海蓬子的生长,300mmol/L左右的NaCl是海蓬子生长的最适盐度.盐处理条件下海蓬子主要将Na 、Cl-积累在地上部,且主要储存在液泡中.随盐处理浓度的增加海蓬子地上部的Na /K 比增大;光合速率在低盐度下随盐浓度的升高而增大,高盐度下受到抑制;叶绿体超微结构在高盐度下受到部分破坏.     

NaCl胁迫对茄子嫁接苗生长和离子分布的影响

以引进日本的设施栽培专用耐盐茄子品种Torvum Vigor为砧木,栽培品种苏崎茄为接穗,通过营养液栽培对80 mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫下茄子嫁接苗和自根苗的生长和离子分布进行了比较.结果表明,(1)NaCl胁迫下嫁接苗茎伸长受抑制程度显著低于自根苗,嫁接苗根部生长旺盛;(2)嫁接苗根部贮存一定量的Na 、Cl-,地上部除叶柄外各部位Na 、Cl-含量均显著低于自根苗;(3)NaCl胁迫后嫁接苗在幼叶和根部保持较高K /Na 和Ca2 /Na 值;(4)嫁接苗根部选择吸收SK,Na、SCa,Na值和幼叶选择运输SK,Na、SCa,Na值均显著高于自根苗.因此,嫁接茄子因根部Na 、Cl-的贮存,减轻了地上部的盐离子毒害,而且K 和Ca2 在幼叶和根部的特异积累使其K /Na 值和Ca2 /Na 值提高,从而增强了耐盐性.     

Na2CO3胁迫下星星草（Puccinellia tenuiflora）幼苗叶表皮和叶肉细胞中K、Na的相对含量

对不同强度Na2CO3胁迫处理下星星草幼苗叶片表皮和叶肉细胞中K、Na的透射电镜X-射线电子探针显微分析和叶片表面扫描电镜X-射线电子探针显微分析，结果表明：在相同胁迫强度下，无论是表皮细胞还是叶肉细胞的细胞壁和液泡中的Na相对含量均明显高于细胞质中的Na相对含量，并且K的相对含量均明显比相应部位Na的相对含量高，细胞壁与液泡中的Na相对含量变化范围非常接近。在Na2CO3胁迫浓度低于0.1molL-1时，在相同胁迫强度下，K的相对含量高于Na的相对含量，使细胞质保持相对高的K/ Na比。而尽管向细胞壁和液泡分流了大量的Na，但是细胞质中的Na相对含量仍然随着Na2CO3胁迫强度的增加而增加，一方面证明星星草在Na2CO3胁迫下维持相对高的K/ Na比的能力是有一定限度的，另一方面暗示星星草作为盐生植物在盐碱环境中一定程度上Na可以部分地代替K而行使部分K的生理功能。     

运城盐湖十种耐盐植物体内无机及有机溶质含量的比较研究

运城盐湖的 1 0种耐盐植物体内的有机及无机溶质含量差异较大。总无机溶质含量在各种植物间的变化幅度小于总有机溶质 ,其中双子叶植物 (除二色补血草外 )地上部 K+ 含量及 K/Na比均低于单子叶植物 ,而双子叶植物地上部的Na+ 含量明显高于单子叶植物。双子叶植物 (除二色补血草外 )的 Na/Cl>1 ,而单子叶植物的 Na/Cl≈ 1。二色补血草的二价离子 Ca2 +和 Mg2 +含量较高。单子叶植物的可溶性糖及游离氨基酸含量高于双子叶植物 (除枸杞外 ) ,碱莞、盐角草、盐地碱蓬、碱地肤、二色补血草的脯氨酸含量均较低 ( <7μmol/g FW) ,且脯氨酸占游离氨基酸的比例高于其它植物。另外还计算了各种溶质占 COP的百分比 ,并讨论了它们在植物渗透调节过程中的作用。     

CD34+-derived CD11c+ + + BDCA-1+ + CD123+ + DC: expansion of a phenotypically undescribed myeloid DC1 population for use in adoptive immunotherapy

BACKGROUND: DC are commonly defined as HLA-DR+/Lin- cells that can be CD11c+ + + CD123+/ -, termed DC1/myeloid DC that induce a Th1 response, or CD11c- CD123+ + +, termed DC2/lymphoid DC that induce a Th2 response. However, significant heterogeneity within DC preparations is apparent and supports the existence of several distinct DC subpopulations. This study aimed to expand and characterize CD34+ DC for use in immunotherapy. METHODS: CD34+ cells were seeded at 1 x 10(5)/mL and expanded for 14 days in RPMI + 10% autologous plasma supplemented with GM-CSF, IL-4, Flt-3L and SCF. Maturation was induced with TNF-alpha and PGE2 for 2 days. DC were analyzed morphologically, phenotypically with a panel of MAb to lineage and DC markers, and functionally in MLR, T-cell assays and T-cell cytokine secretion by ELISA. RESULTS: Significant cellular expansion was observed: 60+/-5 x 10(6) DC from 1 x 10(6) CD34+ cells (n=28). Phenotypically DC were characterized as HLA-DR+ +, CD11c+ + +, CD80+ +, CD83+, CD86+ +, CD123+ +, CD15+ +, CD33+ +, BDCA-1+ +, CD4+ and Lin-. DC displayed potent allostimulatory capacity and efficient presentation of KLH and tetanus toxin. DC-primed T cells secreted IFN-gamma (Th1); however, no detectable IL-4 (Th2) was noted. DISCUSSION: We present features of CD34+ DC that have not been previously described. The CD34+ DC generated represent a population of myeloid DC functioning as DC1 but phenotypically expressing markers characteristic of both DC1 and DC2. This novel DC population is capable of inducing naive T-cell responses and can be expanded to clinically useful numbers. CD34+-derived DC represent attractive candidates for use in adoptive T-cell immunotherapy.     

抗VacA+CagA+幽门螺杆菌IgY的抗感染作用研究

为研究抗VacA CagA 幽门螺杆菌(Hp)IgY的抗感染作用,以VacA CagA Hp为抗原免疫蛋鸡,聚乙二醇法和水稀释法从鸡卵黄中提取抗-VacA CagA Hp-IgY,酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)测定IgY抗体效价。建立胃腔感染VacA CagAHp的昆明系小鼠模型,观察抗-VacA CagA Hp-IgY对小鼠胃腔感染VacA CagA Hp的防治效果。ELISA法测定IgY效价均为1∶20,480;抗-VacA CagA Hp-IgY防治小鼠胃腔感染VacA CagAHp效果较理想,IgY高、中剂量组效果优于阳性对照组(P<0.05);低剂量组效果等同于阳性对照组(P>0.05)。抗-VacA CagA Hp-IgY较好的体内抗感染作用,提示该IgY有望成为较理想的治疗VacA CagA Hp感染的生物制剂。     

Different cation sensitivities and binding site domains of Na+-Ca2+-K+ and Na+-Ca2+ exchangers

We examined inhibitory effects of external multivalent cations Ni(2+), Co(2+), Cd(2+), La(3+), Mg(2+), and Mn(2+) on reverse-mode exchange of the K(+)-dependent Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger NCKX2 and the K(+)-independent exchanger NCX1 expressed in CCL-39 cells by measuring the rate of Ca(2+) uptake with radioisotope tracer and electrophysiological techniques. The apparent affinities for block of Ca(2+) uptake by multivalent cations was higher in NCKX2 than NCX1, and the rank order of inhibitory potencies among these cations was different. Additional experiments also showed that external Li(+) stimulated reverse-mode exchange by NCX1, but not NCKX2 in the presence of 5 mM K(+). Thus, both exchangers exhibited differential sensitivities to not only K(+) but also many other external cations. We attempted to locate the putative binding sites within the alpha motifs for multivalent cations by site-directed mutagenesis experiments. The cation affinities of NCKX2 were altered by mutations of amino acid residues in the alpha-1 motif, but not by mutations in the alpha-2 motif. These results contrast with those for NCX1 where mutations in both alpha-1 and alpha-2 motifs have been shown previously to affect cation affinities. Susceptibility tests with sulfhydryl alkylating agents suggested that the alpha-1 and alpha-2 motifs are situated extracellularly and intracellularly, respectively, in both exchangers. A topological model is proposed in which the extracellular-facing alpha-1 motif forms an external cation binding site that includes key residues N203, G207C, and I209 in NCKX2, while both alpha-1 and alpha-2 motifs together form the binding sites in NCX1.     

The effect of Na+ and K+ on the thermal denaturation of Na+ and + K+-dependent ATPase.

To increase our understanding of the physical nature of the Na+ and K+ forms of the Na+ + K+-dependent ATPase, thermal-denaturation studies were conducted in different types of ionic media. Thermal-denaturation measurements were performed by measuring the regeneration of ATPase activity after slow pulse exposure to elevated temperatures. Two types of experiments were performed. First, the dependence of the thermal-denaturation rate on Na+ and K+ concentrations was examined. It was found that both cations stabilized the pump protein. Also, K+ was a more effective stabilizer of the native state than was Na+. Secondly, a set of thermodynamic parameters was obtained by measuring the temperature-dependence of the thermal-denaturation rate under three ionic conditions: 60 mM-K+, 150 mM-Na+ and no Na+ or K+. It was found that ion-mediated stabilization of the pump protein was accompanied by substantial increases in activation enthalpy and entropy, the net effect being a less-pronounced increase in activation free energy.     

Hydrolysis of adenylyl imidodiphosphate in the presence of Na+ + Mg+ by (Na+ + K+)-activated ATPase

(1) Contrary to what has usually been assumed, (Na⁺ + K⁺)-ATPase slowly hydrolyses AdoPP[NH]P in the presence of Na⁺ + Mg²⁺ to ADP-NH₂ and P_i. The activity is ouabain-sensitive and is not detected in the absence of either Mg²⁺ or Na²⁺. The specific activity of the Na⁺ + Mg²⁺ dependent AdoPP[NH]P hydrolysis at 37°C and pH 7.0 is 4% of that for ATP under identical conditions and only 0.07% of that for ATP in the presence of K⁺. The activity is not stimulated by K⁺, nor can K⁺ replace Na⁺ in its stimulatory action. This suggests that phosphorylation is rate-limiting. Stimulation by Na⁺ is positively cooperative with a Hill coefficient of 2.4; half-maximal stimulation occurs at 5–9 mM. The K_m value for AdoPP[NH]P is 17 μM. At 0°C and 21°C the specific activity is 2 and 14%, respectively, of that at 37°C. AMP, ADP and AdoPP[CH₂]P are not detectably hydrolysed by (Na⁺ + K⁺)-ATPase in the presence of Na⁺ + Mg²⁺. (2) In addition, AdoPP[NH]P undergoes spontaneous, non-enzymatic hydrolysis at pH 7.0 with rate constants at 0, 21 and 37°C of 0.0006, 0.006 and 0.07 h^?1, respectively. This effect is small compared to the effect of enzymatic hydrolysis under comparable conditions. Mg²⁺ present in excess of AdoPP[NH]P reduces the rate constant of the spontaneous hydrolysis to 0.005 h^?1 at 37°C, indicating that the MgAdoPP[NH]P complex is virtually stable to spontaneous hydrolysis, as is also the case for its enzymatic hydrolysis. (3) A practical consequence of these findings is that AdoPP[NH]P binding studies in the presence of Na⁺ + Mg²⁺ with enzyme concentrations in the mg/ml range are not possible at temperatures above 0°C. On the other hand, determination of affinity in the (Na⁺ + K⁺)-ATPase reaction by competition with ATP at low protein concentrations (μg/ml range) remains possible without significant hydrolysis of AdoPP[NH]P even at 37°C.     

A reconstituted Na+ + K+ pump in liposomes containing purified (Na+ + K+)-ATPase from kidney medulla.

Liposomes containing either purified or microsomal (Na+,K+)-ATPase preparations from lamb kidney medulla catalyzed ATP-dependent transport of Na+ and K+ with a ratio of approximately 3Na+ to 2K+, which was inhibited by ouabain. Similar results were obtained with liposomes containing a partially purified (Na+,K+)-ATPase from cardiac muscle. This contrasts with an earlier report by Goldin and Tong (J. Biol. Chem. 249, 5907-5915, 1974), in which liposomes containing purified dog kidney (Na+,K+)-ATPase did not transport K+ but catalyzed ATP-dependent symport of Na+ and Cl-. When purified by our procedure, dog kidney (Na+,K+)-ATPase showed some ability to transport K+ but the ratio of Na+ : K+ was 5 : 1.