昆虫海藻糖及其合成酶基因的特性与功能研究进展

海藻糖广泛存在于细菌、真菌、昆虫、无脊椎动物和植物等大量生物中。它不仅可以作为昆虫的能量来源,而且在抗逆等方面起着重要作用。海藻糖合成酶(Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase,TPS)是海藻糖合成过程中的一个关键酶。目前细菌、真菌和植物中都已经被发现和克隆,但其不存在于哺乳动物中。海藻糖是昆虫的"血糖",主要通过海藻糖合成酶和海藻糖-6-磷酸脂酶(Trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase,TPP)在脂肪体中催化合成。TPS基因所编码的蛋白序列一般都包含两个保守的结构域:TPS和TPP,分别对应着酵母中的Ots A和Ots B基因。昆虫海藻糖合成酶的基因表达和酶活性的变化与昆虫的多项生理过程有着密切的关系,海藻糖合成酶有可能成为控制害虫的新靶标。     

海藻糖的生物学功能简介

海藻糖（Ｔｒｅｈａｌｏｓｅ,α－Ｄ－ｇｌｕｃｏｐｙｒａｎｏｓｙｌ－α－Ｄ－ｇｌｕｃｏｐｙｒａｎｏｓｉｄｅ）是一种非还原性二糖,广泛存在于海藻、酵母、霉菌、食用菌、虾、昆虫、高等植物等生物体内,是一种贮藏性碳水化合物。它具有保护生物细胞和生物活动性物质...     

昆虫海藻糖酶的基因特性及功能研究进展

海藻糖酶(Treh)是昆虫能量代谢必不可少的一类酶, 亦是昆虫体内几丁质合成通路的第一个酶。其基因表达和酶活性直接与正常发育、 蜕皮、 变态以及繁殖等昆虫重要生理过程密切相关。目前已有多种昆虫的海藻糖酶基因被成功克隆, 从而发现昆虫海藻糖酶基因家族由多个成员组成。海藻糖酶基因所编码的蛋白大多数具有一个信号肽前导区, 部分蛋白拥有1~2个跨膜结构域, 根据是否具有跨膜结构, 可将其分为可溶性海藻糖酶(Treh1)和膜结合型海藻糖酶(Treh2)两类, 膜结合型海藻糖酶具有2个特有的标签序列, 即“PGGRFREFYYWDSY”和“QWDYPNAWPP”。海藻糖酶的主要功能是将胞外和胞内的海藻糖降解成葡萄糖, 为昆虫的生命活动提供能量。具体表现为两个方面, 一是参与昆虫几丁质合成途径, 从而调控表皮、 中肠等处的几丁质合成; 二是通过与激素的协同作用, 调控昆虫体内海藻糖和葡萄糖等糖类物质的浓度变化, 从而有效保护体内细胞的适应并渡过相应的逆境环境, 并提高其抗逆能力。鉴于海藻糖酶的重要功能, 其已成为害虫控制的潜在新靶标。不同类型海藻糖酶的功能研究及酶抑制剂的研发与应用将进一步推动害虫生物防治的发展。     

啤酒酵母AS2.1416海藻糖合成酶基因tps1的cDNA克隆及序列分析

海藻糖 (Ｔｒｅｈａｌｏｓｅ,α ｇｌｕｃｏｐｙｒａｎｏｓｙｌ α 1,1 Ｄ ｇｌｕｃｏｐｙｒａ ｎｏｓｅ)是一种非还原性二糖 ,广泛存在于藻类、细菌、昆虫、无脊椎动物及酵母等许多生物体内。海藻糖除了作为一种储存性碳源外 ,业已被证明在许多逆境 ,诸如高温、高盐、干旱、重金属离子污染、冷冻、辐射等情况下 ,可以有效地保护生物的细胞膜、蛋白质及核酸[1～ 6] 。海藻糖合成酶为一多酶体系。在酵母细胞中 ,其合成分为两步进行。第一步 ,在 6 磷酸海藻糖合成酶 (Ｔｐｓ1)的作用下 ,由ＵＤＰ 葡萄糖和葡萄糖 6 磷酸合成海藻糖 6 磷酸 …     

昆虫海藻糖与海藻糖酶的特性及功能研究

海藻糖作为昆虫的血糖,对昆虫的能量代谢、滞育、抗逆等具有重要作用。海藻糖酶是海藻糖代谢过程中一个重要的酶类,特异性地将一分子海藻糖水解为两分子葡萄糖而被昆虫利用,其基因表达和酶活性与昆虫各项生理过程密切相关。本文从昆虫海藻糖与海藻糖酶的特性、代谢途径以及它们在昆虫体内的重要作用进行综述,并对海藻糖和海藻糖酶在授粉昆虫方面的研究作了展望。     

海藻糖代谢途径相关基因及生物工程

海藻糖(Trehalose)是一种由两个葡萄糖分子通过α,α-1,l糖苷键连接的非还原性双糖。最早的记录是在19世纪初期作为黑麦的麦角菌的一种成分而被描述,后来发现海藻糖广泛存在于微生物、动物和植物体内,特别是在那些能抗脱水作用的生物中起着重要作用。这些特殊生物具有在脱水条件下存活多年的性质,包括所谓的“复苏植物”(Selaginella lepidophylla)、某些咸水虾、线虫及面包酵母等。当它们体内99％的水分被去掉之后,仍保持着能在获水后迅速复活的能力^[1]。研究表明,海藻糖对于生物抗逆具有重要的保护作用。海藻糖的应用研究因此得到了人们的广泛关注和重视,目前海藻糖已被用作酶、其它蛋白、生物制品甚至移植器官的保护剂。海藻糖作为生物体对抗环境胁迫的重要应激保护物质,在不同生物中存在多种合成和分解代谢途径,相关基因已相继被克隆和分析。海藻糖合成、分解及其调控是生物抗逆的重要机制,其相关基因的研究也是海藻糖生物工程的重要基础。     

褐飞虱两个糖转运蛋白的功能分析及调控海藻糖代谢的影响

海藻糖转运蛋白（Trehalose transporter,Tret）可将昆虫“血糖”——海藻糖由脂肪体转运到血淋巴中,是维持昆虫体内海藻糖平衡的重要转运蛋白。本研究通过对褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens两条糖转运蛋白序列（NlTret1、NlTret1 X1）进行生物信息学分析,并利用RNAi技术沉默NlTret1与NlTret1 X1基因,探讨其对褐飞虱调控海藻糖代谢的生物学功能。生物信息学分析表明,NlTret1与NlTret1 X1分别有1 353 bp和1 488 bp的开放阅读框,编码具有450和495个氨基酸残基,蛋白分子量大小为49.984 kDa和53.059 kDa,理论等电点pI为6.53和7.46;保守结构域分析NlTret1和NlTret1 X1分别包含10个和12个跨膜结构域,属于MFS超家族;二级结构以及三级结构预测NlTret1和NlTret1 X1主要包含无规卷曲和α螺旋结构。进化树分析显示NlTret1和NlTret1 X1皆与同为半翅目昆虫的Tret1蛋白亲缘关系接近。与注射dsGFP相比RNAi后显著抑制了靶标基因的表达量。荧光定量检测海藻糖代谢通路TRE和TPS基因,结果显示注射dsNlTret1 48 h后NlTRE1-1、NlTPS2基因表达量极显著下调,NlTRE1-2、NlTRE2与NlTPS1、NlTPS3基因表达量极显著上调;而注射dsNlTret1 X1则为NlTRE1-1、NlTRE2与NlTPS1、NlTPS2基因表达量极显著降低,NlTRE1-2和NlTPS3基因表达量极显著增高。注射dsNlTret1与dsNlTret1 X1后海藻糖酶活性均显著性降低,同时NlTret1的沉默显著抑制了糖原含量和海藻糖含量,NlTret1 X1的沉默仅使葡萄糖含量显著增高。褐飞虱两条糖转运蛋白序列经初步分析确定为海藻糖转运蛋白,这两个海藻糖转运蛋白在转运糖类物质中发挥着不同的作用,其中NlTret1 X1可能参与葡萄糖运输功能,而NlTret1则更可能参与海藻糖特异性转运。研究结果有利于探究海藻糖转运蛋白Tret调控海藻糖代谢的作用机制,为将来通过其调控昆虫海藻糖代谢平衡治理褐飞虱等害虫提供理论依据。     

海藻糖的生物保护作用

海藻糖 (ｔｒｅｈａｌｏｓｅ ,Ｄ ｇｌｕｃｏｐｙｒａｎｏｓｙｌＤ ｇｌｕ ｃｏｐｙｎｏｓｉｄｅ)是一种非还原性二糖 ,有 (α ,α)、( β ,β)、(α ,β) 3种光学异构体。天然存在的海藻糖一般为 (α ,α)构型 ,是由 2个分子葡萄糖以α ,α 1 1键连接而成 ,分子式为Ｃ12 Ｈ2 2 Ｏ11·2Ｈ2 Ｏ ,相对分子量为 378.33,白色结晶 ,化学性质极稳定 ,无毒无害 ,不会焦收稿日期 :2 0 0 1 0 3 2 6作者简介 :聂凌鸿 ,博士生 ;宁正祥 ,教授 ,博士生导师。糖化。海藻糖广泛存在于低等植物、藻类、细菌、真菌、酵母、昆虫及无脊椎动物中 ,既是一种贮藏…     

以CotC为分子载体在枯草芽孢杆菌表面展示海藻糖合酶

海藻糖是自然界中普遍存在的一种非还原性双糖,是一种极好的天然干燥剂和保鲜剂。海藻糖合酶能够催化α,α-1,4-糖苷键连接的麦芽糖直接转化为α,α-1,1-糖苷键连接的海藻糖,是生产海藻糖的首选。为获得具有良好展示效果的海藻糖合酶,将其高效稳定的展示于枯草芽孢杆菌芽孢表面,实验同时分别选取增强型绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP)和海藻糖合酶(Tres)作为模型蛋白,以来自枯草芽孢杆菌的芽孢衣壳蛋白Cot C作为枯草芽杆菌表面展示的锚定蛋白进行表面展示研究。利用流式细胞仪分析EGFP在芽孢表面展示的情况,结果表明芽孢衣壳蛋白Cot C可以将EGFP固定在芽孢的表面。然后将荧光蛋白基因egfp通过酶切替换为海藻糖合酶基因tres,将重组菌株使用p H7.5的缓冲液清洗并重悬,与底物浓度为30%的麦芽糖在50℃水浴条件下作用2h,反应产物利用HPLC检测,能够检测到海藻糖峰,通过计算得到的酶活为252U/ml。说明海藻糖合酶基因通过与芽孢衣壳蛋白Cot C融合后可被展示在芽孢的表面。     

酶法合成海藻糖研究的新进展

海藻糖（bondooe）是由两个葡萄糖残基经a－l,l键接的非还原二糖,广泛存在于细菌、酵母、真菌、藻类、昆虫中］。海藻糖具有独特而令人感兴趣的生物学功能。例如可以保护蛋白质、生物膜及敏感细胞的细胞壁免受干旱、冷冻、渗透压的变化等造成的伤害,用作不稳定药品、食品和化妆品的稳定剂,多种食品和药品的甜味剂,种子的包衣,冷冻干燥菌株的保护剂l’］等,最近报道海藻糖可保护DNA防止放射线引起的损伤［’］。海藻糖来源目前主要从酵母中提取,但收率较低,成本高,限制了其应用。以往的研究表明,海藻糖在真菌和细菌中的合成主要…     

Preface

The vector of Chagas' disease, Rhodnius prolixus, feeds exclusively on blood. The blood meals are slowly digested, and these insects wait some weeks before the next meal. During the life of an insect, energy‐requiring processes such as moulting, adult gonadal and reproductive growth, vitellogenesis, muscular activity, and fasting, lead to increased metabolism. Carbohydrates are a major source of energy and their mobilization is important. We determined the amounts of glycogen, trehalose, and glucose present in the fat body and/or hemolymph of adult males of R. prolixus and recorded the processes of accumulation and mobilization of these carbohydrates. We also tested our hypothesis that these processes are under endocrine control. The amount of glycogen in the fat body progressively increased until the fourth day after feeding (from 9.3±2.2 to 77. 3±7.5 µg/fat body), then declined to values around 36.3±4.9 µg/fat body on the fifteenth day after the blood meal. Glycogen synthesis was eliminated in decapitated insects and head‐transplanted insects synthesized glycogen. The amount of trehalose in the fat body increased until the sixth day after feeding (from 16. 6±1.7 to 40. 6±5.3 nmol/fat body), decreased abruptly, and stabilized between days 7 and 15 at values ranging around 15–19 nmol/fat body. Decapitated insects did not synthesize trehalose after feeding, and this effect was reversed in head‐transplanted insects. The concentration of trehalose in the hemolymph increased after the blood meal until the third day (from 0.07±0.01 to 0.75±0.05 mM) and at the fourth day it decreased until the ninth day (0.21±0.01 mM), when it increased again until the fourteenth day (0.79±0.06 mM) after the blood meal, and then declined again. In decapitated insects, trehalose concentrations did not increase soon after the blood meal and at the third day it was very low, but on the fourteenth day it was close to the control values. The concentration of glucose in the hemolymph of untreated insects remained low and constant (0.18±0.01 mM) during the 15 days after feeding, but in decapitated insects it progressively increased until the fifteenth day (2.00±0.10 mM). We recorded the highest trehalase activity in midgut, which was maximal at the eighth day after feeding (2,830±320 nmol of glucose/organ/h). We infer that in Rhodnius prolixus, the metabolism of glycogen, glucose, and trehalose are controlled by factors from the brain, according to physiological demands at different days after the blood meal. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Trehalose and trehalose-hydrolyzing enzyme in the haemolymph of Locusta migratoria infected with Metarhizium anisopliae strain CQMa102

Topical application of the Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum specialist strain CQMa 102 to the locust Locusta migratoria manilensis results in changes of the concentrations of trehalose and glucose in the haemolymph. Micrographs of the locust haemolymph shows Metarhizium anisopliae can effectivly penetrate the external skeleton of locust and after 2 days infection, the hyphae body will appear in the haemolymph of infected insects. The time in decrease of trehalose concentration coincided with that in increase of trehalose-hydrolysing enzyme activity in the haemolymph of the fungus-infected insects. Overlay gel analysis indicated there was considerably more trehalose-hydrolysing activity in the haemolymph of locusts infected by fungus than in controls. A comparable isoform was identified in in vitro culture of the fungus, suggesting a fungal origin for the in vivo enzyme. Haemolymph trehalose decreased significantly during mycosis of locusts by M. anisopliae. All these results suggested that this fungus may take advantage of competing nutrient utilization against the insect by its trehalose-hydrolyzing enzyme secretion. It may provide fundamental knowledge for fungal pathogenesis.     

Identification of a hypertrehalosemic factor in Spodoptera exigua

Trehalose is a major blood sugar in insects with a range of physiological functions, including an energy source and a cryoprotectant. Hemolymph trehalose concentrations are tightly regulated according to physiological conditions. An insulin‐like peptide, SeILP1, downregulates hemolymph trehalose concentrations in Spodoptera exigua. Here, we identified a factor that upregulates hemolymph trehalose concentration in S. exigua. Hemolymph trehalose concentrations were significantly increased after immune challenge or under starvation in a time‐dependent manner. To determine endocrine factors responsible for the upregulation, stress‐associated mediators, such as octopamine, serotonin, or eicosanoids were injected, but they did not upregulate hemolymph trehalose. On the other hand, injection with Schistocerca gregaria adipokinetic hormone (AKH) significantly increased hemolymph trehalose concentration in S. exigua. During upregulation of hemolymph trehalose by AKH injection, trehalose degradation appeared to be inhibited because expression of trehalase and SeILP1 were significantly suppressed while that of trehalose phosphate synthase was not significantly changed. Interrogation of a Spodoptera genome database identified an S. exigua AKH‐like gene and its expression was confirmed. During starvation, its expression concentrations were increased, although RNA interference specific to the AKH‐like hypertrehalosemic factor (SeHTF) gene significantly prevented the upregulation of hemolymph trehalose concentrations during starvation. A synthetic peptide of SeHTF was prepared and injected into S. exigua larvae. At nanomolar concentration, the synthetic SeHTF peptide effectively upregulated hemolymph trehalose concentrations. Here we report a novel hypertrehalosemic factor in S. exigua (SeHTF).     

MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF SOLUBLE AND MEMBRANE‐BOUND TREHALASES OF THE WHITEFLY,Bemisia tabaci

Trehalases (Tres) have been demonstrated to be the key enzymes that are involved in various trehalose‐associated physiological processes in insects. However, little attention has been devoted to the Tres in the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. In this study, a soluble Tre (BtTre‐1) and a membrane‐bound Tre (BtTre‐2) were cloned in the invasive cryptic species Middle East‐Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) of the whitefly B. tabaci complex. Alignment of deduced amino acids sequences of both BtTres revealed that they share common consensus regions and residues with Tres of other insect species. Levels of BtTres expression in various stages and tissues of the whitefly suggested that BtTre‐2 may play a key role in trehalose catabolism during development of the whitefly, especially for oocyte development, while BtTre‐1 may prevent trehalose in salivary gland from leaking and entering into plants along with saliva. Potential roles of trehalose catabolism in response to direct and/or plant‐mediated indirect effects of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl China Virus (TYLCCNV) were also detected. Whiteflies feeding on virus‐infected tobacco plants showed higher BtTres expressions and accordingly higher BtTres activity but lower trehalose content than those feeding on uninfected plants. The enhanced trehalose catabolism may be beneficial to oocyte development in ovary and attenuate plant defensive responses induced by trehalose in saliva. Viruliferous and nonviruliferous whiteflies feeding on cotton, a nonhost plant for TYLCCNV, differed significantly only in trehalose content. The higher trehalose content in viruliferous whiteflies may be conducive to resisting the stress inflicted by TYLCCNV.     

海藻糖介导的信号转导与植物抗逆性

海藻糖是一种非还原性二糖,它广泛存在于细菌、真菌、酵母、昆虫、无脊椎动物和植物等生物体内。海藻糖不仅作为碳水化合物的储备,而且还是一个多功能分子。海藻糖作为一种信号分子,启动信号转导级联反应,改变基因表达和酶的活性,与激素也有一定的关系。采用基因工程和通过外源施加的方法增加海藻糖在植物体内的积累可以提高植物的抗逆性,这为提高农作物的抗逆性提供了新的策略。     

Platelet cryopreservation using a trehalose and phosphate formulation

Long-term storage of platelets is infeasible due to platelet activation at low temperatures. In an effort to address this problem, we evaluated the effectiveness of a formulation combining trehalose and phosphate in protecting platelet structure and function following cryopreservation. An annexin V binding assay was used to quantify the efficacy of the trehalose and phosphate formulation in suppressing platelet activation during cryopreservation. Of the platelets cryopreserved with the trehalose plus phosphate formulation, 23% +/- 1.2% were nonactivated, compared with 9.8% +/- 0.26% nonactivated following cryopreservation with only trehalose. The presence of both trehalose and phosphate in the cryopreservation medium is critical for cell survival and preincubation in trehalose plus phosphate solutions further enhances viability. The effectiveness of trehalose plus phosphate in preserving platelets in a nonactivated state is comparable to 6% dimethyl sulfoxide (Me(2)SO). Measurements of platelet metabolic activity using an alamarBlue assay also established that trehalose plus phosphate is superior to trehalose alone. Finally, platelets protected by the trehalose plus phosphate formulation exhibit similar aggregation response upon thrombin addition as fresh platelets, but an increase of cytosolic calcium concentration upon thrombin addition was not observed in the cryopreserved platelets. These results suggest that trehalose and phosphate protect several aspects of platelet structure and function during cryopreservation, including an intact plasma membrane, metabolic activity, and aggregation in response to thrombin, but not intracellular calcium release in response to thrombin.     

酵母内源性海藻糖代谢调控研究进展

作为一种天然稳定剂的双糖,海藻糖(Trehalose)在逆境下对生物体活性的保护功能既吸引了广泛的研究兴趣,也使其具有良好的应用价值和潜力。本文聚焦重要模式微生物和工业应用微生物酵母,结合组学研究最新进展,从海藻糖代谢途径、应激条件下的海藻糖代谢和转录特征以及提高胞内海藻糖含量策略等方面,对内源性海藻糖研究新进展进行了综述。     

红色亚栖热菌TPS/TPP海藻糖合成途径中相关基因的克隆、表达及功能鉴定

通过构建红色亚栖热菌(Meiothermus ruberCBS-01)的基因组DNA文库,克隆得到该嗜热菌海藻糖合成途径中的磷酸海藻糖合成酶(TPS)和磷酸海藻糖磷酸酯酶(TPP)基因。以pET21a为表达载体,将磷酸海藻糖合成酶和磷酸海藻糖磷酸酯酶在大肠杆菌中进行表达并纯化,利用薄层层析的方法验证了这两个酶的活性。同时,本研究检测了红色亚栖热菌在各种环境压力下细胞内含物成分的变化情况,发现在高渗环境压力的诱导下,该菌会在胞内积累大量的6-磷酸海藻糖,而并非海藻糖,这为进一步研究TPS/TPP和TreS途径在细胞体内的作用奠定了基础。     

改造大肠杆菌合成海藻糖途径以高效合成海藻糖

海藻糖是相容性溶质的一种,因其具有多种生物学功能,在食品、化妆品、药品以及器官移植等方面均有很广泛应用。然而近几年生产海藻糖主要集中在使用酶催化的方法,虽然这种方法的转化效率高,但是却存在着副产物的问题,难以得到高纯度的海藻糖产品,严重制约了海藻糖的应用。本文通过基因工程技术在大肠杆菌Escherichia coli中构建了海藻糖高效合成新途径,通过全细胞催化合成海藻糖。利用PCR技术在哈氏噬纤维菌Cytophaga hutchinsonii中克隆获得海藻糖双功能合成酶基因(tpsp),采用E.coli pTac-HisA高效表达载体,实现海藻糖双功能合成酶基因(tpsp)高效表达,利用高效表达菌株进行全细胞催化,将葡萄糖高效转化为海藻糖。结果表明C.hutchinsonii海藻糖合成酶基因(tpsp)在E.coli中成功实现表达,该酶能够在胞内将葡萄糖高效转化为海藻糖,并将其转运到胞外,实现海藻糖的高效率合成,海藻糖的产量提高到1.2 g/L,相对转化率为21%。当将此高产菌株在发酵罐中进行转化时,海藻糖的产量达到13.3 g/L,葡萄糖的相对转化率达到48.6%。采用C.hutchinsonii海藻糖合成酶基因高效表达并且应用于海藻糖全细胞合成催化在国内外尚属首次报道,海藻糖的转化率及产率都已达到文献报道最高水平,本研究为开拓海藻糖生产新技术奠定了基础。     

EVIDENCE THAT ECDYSIS IN THE LARVAL COCKROACH,Periplaneta americana L. IS TRIGGERED BY AN INCREASE IN THE CONCENTRATION OF HEMOLYMPH SUGAR

Ecdysis in insects can be defined as shedding of the cuticle at the end of a larval stadium. This event can only occur after the peak titer of ecdysteroid in the hemolymph has returned to a low level. In the cockroach Periplaneta americana, ecdysis is strongly correlated with a rise in the concentration of trehalose and glucose in the hemolymph, leading to the idea that a causal relationship may exist between both events. The objective in this study was to determine if an increase in hemolymph sugar level would shorten the time to ecdysis in cockroach larvae with experimentally delayed ecdysis. The last larval stadium of P. americana averages 33.5 days but this increases significantly if the larva is injected with a small volume of saline. Injection of 10 μl of saline on day 20 and on four successive days lengthened the stadium by as much as 2 weeks. If, however, trehalose or glucose is incorporated into the saline, approximately 40% of the treated larvae undergo ecdysis at the same time as uninjected larvae. Injection of Peram‐AKH, the hypertrehalosemic hormone, also decreases the time for ecdysis to occur. This suggests that peak levels of ecdysteroid trigger the release of Peram‐AKH, which then leads to activation of trehalose synthesis. The results support the hypothesis that elevated hemolymph sugar is a contributing factor in the removal of ecdysteroid from the hemolymph.