香根草在铅锌尾矿上生长及其对重金属的吸收

通过野外小区实验 ,研究了垃圾和 NPK肥对铅锌尾矿地中香根草 (Vetiveria zizanioides)生长及其对重金属吸收的影响。结果表明 ,添加垃圾后香根草生物量显著增加 ,而仅加入 NPK肥对其并无显著影响 ,同时添加垃圾和 NPK肥最有利于香根草在铅锌尾矿中生长。尾矿中重金属形态的变化受金属特性和尾矿理化性质的双重影响。对纯尾矿而言 ,种植香根草后尾矿中重金属总量有所减少。尾矿在施加垃圾和 NPK肥后 ,尾矿中 Pb和 Zn总量减少了 13.6 5 %和 32 .4 0 % ,Cu总量则增加了2 3.5 2 %。可交换态和总量 Cu、Pb、Zn变化趋势一致 ,特别是 Cu和 Pb更为显著。香根草积累的 Pb和 Zn显著高于 Cu,并且重金属主要积累在根部。添加垃圾和 NPK肥料对 Cu的积累无显著差异 ,而显著减少香根草茎和根中 Zn和 Pb的积累 ,但显著增加单位面积上茎中 Zn、Pb和 Cu的总积累量 (p<0 .0 5 )。研究表明垃圾和 NPK肥的综合使用是一个较为经济有效的尾矿改良措施 ,但对于尾矿 -植被系统中的重金属迁移问题应引起关注。综合生物量与重金属的吸收特征 ,香根草对于尾矿的植被重建有较高价值     

香根草和鹅观草对Cu、Pb、Zn及其复合重金属的耐性研究

采用根伸长实验研究了香根草和鹅观草对重金属的耐性随着溶度的升高,耐性指数下降,当香根草和鹅观草受Cu2+、Pb2+、Zn2+单一污染时,三元素的危害作用依次为Cu2+>Pb2+>Zn2+;在Cu、Pb、Zn混合溶液中,其两种植物耐性指数的大小及变化与单一元素Cu溶液最为相似,Cu在溶液中起到主导因子作用;香根草与鹅观草相比,不论是受Cu、Pb、Zn单一污染还是三者的复合污染,香根草比鹅观草都具有较强抵制重金属的胁迫能力,其耐性指数大都大于0 5。因此香根草具有对重金属较强的耐性,在重金属污染土壤的植物修复及尾矿废弃地的植被重建中,可优先作为选择的材料。     

香根草对土壤中几种重金属离子富集能力的比较研究

用组织培养的香根草无菌苗作为试验材料,进行香根草对Cd、Cr、Pb和Ni四种重金属离子的富集能力比较试验,分别测定了香根草体内的重金属含量、香根草与重金属元素的相关性、香根草对重金属的富集系数和根系滞留率.结果表明：香根草对四种重金属离子都具有较高的富集能力.其中,香根草植物体中元素总含量表现为Ni＞Cr＞Pb＞Cd,在茎叶和根中的分含量,均表现为根＞茎叶;香根草与重金属元素的关系中,Cd的相关性最显著;富集系数与重金属浓度呈负相关,以Ni最为明显;从滞留率的角度来看,以Cr在香根草根系的滞留率最大,但对同一种重金属来说,随浓度的变化,香根草根系对它的滞留率却几乎是恒定的.     

种植香根草对铜尾矿废弃地基质化学和生物学性质的影响

通过实地调查取样和室内分析,研究铜陵水木冲铜尾矿废弃地不同时期种植香根草(Vetiveria zizanioides L.)群落(近期种植香根草群落(V.zizanioides communities were established in the recent stage,JX),中期种植香根草群落(V.zizanioides communities were established in the middle stage,ZX)和早期种植香根草群落(V.zizanioides communities were established in the early stage,OX))对尾矿基质化学性质、微生物量和土壤酶活性的影响,探讨人工植被恢复对铜尾矿废弃地基质系统的修复作用。结果表明:香根草的定植能延缓铜尾矿的酸化过程,且随着香根草定植时间的延长,0—5 cm和5—20 cm层尾矿基质中总氮和速效磷含量提高(其中,0—5 cm层总氮积累更加显著),OX下0—5 cm表层基质总氮和速效磷的平均值分别是JX下的4.64倍和22.44倍。基质微生物量C、N含量和脱氢酶、过氧化氢酶、脲酶活性也随香根草种植时间的延长而有不同程度的升高,且基质化学性质对微生物量和酶活性有影响,其中基质微生物量C、N含量、脱氢酶和过氧化氢酶活性均与电导率呈显著或极显著负相关性;而基质微生物量N和4种酶活性均与总氮含量呈显著或极显著正相关性,表明总氮含量是影响基质微生物量N和酶活性的主要因子;基质微生物量N、脱氢酶和过氧化氢酶活性还与速效磷含量呈极显著正相关性。基质中Cu、Pb含量对脱氢酶、过氧化氢酶活性和微生物量均有显著抑制作用,而Zn对基质微生物活性有一定的激活作用。生长在尾矿废弃地上的香根草不仅显著地改善了铜尾矿废弃地的基质化学性质,且有利于基质微生物量和酶活性的增加,是一种良好的矿业废弃地生态修复物种。     

粤东铅锌尾矿三种优势植物对重金属的吸收和富集特性研究

为探讨铅锌矿废弃地优势植物在重金属污染土壤植物修复中的应用潜力,利用野外采样分析法,从粤东梅县丙村铅锌尾矿区采集其三种优势植物类芦、黄荆、盐肤木的根、茎、叶和土壤样品,测定和分析Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd四种重金属含量.结果表明:该矿区土壤污染严重,Pb、Zn、Cd含量远超土壤环境质量的三级标准,Cu超出二级标准;根际土壤和非根际土壤重金属含量均为Pb＞Zn＞Cu＞Cd,但根际土壤的重金属含量显著低于非根际土壤;这三种植物对Pb、Zn、Cu的转移系数大于1.0,对Cu的富集系数最高,Pb最小,但对四种重金属的富集系数均小于1.0,均未达到超富集植物临界含量标准.三种植物为该矿区的优势植物,说明它们对土壤的重金属污染有很强的耐性,虽然并非典型的超富集植物,但对污染土壤仍有较好的修复效果.     

喜旱莲子草入侵群落土壤对植物生长的影响

分别以受喜旱莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)入侵和未受喜旱莲子草入侵的当地植物群落土壤为生长基质,比较不同基质上入侵植物喜旱莲子草和同属的土著植物莲子草(A.sessilis)的生长指标,探讨喜旱莲子草入侵群落土壤对喜旱莲子草及莲子草生长的影响机制。结果表明,喜旱莲子草入侵群落土壤抑制了莲子草的生长,显著降低了根生物量、茎生物量和总生物;改变了形态特征,显著降低了分枝数量、茎长度、根长、根体积;减少了对根的生物量分配,显著抑制了根质量比与根冠比。喜旱莲子草入侵群落土壤对入侵植物喜旱莲子草的生物量、分枝数量、茎长度、根长、根体积没有显著的抑制作用,而显著增加了其叶片数量和叶质量比。这种效应将有利于喜旱莲子草在入侵地形成单优群落,表明土壤在喜旱莲子草成功入侵中起了重要作用。     

红枫湖富营养化水体生态修复中水生植物化学成分

高原山区深水型湖泊水深大、水位变化剧烈,不利于水生植物生长,通常的浅水湖泊生态修复技术难以应用.本文选取贵州红枫湖这一典型的高原深水湖泊作为试验点,在右二湖湾以浮岛为载体引种多种水生植物,并对植物根茎叶中的氮、磷及重金属成分进行了分析.结果表明:各水生植物氮含量为菹草＞鲁梅克斯＞聚合草,磷含量为菹草＞伊乐藻＞鲁梅克斯,氮、磷元素去除效果较好的植物为菹草、伊乐藻、鲁梅克斯;试验植物对重金属Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn和Hg均具有一定的耐受性,植物内不同重金属的累积浓度为Zn＞Pb＞Cu＞＞Cd＞Hg,重金属富集系数根＞叶＞茎,Zn/Cd比值为叶＞茎＞根;总体上,黑麦草、鲁梅克斯和菹草重金属的富集系数较高;植物中总氮(TN)与总磷(TP)含量呈显著正相关,重金属与营养元素之间不存在明显的相关性.试验表明,陆生植物依靠浮岛载体能在水面较好地生长,可应用于深水型湖泊污染水体生态修复.在实际应用时,需结合水体污染特点和植物吸收特性选择最佳植物组合类型.     

2株草螺菌的鉴定及其对煤矸石胁迫下香根草的促生作用

【背景】植物-微生物联合修复技术在减轻环境胁迫作用、增强植物抗性、改善矿区景观等方面发挥重要作用,其中根际促生菌可与植物相互作用,促进植物生长,增强植物对非生物胁迫的耐受性。【目的】鉴定铜尾矿中分离得到的2株根际细菌,研究其对植物生长的促生特性,测定2株菌的接种对于煤矸石胁迫下香根草的影响。【方法】对铜尾矿中分离得到的2株菌进行16S rRNA基因序列鉴定和扫描电子显微镜观察,对菌株的促生特性进行测定,并将其分别接种于覆土5 cm的煤矸石和掺土10%的煤矸石中生长的香根草根际,测定2个月后香根草的理化指标和生理学指标。【结果】菌株P5-11和P5-19经鉴定均为草螺菌(Herbaspirillum),2株菌均具有固氮、溶磷、产吲哚乙酸(Indole-3-Acetic Acid,IAA)和产铁载体的特性,其中P5-19的产吲哚乙酸能力约为P5-11的2倍,具有较好的促生能力;2株菌均能提高香根草的株高、生物量、氮积累量和抗氧化酶活性,并降低丙二醛积累量。【结论】2株草螺菌均具有良好的促生特性,能够促进煤矸石胁迫下香根草的生长发育,这不仅为促生菌肥的研制提供了优良菌种,也为香根草在矿区生态恢复中的应用提供了参考价值。     

煤矸石山不同种植年限香根草生物量分配及异速生长分析

香根草(Vetiveria zizanioides)是一种良好的矿业废弃地生态修复物种,研究其生物量分配和异速生长关系,有助于深入了解香根草在矿区的生存策略与生态功能。该研究以贵州省六盘水市大河煤矿煤矸石山种植年限为4、5、8和15 a的香根草为对象,采用挖掘法和称重法对不同种植年限香根草的器官生物量、分配比例及异速生长关系进行了对比分析。结果表明:(1)随种植年限的增加,根、茎、叶生物量均呈现先增加后减少的趋势,且均在种植年限为5 a时最大,15 a时最小。(2)茎生物量分配比在种植年限15 a时最大(37.3%),叶生物量分配比在种植年限5 a时最大(36.1%),根生物量分配比不随种植年限的增加而发生变化,基本保持在30%左右。(3)种植年限为4、5、8 a时,地上部总生物量与根生物量、叶生物量呈异速生长关系;种植年限为5 a时,叶面积与根、叶生物量呈异速生长关系,与茎生物量呈等速生长关系。不同种植年限间的生物量分配及异速生长关系虽然没有一致规律,但体现了香根草在煤矸石基质中生物量分配的特点,且显示了其特别的生长方式和资源分配策略,为今后香根草在煤矸石山生态治理方面提供了参考依据。     

污染条件下VAM玉米元素积累和分布与根际重金属形态变化的关系

为了了解重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd在土壤－根际－植物系统中的行为,揭示VAM植物减弱土壤中过量重金属对植物生理毒的抗性机理,采用原子吸收光谱测定Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd在污灌土壤中生长的VA菌根玉米和无菌根玉米中的积累和分布,并用连接形态分析技术分析了菌根际中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd的形态分布和变化趋势,结果表明,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd在菌根玉米中的积累量比非攻根中积累量分别减少10％、18％和29％,Cd积累量没有改变,生长7周后,菌根玉米是非菌根玉米生物量的1．5倍,与对照土壤相比,根际中除Cu交换态显著增加外,Zn、Pb、Cd各形态相对改变量显著大于非菌根,且菌根根际上中Cu、Zn、Pb有机结合态增加量显著大于非根际土,说明菌根际金属向稳定状态转移的程度显著大于非菌根际,同时,讨论了根际金属形态对金属有效性的影响,及其与菌根植物金属抗性机理的关系。     

Effects of Compost on Colonization of Roots of Plants Grown in Metalliferous Mine Tailings, as Examined by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization

The relationship between compost amendment, plant biomass produced, and bacterial root colonization as measured by fluorescence in situ hybridization was examined following plant growth in mine tailings. Mine tailings can remain devoid of vegetation for decades after deposition due to a combination of factors that include heavy metal toxicity, low pH, poor substrate structure and water-holding capacity, and a severely impacted heterotrophic microbial community. Research has shown that plant establishment, a desired remedial objective to reduce eolian and water erosion of such tailings, is enhanced by organic matter amendment and is correlated with significant increases in rhizosphere populations of neutrophilic heterotrophic bacteria. Results show that for the acidic metalliferous tailings tested in this study, compost amendment was associated with significantly increased bacterial colonization of roots and increased production of plant biomass. In contrast, for a Vinton control soil, increased compost had no effect on root colonization and resulted only in increased plant biomass at high levels of compost amendment. These data suggest that the positive association between compost amendment and root colonization is important in the stressed mine tailings environment where root colonization may enhance both microbial and plant survival and growth.     

Metal concentrations and mycorrhizal status of plants colonizing copper mine tailings: potential for revegetation

A field survey of metal concentrations and mycorrhizal status of plants growing on copper mine tailings was conducted in Anhui Province, China. Available phosphorus and organic matter in the tailings were very low. High concentrations of Pb, Zn, As and Cd as well as Cu were observed on some sites. The dominant plants growing on mine tailings belonged to the families Gramineae and Compositae, and the most widely distributed plant species were Imperata cylindrica, Cynodon dactylon and Paspalum distichum. Coreopsis drummondii also grew well on the arid sites but not on wet sites. Very low or zero arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal colonization was observed in most of the plants, but extensive mycorrhizal colonization was recorded in the roots of C. drummondii and C. dactylon. Metal concentrations in plant tissues indicated that l.cylindrica and P. distichum utilized avoidance mechanisms to survive at high metal concentrations. The investigation suggests that remediation and revegetation of heavy metal contaminated sites might be facilitated by selection of tolerant plant species. Isolation of tolerant AM fungi may also be warranted.     

Metal concentrations and mycorrhizal status of plants colonizing copper mine tailings: potential for revegetation

A field survey of metal concentrations and mycorrhizal status of plants growing on copper mine tailings was conducted in Anhui Province, China. Available phosphorus and organic matter in the tailings were very low. High concentrations of Pb, Zn, As and Cd as well as Cu were observed on some sites. The dominant plants growing on mine tailings belonged to the families Gramineae and Compositae, and the most widely distributed plant species were Imperata cylin-drica, Cynodon dactylon and Paspalum distichum. Coreopsis drummondii also grew well on the arid sites but not on wet sites. Very low or zero arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal colonization was observed in most of the plants, but extensive mycorrhizal colonization was recorded in the roots of C. drummondii and C. dactylon. Metal concentrations in plant tissues indicated that /. cylindrica and P. distichum utilized avoidance mechanisms to survive at high metal concentrations. The investigation suggests that remediation and revegetation of heavy metal con     

Natural Colonization of Plants on Five Lead/Zinc Mine Tailings in Southern China

Mine tailings can have a specific assemblage of plant species due to their unique physicochemical properties, and this process can be important in developing ecological theory and restoration practice. Physicochemical properties and natural colonization of plants on five lead/zinc (Pb/Zn) mine tailings in southern China were investigated. The tailings studied included Fankou and Lechang in Guangdong Province, and Huangshaping, Shuikoushan, and Taolin in Hunan Province. Physicochemical properties of the tailings varied greatly both among and within tailings ponds, but in general, all contained high concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cd) and low concentrations of N, P, and organic matter. Toxic levels of heavy metals and deficiency of major nutrients appeared to be the major constraints for colonization of plants on these Pb/Zn tailings and were reflected in the metal concentration of the plant tissues. The natural colonization of plants on these tailings was limited, with only some small patches distributed mainly on the edge of tailing ponds and even fewer patches on the center of the ponds. In total 54 plant species belonging to 51 genera and 24 families were recorded on the five tailings ponds, of which the 13 species belonging to Gramineae were major components of the tailings’ flora. Species establishing on the tailings at the initial colonization phase greatly depended on their seed‐dispersal capacity. Further establishment and growth were then dependent on at least one of the three ecological strategies: (1) microsite (avoidance) strategy: plant establishment on tailings depended on dispersing onto microsites of relatively favorable edaphic conditions; (2) tolerance strategy: plant establishment was a result of evolving metal‐tolerant ecotypes or constitutional metal tolerance; and (3) rhizome strategy: plant establishment on tailings depended on clonal growth by rhizomatous extension.     

3种木本植物在铅锌和铜矿砂中的生长及对重金属的吸收

通过盆栽试验评价3种木本植物紫穗槐、桤木和黄连木修复铅锌矿和铜矿尾矿的潜力。结果表明,150d后3种植物在矿砂中都能生长,其中黄连木在铅锌矿砂中生长受到明显抑制,桤木的叶绿素含量显著降低。3种植物的根系发育在2种矿砂中没有受到显著抑制。重金属在3种植物组织中的含量为17.66 -55.36 mg/kg (铜)、2.67-196.00 mg/kg(铅)、58.93-333.67 (锌,铅锌矿砂)和49.20-199.33(锌,铜矿砂)。3种植物的生物富集系数(BCF)和转移系数(TF)值都小于1。60d后,桤木和黄连木叶片的叶绿素荧光参数与对照相比没有显著变化,PSⅡ的最大量子产量有下降的趋势。重金属胁迫后显著增加Mg、Fe、Cu在功能叶的含量,显著地降低Mn的含量。因此可利用固氮植物紫穗槐在尾矿区造林和修复。     

Phytostabilization of gold mine tailings from New Zealand. Part 2: Experimental evaluation of arsenic mobilization during revegetation

Revegetation of mine tailings usually requires amendments of phosphorus. However, phosphate addition can mobilize arsenic (As) from the tailings. A 5-mo lysimeter field trial was conducted to quantify As mobilization in gold mine tailings, in association with different P amendment products and different plant species (barley Hordeum vulgare, blue lupin Lupinus angustifolius, rye corn Secale cereale) necessary for short-term revegetation of mine tailings. A simultaneous laboratory experiment was run to examine As mobilization in 1-cm-deep tailings in relation to different P amendment rates. The experimental results showed that the amount of As leached was proportional to the amount of P added. In the larger scale lysimeters, P amendment of < 3 g m(-2) caused As leaching of 0.5 mg L(-1) from unplanted lysimeters and up to 0.9 mg L(-1) on average in planted lysimeters. Variable species-amendment combinations produced differences in the amount of As leached and uptaken. Leachates and uptakes were higher with an organic fertilizer amendment than Superphosphate, particularly in combination with barley. Arsenic accumulated in plant biomass to 126 mg kg(-1) in shoots and 469 mg kg(-1) in roots.     

Diversity of free-living nitrogen-fixing microorganisms in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere of pioneer plants growing on wastelands of copper mine tailings

The composition of free-living nitrogen-fixing microbial communities in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere of pioneer plants growing on wastelands of copper mine tailings was studied by the presence of nifH genes using Polymerase Chain Reaction-Denatured Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) approach. Eleven rhizosphere tailing samples and nine non-rhizosphere tailing samples from six plant communities were collected from two wastelands with different discarded periods. The nested PCR method was used to amplify the nifH genes from environmental DNA extracted from tailing samples. Twenty-two of 37 nifH gene sequences retrieved from DGGE gels clustered in Proteobacteria (α-Proteobacteria and β-Proteobacteria) and 15 nifH gene sequences in Cyanobacteria. Most nifH gene fragments sequenced were closely related to uncultured bacteria and cyanobacteria and exhibited less than 90% nucleotide acid identity with bacteria in the database, suggesting that the nifH gene fragments detected in copper mine tailings may represent novel sequences of nitrogen-fixers. Our results indicated that the non-rhizosphere tailings generally presented higher diversity of nitrogen-fixers than rhizosphere tailings and the diversity of free-living nitrogen-fixers in tailing samples was mainly affected by the physico-chemical properties of the wastelands and plant species, especially the changes of nutrient and heavy metal contents caused by the colonization of plant community.     

Metal concentrations and mycorrhizal status of plants colonizing copper mine tailings: potential for revegetation

A field survey of metal concentrations and mycorrhizal status of plants growing on copper mine tailings was conducted in Anhui Province, China. Available phosphorus and organic matter in the tailings were very low. High concentrations of Pb, Zn, As and Cd as well as Cu were observed on some sites. The dominant plants growing on mine tailings belonged to the families Gramineae and Compositae, and the most widely distributed plant species wereImperata cylindrica, Cynodon dactylon andPaspalum distichum. Coreopsis drummondii also grew well on the arid sites but not on wet sites. Very low or zero arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal colonization was observed in most of the plants, but extensive mycorrhizal colonization was recorded in the roots ofC. drummondii andC. dactylon. Metal concentrations in plant tissues indicated that /.cylindrica andP. distichum utilized avoidance mechanisms to survive at high metal concentrations. The investigation suggests that remediation and revegetation of heavy metal contaminated sites might be facilitated by selection of tolerant plant species. Isolation of tolerant AM fungi may also be warranted.     

Dark septate endophytes colonizing the roots of ‘non-mycorrhizal’ plants in a mine tailing pond and in a relatively undisturbed environment,Southwest China

Dark septate endophytes (DSEs), one of the most common fungal colonizers of roots, are considered to overlap in function with mycorrhizal fungi. However, there is little knowledge on the distribution and identity of DSEs in ‘non-mycorrhizal’ plants. In the current study, colonization and diversity of DSEs colonizing the roots of eight typically ‘non-mycorrhizal’ families were assessed. In total, 120 root samples of 31 plant species were all colonized by DSEs. Intensity of DSE colonization varied greatly among different plant species, with a range of 0.56–47.56%, 8.13% on average. Cladosporium, Cyphellophora and Phialophora were the dominant genera, with a relative abundance of more than 60% over a total of 90 isolates. Our results showed that diverse DSE species colonized the roots of ‘non-mycorrhizal’ plants, especially they were more common in degraded mine tailings than in the undisturbed site, but their integral roles to the functional roots are in need of further experimental demonstration.     

Efficacy of lime, biosolids, and mycorrhiza for the phytostabilization of sulfidic copper tailings in Chile: a greenhouse experiment

Inadequate abandonment of copper mine tailings under semiarid Mediterranean climate type conditions has posed important environmental risks in Chile due to wind and rain erosion. There are cost-effective technologies for tailings stabilization such as phytostabilization. However, this technology has not been used in Chile yet. This study evaluated in a greenhouse assay the efficacy of biosolids, lime, and a commercial mycorrhiza to improve adverse conditions of oxidized Cu mine tailings for adequate establishment and grow of Lolium perenne L. var nui. Chemical characterization of experimental substrates and pore water samples were performed; plant density, biomass production, chlorophyll content, and metal content in shoots was evaluated in rye grass plants after an eight-week growth period. Results showed that neutralization of tailings and superficial application of biosolids increased both aerial biomass production and chlorophyll content of rye grass. Increased Cu solubilization and translocation to shoots occurred after biosolids application (mixed), particularly on unlimed tailings, due to formation of soluble organometallic complexes with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) which can be readily absorbed by plant roots. Positive effects of mycorrhizal inoculation on rye grass growth were restricted to treatments with superficial application of biosolids, probably due to Cu toxicity effects on commercial mycorrhiza used (Glomulus intraradices).