谷蠹和米象对磷化氢抗性遗传的研究

本文就谷蠹Rhyzopertha dominica 和米象Sitophilus oryzae对磷化氢的抗性遗传进行了研究,分别对两个种的实验室敏感品系和粮仓现场采集的抗性品系作为亲本进行杂交。同时测定了各自的亲本及其F₁杂种、F₁对抗性亲本回交和F2混交后代的剂量-死亡率反应曲线,并对它们的结果进行了遗传分析。结果指出,谷蠹和米象的F₁杂种对磷化氢的抗性遗传都为不完全隐性,各自的显性度(D)分别是-0.768和-0.348。同时F₁,回交和F₂混交的观察值和计算值之间的X²分析也表明,抗性表现为一个以上的常染色体因子遗传,但是主要是受隐性因子所控制。     

棉铃虫对溴氰菊酯的抗性遗传及其生化机理

用经室内诱导的抗溴氰菊酯棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hubner)种群与室内饲养多年的敏感种群进行杂交,研究了棉铃虫对溴氰菊酯的抗性遗传规律。结果表明：杂交后的显性度(D)分别为0.34和0.35,F₁与亲本回交的期望值与实际值在比值是1 ∶1时差异显著,回交平台在35%～45%,棉铃虫对溴氰菊酯的抗性可能是一个以上主基因的不完全显性遗传。生化分析表明,抗性种群的。-乙酸萘酯酶活力与敏感种群的差异显著,这可能是棉铃虫对溴氰菊酯产生高抗药性的重要解毒酶之一。     

淡色库蚊对敌百虫抗性的研究——水解酶同敌百虫抗性关系

本文利用离体水解酶测定和聚丙烯酰胺圆盘电泳技术研究了淡色库蚊(Culex pipiens pallensCop.)对敌百虫抗性和水解酶的关系。实验结果表明:(1)抗性品系的羧酸酯酶活力远比敏感的大,并随着对敌百虫抗性水平的升降而增减。(2)酯酶同功酶谱表明,抗性品系有一染色强度很深的特征性羧酸酯酶带E₅,该带在抗性和敏感品系的杂交子代F₁中也发现,但强度不如抗性品系,这同F₁代的抗性水平下降相平行。(3)无论胆碱酯酶或是磷酸酯酶活力,在二品系中未见到明显差异。抗性和敏感品系的胆碱酯酶对敌百虫和敌敌畏的敏感度相似。     

甜菜夜蛾对虫酰肼的抗性选育、风险评估及交互抗性

虫酰肼是目前防治甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua（Hübner）的一种主要杀虫剂,为评估其抗性风险,在室内进行了抗性筛选和交互抗性的研究。采用饲料感染法,在甜菜夜蛾饲养75代期间用虫酰肼筛选62代,与起始种群相比抗性上升39.2倍,与室内敏感品系相比抗性上升141.3倍。在筛选的早、中、后期,现实遗传力h²分别为0.1075（F₀～F₂₅）、0.2780（F₂₆～F₅₀）和0.0538（F₅₁～F₇₅）,整个筛选62代现实遗传力为0.1556。抗性种群筛选43次（F55）后停止用药筛选,饲养21代后,与敏感品系相比,抗性水平由63.5倍下降到21倍,抗性下降3倍。说明甜菜夜蛾具有对虫酰肼产生抗性的风险,且抗性衰退缓慢,短期内很难恢复到敏感水平。交互抗性测定结果表明,上述室内选育的抗性品系对甲氧虫酰肼具有71.4倍的高水平交互抗性,对阿维菌素具有13.1倍的中等水平交互抗性,对甲维盐、茚虫威和呋喃虫酰肼分别具有7.0、8.4和4.7倍的低水平交互抗性,但对溴虫腈交互抗性不明显（1.9倍）。结果提示： 间断交替使用虫酰肼可以延缓抗性的发展,但除溴虫腈外,虫酰肼和其他几种新型杀虫剂之间的轮用可能不是甜菜夜蛾抗性治理的有效策略。     

高温对抗性和敏感小菜蛾生命表参数及后代杀虫剂敏感性的影响

为研究高温对抗性和敏感小菜蛾Plutella xylostella生物学适合度及抗药性进化的影响,本研究测定了温度对杀虫剂抗性和敏感小菜蛾实验种群生命表参数及后代对阿维菌素敏感性的影响。 结果表明：与25℃相比,33.5℃条件下抗性和敏感种群的平均世代历期（D）、净生殖率（R₀）、内禀增长率（r_m）、周限增长率（λ）值、总产卵量、雌蛾平均寿命、日产卵量和孵化率均显著下降。 在25℃下,抗性和敏感种群的r_m,λ,D和日产卵量无显著差异,但抗性种群的R₀略低于敏感种群（为敏感种群的87%）。 在33.5℃下,抗性种群的r_m和R₀显著低于敏感种群（分别为敏感种群的75%和64%）,抗性种群雌成虫寿命、总产卵量和孵化率显著也低于敏感种群。 抗性种群在33.5℃下饲养一代后,后代对阿维菌素的抗性水平大幅下降,而相同处理下敏感种群对阿维菌素的抗性水平没有显著下降。 上述结果表明,无论在常温还是高温条件下,抗性种群生物学适合度均低于敏感种群,尤其是高温下抗性种群适合度远低于敏感种群。 抗性种群经高温饲养一代后对阿维菌素的抗性水平大幅下降可能与高温下抗性种群适合度显著较低有关。     

尼氏钝绥螨抗亚胺硫磷品系的筛选及遗传分析

尼氏钝绥螨Amblyseius nicholsi Ehara et Lee是桔全爪螨Panonychus citri(McGregor)的有效天敌之一.为了筛选抗有机磷农药品系, 经实验室内用亚胺硫磷33次处理后, 抗性提高18.9倍, LC₅₀从最初的52.5ppm提高到995ppm, 为大田常用浓度的两倍.S(敏感型)与R(抗性型)的LD-P线近于平行, 表明两者已成为纯系.正交与反交之F₁代雌性个体的LD—P线介于S与R之间略偏向R方, F₁显性度(D)大于0而小于1, 说明抗性为半显性.F₁(杂合子)与敏感亲本的回交结果, 其LD—P线在50%.死亡率处出现一平坡, SR(杂合子)与SS(敏感个体)的分配比例接近于1:1的理论值.以上结果说明尼氏钝绥螨对亚胺硫磷的抗性为半显性的单基因所控制.正、反交F₁代雄性个体的抗性检测结果表明, F₁代的雄性个体具有其遗传性来自母系的特征.尼氏钝绥螨抗亚胺硫磷品系对辛硫磷、水胺硫磷、乐果、敌敌畏、敌百虫等有机磷农药具有一定的交互抗性, 抗性分别提高28.5、8.5、5.4、3.8和2.9倍.     

氰氟虫腙对小菜蛾阿维菌素抗性和敏感种群的亚致死效应(英文)

在实验室条件下采用生命表技术研究了氰氟虫腙亚致死剂量（LC₂₅）对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella阿维菌素抗性（AV-R）和敏感（AV-S）种群的亚致死效应, 旨在为小菜蛾对阿维菌素的抗性治理提供理论基础。结果表明： 氰氟虫腙对小菜蛾3龄幼虫抗性种群的LC₅₀和LC₂₅分别为0.24 mg/L和0.09 mg/L; 对敏感种群的LC₅₀和LC₂₅分别为0.20 mg/L和0.07 mg/L。氰氟虫腙亚致死剂量0.09 mg/L 处理小菜蛾后, 对处理代的影响表现为显著降低处理种群的化蛹率、 蛹重、 羽化率、 繁殖力; 明显延长蛹期, 缩短成虫产卵期和寿命; 对子代种群的影响表现为显著降低卵的孵化率、 幼虫各龄期的存活率, 延长发育历期。处理种群的内禀增长率（r_m）、 周限增长率（λ）和净增值率（R₀）显著低于对照种群（P<0.0001）。亚致死剂量的氰氟虫腙对小菜蛾抗性种群的影响大于敏感种群, 对处理代种群的影响大于子代种群。氰氟虫腙亚致死剂量可以极大地影响小菜蛾尤其是阿维菌素抗性种群的种群动态, 因此氰氟虫腙对于小菜蛾的抗性治理具有积极的作用。     

甜菜夜蛾抗氯氟氰菊酯品系相对适合度、抗性生化机理及抗性遗传方式

比较了甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua 抗氯氟氰菊酯品系和敏感品系的繁殖和生长发育特征。结果表明：抗性品系幼虫发育历期延长、蛹重减轻、化蛹率和产卵量降低,抗性品系的适合度为0.61,抗性品系在繁殖和生长发育上存在明显的生存劣势。用两品系3龄幼虫分别测定胡椒基丁醚（PBO）、增效磷SV₁）、脱叶磷（DEF）和顺丁烯二酸二乙酯（DEM）对氯氟氰菊酯的增效作用,抗性品系增效倍数与敏感品系增效倍数之比分别为14.1、14.8、2.3和2.3倍,胡椒基丁醚和增效磷对氯氟氰菊酯增效作用最明显,表明多功能氧化酶参与了甜菜夜蛾对氯氟氰菊酯的抗性。抗性品系3龄幼虫酯酶和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶的活性分别为敏感品系的1.05倍和0.91倍, 抗性品系5龄幼虫多功能氧化酶O-脱甲基活性为敏感品系的1.05倍,两品系间3种酶的活性差异不显著,表明甜菜夜蛾对氯氟氰菊酯的抗性与酯酶、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶及多功能氧化酶O-脱甲基酶活性无关。用剂量对数死亡机率值回归线分析法研究甜菜夜蛾对氯氟氰菊酯的抗性遗传规律,表明甜菜夜蛾对氯氟氰菊酯的抗性为常染色体遗传、多基因控制;正、反交后代的显性度分别为0.61和0.43,抗性遗传为不完全显性。     

阿维菌素对小菜蛾的抗性选育及其对解毒酶活性的影响

用阿维菌素对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella (L.)进行了抗性选育,并对选育过程中小菜蛾解毒酶的活性进行了研究。选育从F₀至F₂₁代,抗性缓慢波动上升,达到选育前的122.91倍;F₂₁至F₂₇代,抗性迅速增长,达到选育前的812.73倍,抗性发展趋势呈现S型曲线。随着选育代数的增加,对乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)没有明显的影响;羧酸酯酶(CarE)活性,F₂₇是F₀的1.5倍,从F₂₂开始,活性在较高水平上波动;谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)活性F₂₇是F₀的2.2倍,且从F₁₈开始,活性在较高水平上波动。选育的抗性品系,增效醚对阿维菌素增效6.34倍。     

寄主抗药性对菜蛾绒茧蜂抗药性发展的影响

室内筛选小菜蛾中抗品系（SRP）、高抗品系（RP）、以敏感小菜蛾幼虫（SP）为寄主的菜蛾绒茧蜂SRC品系和以SRP幼虫为寄主的菜蛾绒茧蜂RSC品系对氰戊菊酯的抗性。分别筛选了13、14、14和13代。小菜蛾SRP和RP品系分别获得了68.9和605.8倍的抗性,菜蛾绒茧蜂SRC和RSC品系分别获得了4.3和11.0倍的抗性。上述结果表明通过施药于体内有寄生蜂的小菜蛾幼虫筛选寄生蜂抗性,可以获得具有抗性的寄生蜂。以SRP为寄主的RSC品系的抗性水平高于以SP为寄主的SRC品系的抗性水平,表明和抗性较高的寄主同步筛选,寄生蜂的抗性发展更快。小菜蛾SP、SRP和RP三个品系幼虫的多功能氧化酶（MFO）活性比为1∶1.15∶1.50;菜蛾绒茧蜂SC、SRC和RSC三个品系幼虫的MFO活性比为1∶1.10∶1.49,成蜂的MFO活性比为1∶1.18∶1.54;而每种昆虫不同品系的羧酸酯酶（CarE）、总酯酶（Es）活性水平与其抗性水平变化不一致,表明抗性与MFO活性升高有关,而与CarE和Es的活性无关。     

Tebufenozide resistance is associated with sex‐linked inheritance in Plutella xylostella

The diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.), is a major pest of cruciferous crops. Tebufenozide, a novel nonsteroidal ecdysone agonist, exhibits good efficacy and has played an increasingly important role in the control of Lepidopteran pests in China. For its resistance management, the genetic basis of tebufenozide resistance was studied using a laboratory selected resistant strain of DBM (resistant ratio, RR = 268). A series of crosses with laboratory susceptible and resistant strains revealed that tebufenozide resistance in this pest was partially biased toward female heredity, with a large difference in RR for F₁ (RR = 29) and rF₁ progeny (RR = 147). The dominance calculated for these 2 cross progeny was ?0.788 and 0.09, respectively. Further analysis showed that the susceptible male and female larvae were similar in their sensitivity to tebufenozide, but the resistant female larvae showed significantly higher resistance than the resistant male larvae. The heredity of tebufenozide resistance in DBM might be linked with the W sex chromosome, which suggested that DBM has the ability to develop high levels of resistance to tebufenozide. This is the first report of sex‐linked inheritance of tebufenozide resistance in P. xylostella (L.).     

甜菜夜蛾抗高效氯氟氰菊酯近等基因系的构建

将甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua抗性种群雄成虫与敏感种群雌成虫杂交,杂交后代再自交后,用高效氯氟氰菊酯杀死敏感和部分杂合个体的剂量(50 μg/mL)处理4龄幼虫,对1天后存活的幼虫再用250 μg/mL汰选,将存活幼虫发育成的雄成虫与敏感种群的雌成虫回交,再经自交和选育,如此循环6次,获得了甜菜夜蛾抗高效氯氟氰菊酯近等基因系。对该基因系构建过程中各代幼虫的抗性水平和相关生物学特性进行了监测和比较,结果表明获得的抗高效氯氟氰菊酯近等基因系抗性种群的抗药性仍保持较高水平;酯酶同工酶的电泳分析表明抗高效氯氟氰菊酯近等基因系抗性种群与敏感种群图谱相近,而与亲本抗性种群之间存在明显差异。     

Inheritance of Cry1Ac resistance and associated biological traits in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The analysis of reciprocal genetic crosses between resistant Helicoverpa armigera strain (BH-R) (227.9-fold) with susceptible Vadodara (VA-S) strain showed dominance (h) of 0.65-0.89 and degree of dominance (D) of 0.299-0.782 suggesting Cry1Ac resistance as a semi-dominant trait. The D and h values of F₁ hybrids of female resistant parent were higher than female susceptible parent, showing maternally enhanced dominance of Cry1Ac resistance. The progeny of F₂ crosses, backcrosses of F₁ hybrid with resistant BH-R parent did not differ significantly in respect of mortality response with resistant parent except for backcross with female BH-R and male of F₁ (BH-R × VA-S) cross, suggesting dominant inheritance of Cry1Ac resistance. Evaluation of some biological attributes showed that larval and pupal periods of progenies of reciprocal F₁ crosses, backcrosses and F₂ crosses were either at par with resistant parent or lower than susceptible parent on treated diet (0.01 μg/g). The susceptible strain performed better in terms of pupation and adult formation than the resistant strain on untreated diet. In many backcrosses and F₂ crosses, Cry1Ac resistance favored emergence of more females than males on untreated diet. The normal larval period and the body weight (normal larval growth) were the dominant traits associated with susceptible strain as contrast to longer larval period and the lower body weight (slow growth) associated with resistance trait. Further, inheritance of larval period in F₂ and backcross progeny suggested existence of a major resistant gene or a set of tightly linked loci associated with Cry1Ac sensitivity.     

广东小菜蛾对苏芸金杆菌的抗性研究

广东省深圳,东莞、惠阳及博罗等供香港(以下简称供港)菜区小菜蛾对有机化学农药的抗性与广州内销菜区相近或稍高,对Bt杀虫剂的抗性则是供港菜区明显高于广州内销菜区。几种酶抑制剂TPP、SVl及Pb对Bt制剂无明显增效作用,可见小菜蛾对Bt制剂的抗性与酯酶和多功能氧化酶(MFO)的关系不大。用Bt制剂Dipel(大宝)连代选育小菜蛾敏感品系,选育18代,小菜蛾的抗性较选育前提高35倍。该抗性品系小菜蛾对个别菌株Bt及巴丹、杀虫双、速灭杀丁、万灵、敌敌畏等无交互抗性,而对昆虫生长调节抑制剂有轻微交互抗性。相反,用巴丹和杀虫双选育出的小菜蛾抗性品系对npel仍表现敏感。抗性品系小菜蛾在无触毒条件下饲养,抗性会自然减退,但不同类杀虫剂的抗性减退速率不尽相同。     

Inheritance of resistance in water yam (Dioscorea alata) to anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides causes anthracnose, the most severe foliar disease of field-grown water yam (Dioscorea alata). The inheritance of resistance to a moderately virulent (FGS) strain of the pathogen was investigated in crosses between tetraploid D. alata genotypes: TDa 95/00328 (resistant)×TDa 95–310 (susceptible) (cross A), and TDa 85/00257 (resistant)×TDa 92–2 (susceptible) (cross B). Segregation of F₁ progeny fitted genetic ratios of 3:1, 5:1 (crosses A and B) and 7:1 (cross A) resistant:susceptible when inoculated with the FGS strain, indicating that resistance is dominantly inherited and suggesting that more than one gene controls the inheritance of resistance to this strain in the accessions studied. When parental and progeny lines of cross A were inoculated with an aggressive (SGG) strain of the pathogen, all plants expressed a susceptible phenotype, indicating strain-specific resistance in TDa 95/00328. Screening of 20 cultivars/landraces confirmed the high susceptibility of D. alata accessions to the SGG strain and revealed the presence of apparent strain non-specific resistance in TDa 85/00257. TDa 85/00257 and TDa 87/01091 which were resistant to the SGG strain, will be useful both as sources of resistance and in the development of a host differential series for D. alata. Received: 15 May 2000 / Accepted: 18 October 2000     

Oligogenic inheritance for resistance to Zucchini yellow mosaic virus in Cucurbita pepo

‘True French’ is an open‐pollinated cultivar of the Zucchini (Courgette) Group of Cucurbita pepo and is susceptible to Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV). Using C. moschata‘Menina’ as the source of ZYMV resistance and following six generations of backcrossing, a true‐breeding line nearly isogenic to ‘True French’, designated 381e, was recovered that carried ZYMV resistance, albeit not at as high a level as in ‘Menina’. ‘True French’ and accession 381e were crossed, and their reciprocal F₁, F², and backcross progenies were grown in a chamber and inoculated with a highly virulent, non‐aphid‐transmissible strain of ZYMV. Nearly all F¹ plants and all plants of the backcross to 381e were classified as resistant. Segregation to resistant and susceptible individuals occurred in the backcross to the susceptible parent, in accordance with a 3:5 three‐gene ratio of resistant: susceptible. The F₂ segregated in accordance with a ratio of 45 resistant : 19 susceptible, which would be obtained if there was one major gene for resistance, Zym‐1 (Zym), and two other genes, herein designated Zym‐2 and Zym‐3, both of which for complementary to Zym‐1. The presence of Zym‐1 and either Zym‐2 or Zym‐3 is necessary for resistance to be expressed in young plants, but the presence of all three might be necessary for resistance to continue to be expressed during subsequent development of the plants. Evidently, Zym‐2 and Zym‐3 are ubiquitous in C. moschata but their susceptible alleles are much more common in C. pepo. As the level of resistance of 381e to ZYMV is not as high as that of C. moschata‘Menina’, additional, as yet unidentified, genes must be involved in conferring high resistance to this virus.     

Linkage of a RAPD marker with powdery mildew resistance <Emphasis Type="Italic">er-1</Emphasis> gene in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pisum sativum</Emphasis> L.

The aim of this study was to investigate the inheritance of powdery mildew disease and to tag it with a DNA marker to utilize for the marker-assisted selection (MAS) breeding program. The powdery mildew resistant genotype Fallon ^er and susceptible genotype 11760-3 ^ER were selected from 177 genotypes by heavy infestation of germplasm with Erysiphe pisi through artificial inoculation The F₁ plants of the cross Fallon/11760-3 indicated the dominance of the susceptible allele, while F₂ plants segregated in 3: 1 ratio (susceptible: resistant) that fit for goodness of fitness by χ² (P > 0.07), indicating monogenic recessive inheritance for powdery mildew resistance in Pisum sativum. A novel RAPD marker OPB18 (5′-CCACAGCAGT-3′) was linked to the er-1 gene with 83% probability with a LOD score of 4.13, and was located at a distance of 11.2 cM from the er-1 gene.