害虫及害螨对阿维菌素抗药性研究进展

阿维菌素(avermectins)是一类新型高效广谱的生物源农药,对多种害虫及害螨具有极好的防效。随着阿维菌素在害虫及害螨防治中的广泛应用,害虫和害螨对其的抗性问题日益受到关注。文章综述国内外的最新研究结果表明:小菜蛾Pluttella xylostella(L.)、二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticate Koch等已对阿维菌素产生抗性,对阿维菌素产生抗性的害虫和螨并不总是表现适合度劣势,且抗性一旦产生敏感性较难以恢复;抗性遗传多数由多基因、不完全隐性控制;抗性机理涉及多种因素。综合分析发现害虫和螨对阿维菌素存在较大的、潜在抗性风险。     

小菜蛾对阿维菌素抗性基因的AFLP连锁图谱的构建

世界性害虫小菜蛾Plutella xylostella (L.) 田间种群已对阿维菌素药剂产生了高抗药性。本研究以小菜蛾对阿维菌素的抗性品系、敏感品系和回交群体组建作图家系,再利用AFLP技术构建小菜蛾对阿维菌素抗性基因的连锁图谱。用10组AFLP引物组合对未经药剂处理的小菜蛾成虫DNA选择性扩增,共获得1 044条可区分的DNA条带,271条带具有多态性,χ²检验表明只有123个位点符合1∶1 （P=0.05）,其中的112个构成28个连锁群,其总长度为1 222.7 cM; 用10组AFLP引物对经药剂处理后存活的小菜蛾成虫DNA扩增,所得的DNA条带中有54个条带符合分离比1∶1,经Mapmaker 3.0对多态性位点分析,只有E1M4-15、E1M1-4和E1M4-2标记位点位于同一连锁群,3个AFLP标记与抗性基因的遗传距离分别为0 cM,8.3 cM和13.1 cM。比较分析得出,抗性基因所在的连锁群是第5连锁群。结果显示AFLP连锁图谱对小菜蛾对阿维菌素的抗性监测具有很好的应用潜力。     

泉州地区小菜蛾对三氟氯氰菊酯和阿维菌素的抗性监测

用浸叶法对泉州地区小菜蛾对三氟氯氰菊酯和阿维菌素的抗性进行了监测。结果表明,小菜蛾对三氟氯氰菊酯和阿维菌素的抗性呈逐年上升趋势,2003年的分别为2000年的7．4和4．3倍。     

阿维菌素对小菜蛾的抗性选育及其对解毒酶活性的影响

用阿维菌素对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella (L.)进行了抗性选育,并对选育过程中小菜蛾解毒酶的活性进行了研究。选育从F₀至F₂₁代,抗性缓慢波动上升,达到选育前的122.91倍;F₂₁至F₂₇代,抗性迅速增长,达到选育前的812.73倍,抗性发展趋势呈现S型曲线。随着选育代数的增加,对乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)没有明显的影响;羧酸酯酶(CarE)活性,F₂₇是F₀的1.5倍,从F₂₂开始,活性在较高水平上波动;谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)活性F₂₇是F₀的2.2倍,且从F₁₈开始,活性在较高水平上波动。选育的抗性品系,增效醚对阿维菌素增效6.34倍。     

棉铃虫种群适合度研究

本试验比较了我国各棉区棉铃虫Helicoverpa armzgcra(Hubner)种群幼虫期和蛹期发育速度与温度的关系,并模拟了长江流域种群和华北种群在北京地区的发育动态。研究结果表明在20℃～30℃温区内不同地理种群之间的发育速度无明显的感温分化现象,但在自然条件下长江流域种群和华北地区种群的蛹滞育动态则有显著的区别,如湖南衡阳种群和四川简阳种群50%蛹滞育的时间较北京种群晚30d和22d。对各地理种群发育动态、北京地区气候特点和滞育蛹越冬试验结果的综合分析表明,北京地区应为棉铃虫温带生态型生态区北界,棉铃虫亚热带生态型在华北气候环境下不能完成年生活史。     

棉铃虫对氰戊菊酯抗性品系和敏感品系的相对适合度

通过构建棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hubner)对氰戊菊酯抗性品系(Fen-R)和敏感品系(S)的实验种群生命表,比较了一系列生长发育和繁殖特征,并用净增殖率(Rn)来确定两个品系的相对适合度。 结果表明,Fen-R品系与敏感品系相比具有一定程度的繁殖不利性,包括雌蛾交配率降低,每头雌蛾的平均产卵量减少以及较低的卵孵化率;没有观察到Fen-R品系在生长发育上的不利性。Fen-R品系相对于敏感品系具有0.69的适合度。     

不同地理种群小菜蛾的遗传多样性分析

采用水平切片淀粉凝胶电泳方法,分析了北京、河北、云南和武汉4个不同地理种群的小菜蛾的等位酶,得到了3个酶系统（甘油醛磷酸脱氢酶（GPD）、苹果酸酶（ME）和苹果酸脱氢酶（MDH-1,MDH-2和MDH-3）5个基因位点的资料。用Biosys2.0软件计算了不同地理种群的遗传变异指标（N、A、P、H0和He）,结果表明小菜蛾各种群内的基因多样性大于各种种群间的基因多样性（约15倍）,武汉种群小菜蛾的遗传性最大。并计算了遗传距离D和相似性系数,并由此得出聚类图,分析了小菜蛾不同地理种群间的遗传关系。     

保护酶系在小菜蛾对阿维菌素抗性中的作用

对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)阿维菌素敏感(ABM-S)和抗性(ABM-R)种群的保护酶系(超氧化物歧化酶SOD、过氧化物酶POD和过氧化氢酶CAT)进行了活性比较。以单头虫表示酶活力,上述3种酶的活性与虫龄正相关,老熟幼虫期酶活性最高。总体上,ABM-S种群的3种酶活性高于ABM-R种群,SOD活性的种群差异随虫龄的增长而减小,1～2龄幼虫ABM-S种群的SOD活性是ABM-R种群的14.27倍。POD活性在3龄幼虫期性差异最大,为4.80倍。CAT活性在4龄末期幼虫无种群差异,其它龄期的活性差异约1～2倍。上述结果表明,阿维菌素抗性并未导致小菜蛾保护酶系统活性增加,这也暗示了昆虫酶系统的能量保守性。     

氰氟虫腙对小菜蛾阿维菌素抗性和敏感种群的亚致死效应(英文)

在实验室条件下采用生命表技术研究了氰氟虫腙亚致死剂量（LC₂₅）对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella阿维菌素抗性（AV-R）和敏感（AV-S）种群的亚致死效应, 旨在为小菜蛾对阿维菌素的抗性治理提供理论基础。结果表明： 氰氟虫腙对小菜蛾3龄幼虫抗性种群的LC₅₀和LC₂₅分别为0.24 mg/L和0.09 mg/L; 对敏感种群的LC₅₀和LC₂₅分别为0.20 mg/L和0.07 mg/L。氰氟虫腙亚致死剂量0.09 mg/L 处理小菜蛾后, 对处理代的影响表现为显著降低处理种群的化蛹率、 蛹重、 羽化率、 繁殖力; 明显延长蛹期, 缩短成虫产卵期和寿命; 对子代种群的影响表现为显著降低卵的孵化率、 幼虫各龄期的存活率, 延长发育历期。处理种群的内禀增长率（r_m）、 周限增长率（λ）和净增值率（R₀）显著低于对照种群（P<0.0001）。亚致死剂量的氰氟虫腙对小菜蛾抗性种群的影响大于敏感种群, 对处理代种群的影响大于子代种群。氰氟虫腙亚致死剂量可以极大地影响小菜蛾尤其是阿维菌素抗性种群的种群动态, 因此氰氟虫腙对于小菜蛾的抗性治理具有积极的作用。     

甜菜夜蛾抗氯氟氰菊酯品系相对适合度、抗性生化机理及抗性遗传方式

比较了甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua 抗氯氟氰菊酯品系和敏感品系的繁殖和生长发育特征。结果表明：抗性品系幼虫发育历期延长、蛹重减轻、化蛹率和产卵量降低,抗性品系的适合度为0.61,抗性品系在繁殖和生长发育上存在明显的生存劣势。用两品系3龄幼虫分别测定胡椒基丁醚（PBO）、增效磷SV₁）、脱叶磷（DEF）和顺丁烯二酸二乙酯（DEM）对氯氟氰菊酯的增效作用,抗性品系增效倍数与敏感品系增效倍数之比分别为14.1、14.8、2.3和2.3倍,胡椒基丁醚和增效磷对氯氟氰菊酯增效作用最明显,表明多功能氧化酶参与了甜菜夜蛾对氯氟氰菊酯的抗性。抗性品系3龄幼虫酯酶和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶的活性分别为敏感品系的1.05倍和0.91倍, 抗性品系5龄幼虫多功能氧化酶O-脱甲基活性为敏感品系的1.05倍,两品系间3种酶的活性差异不显著,表明甜菜夜蛾对氯氟氰菊酯的抗性与酯酶、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶及多功能氧化酶O-脱甲基酶活性无关。用剂量对数死亡机率值回归线分析法研究甜菜夜蛾对氯氟氰菊酯的抗性遗传规律,表明甜菜夜蛾对氯氟氰菊酯的抗性为常染色体遗传、多基因控制;正、反交后代的显性度分别为0.61和0.43,抗性遗传为不完全显性。     

Inheritance of resistance and cross resistance pattern in indoxacarb-resistant diamondback moth Plutella xylostella L.

Leaf-dip assay of Plutella xylostella against indoxacarb showed that the concentration that produced 50% mortality (LC₅₀) of indoxacarb ranged from 20.1 to 11.9 ppm, with highest in Nasik and lowest levels in Coimbatore strains. In selection studies, the LC₅₀ of indoxacarb was 18.5 ppm at generation 1 (G1), which increased to 31.3-fold (167.8 ppm) resistance after ten exposed generations (G10) as compared to unexposed. The LC₅₀ of quinalphos was 74.4 ppm, which increased to 10.0-fold (631.5 ppm) resistance after G10. The LC₅₀ of cypermethrin resistant strain resulted in an 11.5-fold increase in resistance after G10. In P. xylostella , heritability (h²) after ten generations of selection was estimated at 0.4. The number of generations required for tenfold increase in LC₅₀ (1/R) were 6.7. The response to indoxacarb selection in P. xylostella was 0.2 and the selection differential was estimated as 0.4. The phenotypic standard deviation was 0.2. Reciprocal crosses between indoxacarb-resistant and susceptible strains showed that the inheritance of indoxacarb resistance was autosomal. The degree of heritability (D_LC) (0.4, 0.4) indicated incomplete recessive inheritance of indoxacarb resistance.     

Seasonal population fluctuations of the diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep.: Plutellidae) on different cauliflower cultivars

The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep.: Plutellidae) is one of the most important pests of cruciferous plants throughout the world. In recent years, it has been identified as a serious pest of the cauliflower fields in Tehran province. Resistance of P. xylostella to all main groups of insecticides has been recorded and it is ranked in the 20 most resistant pest species reported until now. According to many researchers, to solve the problem of pest resistance to chemical pesticides, an integrated pest management programme should be used. Despite this condition, it seems that the use of resistant cauliflower cultivars is an appropriate policy for integrated control of the pest in the field. In order to identify the most resistant cultivar in the field, eight cauliflower cultivars in a completely randomised design with five replicates were planted at the Shahed University research field (south of Tehran). Density of eggs, larvae and pupae of P. xylostella were measured every 10 days in these cultivars. The results showed that there is no significant difference between numbers of eggs per plant on different cultivars. But number of larvae and pupae per plant were significantly different among different cultivars. Smilla and Snow mystique cultivars had the highest number of larvae and pupae. On the other hand, Buris and Snow crown cultivars had the lowest number of pupae and Snow crown and SG cultivars had the lowest number of larvae per plant. According to the results, the Buris and Snow crown cultivars had the lowest infestation and had a kind of resistance to pest.     

滇西菜区小菜蛾发生规律及抗药性监测

掌握滇西菜区小菜蛾Plutella xylostella种群发生规律和抗药性水平,对提出区域性防控策略具有重要意义。2009-2015年,采用诱集法和浸叶法监测了滇西菜区小菜蛾种群发生动态及其对常用杀虫剂的抗药性。结果表明：滇西菜区小菜蛾全年发生,为害期有9个月,春夏季为害重,3-6月为发生高峰期,2009-2015年最高诱蛾量为290~905头/7 d,小菜蛾种群对化学杀虫剂均产生了不同水平的抗药性,其中对阿维菌素和高效氯氰菊酯的抗药性最高,达到高水平抗药性,对多杀菌素、茚虫威和溴虫腈维持在中等水平抗药性,2011年对氯虫苯甲酰胺产生了28倍的抗药性,后恢复敏感,3年后又出现抗药性的上升趋势。可见,3-6月是滇西菜区小菜蛾防控的重要时期,可选择Bt、多杀菌素、茚虫威和溴虫腈等药剂轮换使用,减少氯虫苯甲酰胺使用次数,建议停用阿维菌素和高效氯氰菊酯。     

Microsatellites reveal a lack of structure in Australian populations of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.)

The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, is renowned for developing resistance to insecticides and causing significant economic damage to Brassica vegetable crops throughout the world. Yet despite its economic importance, little is known about the population structure and movement patterns of this pest both at local and regional scales. In Australia, the movement patterns and insecticide resistance status of P. xylostella infesting canola, vegetables, forage brassicas and weeds have fundamental implications for the management of this pest. Here we use six polymorphic microsatellite loci to investigate population structure and gene flow in Australian populations of P. xylostella. Samples of P. xylostella from New Zealand, Malaysia, Indonesia and Kenya were also scored at these loci. We found no evidence of population structure within Australia, with most populations having low inbreeding coefficients and in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. In addition, a sample from the North Island of New Zealand was indistinguishable from the Australian samples. However, large genetic differences were found between the Australia/New Zealand samples and samples from Kenya, Malaysia and Indonesia. There was no relationship between genetic distance and geographic distance among Australian and New Zealand samples. Two of the loci were found to have null alleles, the frequency of which was increased in the populations outside the Australia/New Zealand region. We discuss these results with reference to insecticide resistance management strategies for P. xylostella in Australia.     

小菜蛾对九种杀虫剂的抗药性

采用叶片药膜法测定了9种杀虫剂对海南、山东、广东、湖北武汉和襄樊等5个地区小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)田间种群的毒力,和室内相对敏感品系比较。结果显示,5个地区的小菜蛾种群都对氯氰菊酯产生了10倍以上的抗性,广东和山东种群达到30倍以上的抗性。对阿维菌素的抗性山东小菜蛾种群达到135倍,广东种群达到30倍,其他地区均在10倍以下。但是,作用机制与阿维菌素类似的药剂,氟虫腈的抗性5个地区均在5倍或5倍以下。对昆虫生长调节剂定虫隆和氟虫脲的抗性除广东种群分别在10倍和20倍以上外,其他地区均在5倍以下。广东种群对多杀菌素的抗性为7.8倍,其他地区的种群没有产生抗性,多杀菌素和杀虫双均为作用于乙酰胆碱受体的药剂,但是作用的位点不同。杀虫双对5个种群的LC50值均是比较大的(>800 mg/L),尽管没有明显的抗性,不适宜用于小菜蛾田间防治。对呼吸链电子转移抑制剂溴虫腈的抗性均在10倍以下。对辛硫磷的抗性在2~5倍。     

高温对抗性和敏感小菜蛾生命表参数及后代杀虫剂敏感性的影响

为研究高温对抗性和敏感小菜蛾Plutella xylostella生物学适合度及抗药性进化的影响,本研究测定了温度对杀虫剂抗性和敏感小菜蛾实验种群生命表参数及后代对阿维菌素敏感性的影响。 结果表明：与25℃相比,33.5℃条件下抗性和敏感种群的平均世代历期（D）、净生殖率（R₀）、内禀增长率（r_m）、周限增长率（λ）值、总产卵量、雌蛾平均寿命、日产卵量和孵化率均显著下降。 在25℃下,抗性和敏感种群的r_m,λ,D和日产卵量无显著差异,但抗性种群的R₀略低于敏感种群（为敏感种群的87%）。 在33.5℃下,抗性种群的r_m和R₀显著低于敏感种群（分别为敏感种群的75%和64%）,抗性种群雌成虫寿命、总产卵量和孵化率显著也低于敏感种群。 抗性种群在33.5℃下饲养一代后,后代对阿维菌素的抗性水平大幅下降,而相同处理下敏感种群对阿维菌素的抗性水平没有显著下降。 上述结果表明,无论在常温还是高温条件下,抗性种群生物学适合度均低于敏感种群,尤其是高温下抗性种群适合度远低于敏感种群。 抗性种群经高温饲养一代后对阿维菌素的抗性水平大幅下降可能与高温下抗性种群适合度显著较低有关。     

福州郊区小菜蛾天敌种类调查

1994－1999年对福州郊区小菜蛾的天敌种类进行了调查,发现寄生性天敌6种,捕食性天敌18种。并对最为常见的菜蛾绒茧蜂Cotesia plutellae与小菜蛾幼虫的田间消长动态进行了系统观察。