植物遗传工程 八、在实际应用方面的潜力

在前一讲里,我们谈到了植物遗传工程在理论问题方面的研究进展。在这里我着重讲讲这一个新的领域在较近期内对育种实践上可能应用的潜力。 我们在前几次曾经谈到花药培养,通过单倍体育种,加快育种过程;也谈到了把外源基因注入植物体内的实验。今天着重谈谈育种中的另一个重要问题——配合力(cambining ability)。     

植物遗传工程

在前一讲里，我们谈到了植物遗传工程在理论问 题方面的研究进展。在这里我着重讲讲这一个新的领 域在较近期内对育种实践上可能应用的潜力。 我们在前几次曾经谈到花药培养，通过单倍体育 种，加快育种过程；也谈到了把外源基因注入植物体内 的实验。今天着重谈谈育种中的另一个重要间题一 配合力（cambining ability),     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

禾谷类作物嫁接的几种方法

自然改造者米丘林在丰富的理论和实践工作中告诉我们:嫁接能动遥植物的遗传性,创造无性杂种;能发生蒙导作用,改善有性杂种的品质;能克服远绿杂交的不孕性,扩大有性杂交的范围。在遗传育种上嫁接是创造植物新种的重要方法,在农业生产上对提高产量,改良品质,提早成熟和增加植物抗逆能力,均具有重要作用。     

RFLP及其在植物育种中的应用

限制性片段长度多态性(RestrictionFragment Length Polymorphism,简为RFLP)作为遗传标记和连锁分析工具首先出现于人类遗传学,并得到了广泛应用。近几年来,RFLP方法在植物遗传育种的理论研究和实践应用两方面都取得了很大进展。本文介绍了RFLR的方法在育种中的应用、现状及其未来发展方向。     

《分子植物育种》中文网络版

<正>《分子植物育种》(中文网络版,ISSN 1923-8258)是一本基于同行评审、开放取阅以及在线即时发表的期刊。主要发表植物育种领域中关于转基因育种与分子标记辅助育种的新知识与先进技术的原始研究论文。本刊致力于为转基因育种与分子标记辅助育种服务,主要发表在植物育种领域中涉及的分子遗传育种理论、分子育种技术与方法、分子育种产品研发等方面的基础和应用研究。所有发表的研究论文都应是在植     

《分子植物育种》中文网络版

<正>《分子植物育种》(中文网络版,ISSN 1923-8258)是一本基于同行评审、开放取阅以及在线即时发表的期刊。主要发表植物育种领域中关于转基因育种与分子标记辅助育种的新知识与先进技术的原始研究论文。本刊致力于为转基因育种与分子标记辅助育种服务,主要发表在植物育种领域中涉及的分子遗传育种理论、分子育种技术与方法、分子育种产品研发等方面的基础和应用研究。所有发表的研究论文都应是在植     

叶分子植物育种曳中文网络版

<正>《分子植物育种》(中文网络版,ISSN 1923-8258)是一本基于同行评审、开放取阅以及在线即时发表的期刊。主要发表植物育种领域中关于转基因育种与分子标记辅助育种的新知识与先进技术的原始研究论文。本刊致力于为转基因育种与分子标记辅助育种服务,主要发表在植物育种领域中涉及的分子遗传育种理论、分子育种技术与方法、分子育种产品研发等方面的基础和应用研究。所有发表的研究论文都应是在植     

《分子植物育种》中文网络版

<正>《分子植物育种》(中文网络版,ISSN 1923-8258)是一本基于同行评审、开放取阅以及在线即时发表的期刊。主要发表植物育种领域中关于转基因育种与分子标记辅助育种的新知识与先进技术的原始研究论文。本刊致力于为转基因育种与分子标记辅助育种服务,主要发表在植物育种领域中涉及的分子遗传育种理论、分子育种技术与方法、分子育种产品研发等方面的基础和应用研究。所有发表的研究论文都应是在植     

植物遗传嵌合体及其在观赏植物育种中的应用

植物嵌合体是由2种或者2种以上遗传型细胞组成的特殊的植物结构, 它在西欧国家观赏植物产业中发挥着非常重要的作用。本文根据有关资料及作者在德国柏林洪堡大学园艺科学所多年的研究结果,着重介绍了植物嵌合体的概念及形成机理、植物嵌合体的分类以及植物嵌合体繁殖中的特点,植物嵌合体的作用, 并简要地讨论了其在植物育种中的生产开发和利用问题。     

植物遗传嵌合体及其在观赏植物育种中的应用

植物嵌合体是由2种或者2种以上遗传型细胞组成的特殊的植物结构,它在西欧国家观赏植物产业中发挥着非常重要的作用.本文根据有关资料及作者在德国柏林洪堡大学园艺科学所多年的研究结果,着重介绍了植物嵌合体的概念及形成机理、植物嵌合体的分类以及植物嵌合体繁殖中的特点,植物嵌合体的作用,并简要地讨论了其在植物育种中的生产开发和利用问题.     

AOX--a functional marker for efficient cell reprogramming under stress?

Functional markers for stress tolerance can be used in plant breeding to identify genotypes with high yield stabilities under various conditions. Thus, a good marker should show a strong correlation with favourable adaptive plant behaviour. The efficient reprogramming of target cells for yield determination is currently considered to be the most important step towards defining abiotic stress tolerance. In this Opinion article, we propose a role for the alternative oxidase (AOX) gene as a marker for genetic variation in cell reprogramming and yield stability. Evidence to support this idea comes from the metabolic role of alternative respiration under stress, the link between AOX activity and differential growth, and the single nucleotide polymorphism recently observed in AOX genes. We propose an innovative, interdisciplinary and global research strategy for future experimentation on AOX genes that could have an application in plant breeding.     

茶树转基因技术研究进展

茶树原产于中国,目前已经成为一种世界性的重要经济作物,也是最流行的健康饮料植物。本文概要介绍了茶树农杆菌介导法和基因枪法遗传转化的特点、研究现状及存在问题,对近年来利用这两种方法转化茶树的范例做了概述,并展望了发展前景,将为新技术在茶树育种及育苗过程中的应用提供理论依据。     

分子标记在茶树遗传育种上的应用

综述了近年来分子标记在茶树种质资源和品种鉴别、遗传多样性、遗传演化、遗传稳定性及分子遗传图谱构建等方面的应用 ,并展望了其应用前景。     

植物耐冷性基因工程

温度决定物种的分布,同时还影响作物的产量和品质。植物耐冷的机制涉及到许多方面,包括膜脂组成的变化、可混溶溶质的积累、抗氧化酶活性的提高、低温相关基因的诱导表达等。由于植物的耐冷性状由多基因控制,采用传统的育种方法往往难以取得理想的结果,而植物基因工程技术的发展及应用则提供了另外可能的途径,可以通过转移耐冷性状形成的关键基因从而对植物进行改良。本文从膜脂组成、可混溶溶质、抗冻蛋白、抗氧化酶和诱导植物低温相关基因的转录因子等方面对植物耐冷性的基因工程研究进行了综述,以期为植物育种者和从事冷胁迫机制研究的工作者提供参考。     

Breeding new varieties for controlled environments

Agricultural production in controlled environments is increasingly feasible, and may play an important role in providing nutrition and choice to growing urban centres. New technologies in lighting, ventilation, robotics and irrigation are just a few of the innovations that enable production of high‐value specialty crops outside of a traditional field setting. However, despite all of the advances in the hardware within the plant factory operation, innovation of the most complex machine has been neglected – the plant itself. Indoor agricultural operations typically rely on legacy varieties, plants selected and bred for field conditions. In the field, phenotypic stability is paramount, as production must be consistent in an unpredictable and changing environment. However, the controlled environment affords focus on different breeding priorities as environmental flux, pests, pathogens and post‐harvest quality are less formidable barriers to production. On the contrary, breeding for controlled environments shifts the focus to a completely different set of plant traits, such as rapid growth, performance in low light environments and active manipulation of plant stature. Instead of breeding for phenotypic stability, plants may be bred to maximise genetic plasticity, allowing specific traits to be presented as a function of the quality of the ambient light spectrum. In this scenario plant varieties may be grown with optimal size, supporting a focus on consumer traits like flavour or accumulation of health‐related compounds. Gene editing may be a central technology in the production of designer plants for controlled environments. This review considers the opportunity for breeding for controlled environments, with a focus on a revision of priorities for controlled‐environment breeders.     

Molecular Genetics and Developmental Physiology: Implications for Designing Better Forest Crops

Current tree biology related to tree genetics and breeding has two important developments that have not well been integrated in the literature. The first is the physiological and biochemical dissection of plant yield, whereas the second is the genetic mapping based on molecular markers, such as RFLPs, RAPDs, AFLPs, and microsatellites. Genetic mapping has revolutionized traditional quantitative genetic analysis by which the genetic variation of a character is described in terms of its mean and (co)variance without the knowledge of the underlying genes. By integrating physiological and developmental studies of yield traits, genetic mapping can provide a unique means for detecting key QTL that play important roles in affecting tree growth and metabolism. The incorporation of these QTL into commercial populations through gene transformation or marker-assisted selection will move current breeding programs strictly based on an empirism to an approach that is mechanistically oriented. In this review, we discuss how plant physiology and development are merged with genetic mapping to formulate the strategy of molecular breeding in which superior forest crops are selected at the gene level. It is anticipated that this novel breeding strategy can potentially provide major breakthroughs for tree breeding.     

中国菰资源研究现状及应用前景

中国菰(Zizania latifolia(Griseb.)Turcz.ex Stapf)是一种多年生禾本科稻亚科稻族菰属挺水植物。研究表明,菰具有现代水稻栽培品种所需要的许多优良性状,在生态治理方面表现出应用潜力;菰米营养价值高于普通稻米,且兼具保健功效。菰的这些特性使其在水稻种质改良、重金属离子污染土壤治理以及功能性食品开发方面表现出诱人的前景。近年来,菰属植物的研究工作取得了一定的进展,主要涉及菰的起源进化、菰的经济价值、菰与生态环境的关系、菰遗传多样性分析、菰组学及育种应用等五方面。因文献报道的时间跨度大,涉及面广,目前未见详尽的有关该物种研究进展的专门论述。本文从上述5个方面进行总结,促进对菰的了解,为这种重要野生资源的研究、保护和开发利用提供借鉴,进而加速该物种的研究进程。     

Scientific Theory and Agricultural Practice: Plant Breeding in Germany from the Late 19th to the Early 20th Century

The paper deals with the transformation of plant breeding from an agricultural practice into an applied academic science in the late 19th and early 20th centuries Germany. The aim is to contribute to the ongoing debate about the relationship between science and technology. After a brief discussion of this debate the first part of the paper examines how pioneers of plant breeding developed their breeding methods and commercially successful varieties. The focus here is on the role of scientific concepts and theories in the agricultural innovation process. The second part turns towards the strategies by which agronomists tried to establish plant breeding as an academic discipline and themselves as the new experts for breeding research and varietal development. Again, the focus is on the interplay of scientific theory and agricultural practice. It is argued that in order to better understand the transformation of plant breeding into an applied academic science we have to take different levels into account, i.e. the levels of organizations, individuals and objects, at which science and technology interact.