陕西省常见蜜源植物花粉形态的研究

运用扫描电子显微镜,对陕西省境内３０种常见蜜源植物的花粉粒进行了观察研究,描述了花粉粒的大小、萌发孔类型及其表面纹饰等形态特征。结果表明：绝大多数种的蜜源植物,其花粉粒的形态特征明显不同。本文还就花粉粒形态特征,在鉴定蜜源植物花粉的属种,确定蜂蜜的产地、评价蜂蜜的品质等方面进行了探讨。     

葫芦科8属11种植物花粉形态的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电子显微镜,对葫芦科8属10种1变种植物的花粉形态进行观察研究。结果显示:冬瓜属、葫芦属和栝楼属的花粉粒为近球形,具3孔沟;苦瓜属、西瓜属和丝瓜属的花粉粒为长球形,具3沟;黄瓜属的花粉粒为近球形,具3孔;南瓜属的花粉粒为球形,具散孔。花粉粒大小、形状和外壁雕纹属、种间差异显著。     

中国蓼科篇蓄属植物花粉形态及其分类意义

利用扫描电镜研究了中国蔚蓄属（Polygonum）13种、1变种、1变型植物的花粉形态。结果表明,中国蔚蓄属植物的花粉粒为长球形或超长球形,具三孔沟,外壁纹饰可分为4种类型：（1）花粉粒表面具细网状纹饰;（2）花粉粒表面具颗粒纹饰;（3）花粉粒表面仅两端具颗粒纹饰,其余部分光滑;（4）花粉粒表面仅沟间区两端肩部光滑,其余部分具颗粒纹饰。根据花粉形态类型,结合该属植物的习性、叶柄基部及花柄上关节的有无、花柱和柱头的数目以及瘦果形态等特征,参照前人的研究处理意见,将中国蔚蓄属植物划分为4个组,即小灌木组section Fruticulosae（Boiss．）F．Z．Liet Y．T．Hou,stat．＆comb．nov．篇蓄组section Polygonum、丝茎蔚蓄组section Pseudomollia Boiss．和铁马鞭组section Plebeia Tzvel．。     

国产爵床科山牵牛属6种、叉柱花属和老鼠簕属各1种植物的花粉形态

报道了国产爵床科Acanthaceae山牵牛属Thunbergia(山牵牛亚科Thunbergioideae)6种、叉柱花属Staurogyne(瘤子草亚科Nelsonioideae)和老鼠簕属Acanthus(老鼠簕亚科Acanthoideae)各1种植物在扫描电镜下的花粉形态。山牵牛属植物的花粉粒为圆球形,均具螺旋状萌发孔,外壁纹饰以光滑或颗粒状为主,偶具棒状突起。具螺旋状萌发孔被认为是该科独特而较原始的花粉特征。叉柱花属的花粉粒为圆球形,具3孔沟,外壁平滑。老鼠簕属的花粉粒为长球形,具3沟,外壁具细网状纹饰或具小穿孔。花粉形态特征支持传统上将上述3属置于3个不同亚科的处理。     

12种十字花科植物花粉形态研究

采用扫描电子显微镜对十字花科8属12种植物的花粉形态特征进行了观察分析.其中8种为首次报道.观察结果表明:4族8属12种十字花科植物花粉形态的一般特征为:花粉粒长球形至超长球形;极面观三裂圆形,少数四裂圆形;外壁纹饰为网状或细网状纹饰;三沟,偶四沟.12种植物的花粉可划分为5种类型:(1)花粉粒长球形,网状纹饰,三沟;(2)花粉粒超长球形,网状纹饰,三沟;(3)花粉粒长球形,细网状纹饰,三沟;(4)花粉粒超长球形,细网状纹饰,三沟;(5)花粉粒长球形,三或四沟,网状纹饰.十字花科花粉形态特征在不同族间、不同属间以及同属不同种间均没有明显规律,在十字花科分类过程中,不宜单独以花粉形态特征作为依据.     

中国蓼科萹蓄属植物花粉形态及其分类意义

利用扫描电镜研究了中国萹蓄属(Polygonum) 13种、1变种、1变型植物的花粉形态.结果表明,中国萹蓄属植物的花粉粒为长球形或超长球形,具三孔沟,外壁纹饰可分为4种类型(1)花粉粒表面具细网状纹饰;(2)花粉粒表面具颗粒纹饰;(3)花粉粒表面仅两端具颗粒纹饰,其余部分光滑;(4)花粉粒表面仅沟间区两端肩部光滑,其余部分具颗粒纹饰.根据花粉形态类型,结合该属植物的习性、叶柄基部及花柄上关节的有无、花柱和柱头的数目以及瘦果形态等特征,参照前人的研究处理意见,将中国萹蓄属植物划分为4个组,即小灌木组section Fruticulosae (Boiss.) F.Z.Li et Y.T.Hou,stat.& comb.nov.、萹蓄组section Polygonum、丝茎萹蓄组section Pseudomollia Boiss.和铁马鞭组section Plebeia Tzvel..     

山东酢浆草属花粉形态的研究

用扫描电子显微镜 ,对山东酢浆草属 3种植物的花粉形态进行观察 ,报道了花粉形态特征 ,并探讨其分类意义。结果表明 :该属花粉粒大小、形状和外壁雕纹可作为分种的依据。     

四川雅安地区13种凤仙花属植物花粉形态及其分类学意义

采用扫描电镜观察了中国四川雅安地区13种凤仙花属植物的花粉形态,并对其花粉形态进行了主成分分析和聚类分析,基于孢粉学和SRAP聚类结果的比较,讨论不同孢粉学特征对分类结果的影响。结果显示:(1)雅安地区13种凤仙花属植物花粉粒均为中等大小,花粉粒形状从超扁到扁球形变化,花粉粒极面观形状从矩形和椭圆形到四边形、圆形、三角型变化,且只有湖北凤仙、峨眉凤仙和匙叶凤仙是三沟花粉粒,其余种均为四沟花粉粒;外壁纹饰仅扭萼凤仙和齿萼凤仙为细小网状,其余均为网状纹饰。(2)依据不同指标进行的孢粉学聚类均将13种凤仙花属植物划分为3个类群,而SRAP聚类结果则将13种凤仙花属植物划分为5个类群;不同孢粉学聚类结果的相似率只有30.77%。(3)孢粉学聚类并未与分子聚类显示严格的对应关系,以花粉大小和形状、外壁纹饰为指标进行的孢粉学分类与SRAP分类的相似率最高(69.23%)。研究认为,选择不同的花粉形态特征作指标对分类的准确性影响较大,花粉大小和形状、外壁纹饰这2个指标对凤仙花属植物分类具有意义,而萌发沟的特征则很难作为分类的依据,花粉形态特征在分类上有局限性;进行该属植物孢粉学分类需要选择有价值的分类指标,并结合形态学、分子生物学等综合研究。     

我国曼陀罗属的花粉形态及其在分类上的意义

本文收集了国内曼陀罗属(Datura L.) 11个不同的生态型,在光学显微镜和扫描电镜下,进行了花粉粒形态的比较观察。该属花粉粒均为球形或稍扁,具3孔沟型。花粉粒外壁表面的纹饰可作为分属、分组、分种的依据之一。可分为三个类型,与植物形态分类基本一 致,即：具皱波-细网状纹饰(曼陀罗组); 具网状条纹或条纹,条脊表面有细颗粒或粗糙(洋金花组); 具条纹,条脊表面有蚕体状环纹及细颗粒(木本曼陀罗组)。种以下的变种或栽培变种,花粉粒的形态特征不足以作为分类的依据。     

安徽母草属植物花粉形态特征的研究

利用光镜和扫描电子显微镜首次对安徽母草属(Lindernia)六种植物的花粉形态进行了观察研究.结果表明该属花粉粒多为近球形, 具3 沟, 表面光滑.探讨了花粉形态特征的分类学意义,支持属级水平的分类.     

Pollen size in Carex: The effect of different chemical treatments and mounting media

Pollen size and pollen aperture size for ten species of the genus Carex L., native to Estonia, have been measured using light microscopy. The species selected represent different sections of the genus, a range of habitats and different chromosome numbers. The effects of two basic chemical treatments, two mounting media and the effect of chemically induced dehydration with tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA) on the size of pollen grains were then recorded.

In general pollen size and pollen aperture size of the species examined is highly variable at both intraspecific and interspecific levels. Carex hirta has notably larger pollen grains than any of the other species investigated and, although correlations between size and chromosome number in the species examined are limited, it also has the highest chromosome number. Statistically significant size differences resulted from variations in chemical treatment, mounting media and tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA) induced dehydration. Acetolysed pollen grains are larger than potassium hydroxide (KOH) treated pollen grains. Pollen grains dehydrated after chemical treatment with TBA are larger than pollen grains not dehydrated. Pollen grains mounted in silicon oil are smaller than grains mounted in glycerine. But considering the great size variation of Carex pollen grains, the size changes caused by preparation procedures fall within the size variation range of the species examined.

All the samples contained a high number of deformed pollen grains and pollen grains with hardly distinguishable or no lateral apertures.     

多种被子植物花粉生殖细胞大量分离技术的比较研究

从11种植物的成熟花粉粒中分离出大量生活的生殖细胞。比较了四种分离方法(一步渗透压冲击法、二步渗透压冲击法、低酶法和花粉原生质体释放法)在不同植物中的效果。归纳出三类植物适于采用三种分离方法。研究了影响分离效果的若干重要因素。对5种植物的分离生殖细胞进行了纯化。经鉴定,纯化的细胞群体中80%以上的细胞是生活的。     

STARCH IN ANGIOSPERM POLLEN GRAINS AND ITS EVOLUTIONARY SIGNIFICANCE

Pollen grains of 990 species were examined and measured to test four predictions: (1) “Primitive” angiosperms will have starch-containing pollen; more advanced families will have starchless pollen. (2) Where Hymenoptera and Diptera use pollen nutritionally, there will be selection of starchless (oilcontaining) pollen, particularly where pollen is the only reward for visitors. (3) Conversely, in autogamous species, anemophilous species, and those pollinated by Lepidoptera or birds, the energetically more economical accumulation of starch will be seen. (4) Small pollen grains will be more likely to be starchless (oil-rich); starch-containing grains will tend to be larger. Prediction 1 is only partially supported by the results; contemporary representatives of primitive families often show starchless grains, and so do most “advanced” families. Strong intra-familial resemblances are found (and some between groups of families), but other families show mixtures of “starchy” and “starchless” species. The latter are more likely to show a fit between food reserve and pollination system. Prediction 2 is well supported. Prediction 3 is supported in that autogamous and anemophilous species show relatively high proportions of starchy grains, but the picture is complicated for them by apparent selection for starchlessness (oil-richness) in small pollen grains (prediction 4), and for the lepidopteran- and bird-pollinated species by selection for large starchless (or very large starchy grains) in species whose pollen tubes must traverse long styles.     

叶下珠科花粉组织化学、花粉数和胚珠数及其与传粉者关系的研究

植物花粉中营养物质的储存形式以及单花的花粉数与胚珠数被认为与其传粉系统有一定的联系。本文研究了叶下珠科部分种类的花粉组织化学、花粉数和胚珠数,以及它们与传粉者之间的关系。结果显示:在叶下珠科内,植物花粉所含营养成分和传粉者之间存在相关性:蛾类传粉的类群主要属"淀粉型"花粉,蝇类和蜂类传粉的类群主要属"非淀粉型"花粉。蝇类传粉和蛾类传粉的植物花粉数没有一定规律。蝇类传粉的类群比蛾类传粉的类群胚珠数少,这可能是由于蝇类携带花粉能力及传粉精确性均较小,导致植物以减少胚珠数来适应的结果。对同一属内不同生活型植物的花粉数比较,发现乔木的单花花粉数高于灌木,灌木的单花花粉数明显高于草本。这可能是由于不同生活型的植株,其花朵大小不同,导致花粉数出现明显差别。另外,通过扫描电子显微镜对花粉形态的观察,发现蝇类传粉的类群和蛾类传粉的类群间的花粉表面纹饰存在显著差异。     

Banksia pollen in the diet of Australian mammals

Mammals are frequent visitors to flowers in some Australian plant communities Nectar is usually considered to be the food sought, because pollen is thought to be of low digestibility This study compared the abilities of four non-flying mammal species to extract the protoplasts from Banksia pollen grains and quantified the amount of pollen in the diets of the species over 16 months All four species were capable of extracting the protoplast from a large proportion of the pollen grains that they ingested the mean percentage of empty Banksia pollen grains in the faeces ranged from 37% to 66% Banksia pollen was a major component in the faecal samples from two species, Cercartetus nanus and Petaurus breviceps , between March and October It occasionally comprised a large proportion of Amechmus stuartti faeces but was rare in the faeces of Rattus fuscipes Other major components of faeces included invertebrates and plant material other than pollen and fungal spores As the four mammal species tested were all from separate families and all capable of extracting the protoplast from a large proportion of the pollen grains, it is concluded that the extraction of pollen protoplasts by mammals may be widespread and may require no special adaptations     

Pollen morphology and localization of Ni in some Ni-hyperaccumulator taxa of Alyssum L. (Brassicaceae)

Pollen morphology of seven Alyssum L. taxa growing on serpentine soils in different places in the European Mediterranean macrobioclimate territory were studied, described and compared. Cluster analysis was performed to show similarity between species and their populations. The shape of the pollen grains varies among the species and among the grains within the same anther. The pollen grains are 3-colpate, prolate, with long and narrow colpi reaching the poles. The ornamentation of the exine varies from micro-reticulate to reticulate between the species. Pollen sterility/fertility was also calculated. The highest percentage of sterile pollen (73.76%) was calculated for Alyssum murale subsp. murale and the lowest (9.54%) for A. bertolonii subsp. bertolonii. All species are representatives of sect. Odontarrhena (C.A. Meyer) Koch well known as Ni-hyperaccumulators. Nickel and other elements present in pollen and stamen were studied by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The stamen parts of all species were micromorphologically analyzed by scanning electron microscopy coupled to an energy-dispersive X-ray probe. Accumulation of Ni was detected in the stamens of all studied species and rarely in the pollen grains. The distribution patterns of Ni were similar among the species examined.     

Pollen Morphology of Xyridaceae Systematic (Poales) and its Potential

Xyridaceae are a predominantly tropical family of five genera that exhibit two pollen morphologies often considered to be of taxonomic importance. Xyris comprises about 95% of the species and is characterized by medium to large, elliptic, sulcate pollen grains. The other pollen class is spheroidal grains without an evident aperture. Many of the species with spheroidal grains have remarkably large and ornamented pollen found to be species specific in earlier research. A scanning electron microscopy investigation of 23 taxa representing all genera with spheroidal pollen revealed new data to further distinguish the genera based on pollen characters. Reliable specific pollen characters need to be evaluated in a statistical study.     

Pollen histochemistry and pollen : ovule ratios in Zingiberaceae

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Pollen grains of 37 species from 11 genera in the family Zingiberaceae were examined to assess qualitatively starch or lipid contents; the pollen grain and ovule numbers per flower and pollen : ovule ratios were also counted and calculated. Pollen : ovule ratios were studied to reveal patterns of variation in the Zingiberaceae. METHODS: Freshly open flowers with dehiscing anthers were collected at random from plants growing in natural habitats or in botanical gardens. Presence of lipids or starch in pollen grains was tested by Sudan solution and IKI solution, respectively, and examined under a microscope. To estimate the pollen and ovule numbers per flower, one anther from each bud was carefully dissected and all pollen grains were counted; ovaries were carefully dissected out of each flower and counted. Whenever possible, at least 10-15 buds were used in the determination. KEY RESULTS: Thirty-three of all the 37 species examined had starchy pollen. Starch was not found in only four species and lipid was not found in only one species; among the four tribes in subfamily Zingiberoideae, all species of Zingibereae and Globbeae had pollen with no starch, Alpineae and Hedychieae had pollen with and without starch, whereas, all species of subfamily Costoideae had starchy pollen with abundant lipids. The mean pollen : ovule ratios in the members of the Zingiberaceae investigated range from 3.25 +/- 1.56 to 616.52 +/- 117.83. CONCLUSIONS: The pollen nutrition types seemed not related to mating systems. The pollen : ovule ratios in members of the Zingiberaceae with the same breeding system are noticeably lower than those recorded by previous authors. The lower pollen : ovule ratios in this family are presumed to be related to the highly efficient pollination systems, mediated by pollen which can be quite glutinous and the relatively large stigma area. In most of the Alpinia species the anaflexistylous flowers have much larger numbers of pollen grains and higher pollen : ovule ratios than the cataflexistylous flowers. There are significant differences in mean pollen grain numbers and pollen : ovule ratios between different life forms but ovule numbers are approximately the same.