乳链菌肽从实验室走进市场

20 0 0年 10月 2 5日 ,国家“九五”攻关项目—乳链菌肽的工业化生产在中国科学院微生物研究所通过专家鉴定。至此 ,乳链菌肽—这个凝聚着科研人员十余年心血的天然食品防腐剂终于从实验室走进市场。乳链菌肽 (Nisin)亦称之为乳酸链球菌素或乳酸链球菌肽 ,是乳酸链球菌 (现定名为乳酸乳球菌 )产生的分子量约为 350 0 D的一种小肽。对引起食品腐败的许多革兰氏阳性菌具有强烈抑杀作用 ,已被世界许多国家和地区广泛用作乳制品、植物蛋白食品、罐头食品、肉制品等食品的防腐保鲜。我国对乳链菌肽的研究始于 1989年 ,中国科学院微生物研究所的…     

乳链菌肽的生物合成及其分子结构与功能的关系

乳链菌肽 (Ｎｉｓｉｎ)是乳酸乳球菌乳酸亚种 (Ｌａｃｔｏｃｏｃｃｕｓｌａｃｔｉｓｓｕｂｓｐ.ｌａｃｔｉｓ)某些菌株产生的一种小肽 ,亦称之为乳酸链球菌肽或乳酸链球菌素。由于它对许多革兰氏阳性菌 ,包括葡萄球菌 (Ｓｔａｐｈｙｌｏｃｏｃｃｕｓ)、梭菌 (Ｃｌｏｓｔｒｉｄｉｕｍ)、芽孢杆菌 (Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓ)、利斯特氏菌 (Ｌｉｓｔｅｒｉａ)等造成食品严重危害的腐败菌有强烈抑制作用 ,并对人体安全无毒 ,是人们广为应用的一种天然食品防腐剂 ,已被全世界 5 0多个国家和地区用于乳制品、罐头食品、植物蛋白食品、肉制品的防腐保鲜。…     

国家“九五”攻关项目——乳链菌肽的工业化生产通过专家鉴定

国家“九五”科技攻关项目《特种保鲜剂—乳链菌肽》于 2 0 0 0年 1 0月 2 5日通过了中国科学院组织的专家鉴定。乳链菌肽 (Ｎｉｓｉｎ)又称之为乳酸链球菌素 ,是由乳酸乳球菌产生的一种小肽 ,对梭菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、利斯特氏菌、嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌等引起食品腐败的革兰氏阳性菌有强烈抑杀作用 ,并对人体安全无毒 ,已被包括我国在内的世界许多国家广泛应用于乳制品、植物蛋白食品、罐头食品、肉制品和乙醇饮料的防腐保鲜。由中国科学院微生物研究所还连栋研究员主持的该攻关项目 ,经中国科学院微生物研究所和浙江省天台银象生物化工厂全体…     

乳链菌肽的作用位点

乳链菌肽 (ｎｉｓｉｎ)是由乳酸乳球菌属乳酸亚种 (Ｌａｃｔｏｃｏｃｃｕｓｌａｃｔｉｓｓｕｂｓｐ .ｌａｃｔｉｓ)的某些菌株产生的一种抗菌多肽 ,对范围广泛的革兰氏阳性菌有极强的抑杀作用。它是一种多肽 ,很容易被人体消化酶分解成氨基酸而被人体吸收和利用 ,因此乳链菌肽作为食品防腐剂具有天然无毒的特点。人们一直都试图将乳链菌肽当做一种抗生素用于医疗方面 ,由于它易被人体消化酶分解和溶解度不高 ,以及在其它方面存在着一些缺陷 ,目前还不适于药用。近年来 ,很多致病菌对常见的抗生素产生了抗性 ,甚至有些菌对人们所能依靠的最后…     

乳链菌肽细胞分子传感器的构建与应用

【背景】乳链菌肽主要是由乳酸乳球菌生产的一类多肽,对革兰氏阳性菌有抑菌作用,是目前联合国粮食及农业组织/世界卫生组织唯一批准使用的天然食品防腐剂。但是其产量低、缺乏简便高效的检测方法,限制了其研究和应用。【目的】构建一种可输出肉眼可见红色荧光的细胞分子传感器,以期能简单方便地检测样品中的乳链菌肽,同时应用该传感器筛选乳链菌肽生产菌株。【方法】用Golden-Gate克隆方法构建含乳链菌肽诱导启动子和下游红色荧光蛋白基因(两种)的载体,转入Lactococcus lactis中。用细胞传感器筛选可能的乳链菌肽生产菌株。【结果】构建的两种乳链菌肽细胞分子传感器都能对2?200 ng/mL乳链菌肽有灵敏的响应,可用于定量测定。两种传感器的最大荧光强度和表型也有所不同。利用细胞传感器确定了Lactococcus lactis ATCC 11454乳链菌肽的产生,同时排除了一个能产其他抗菌化合物的菌株。【结论】构建的细胞分子传感器能特异性地响应乳链菌肽,并能简单快速地筛选乳链菌肽菌株。     

乳链菌肽(nisin)抗性机制的研究进展

乳链菌肽(nisin)是某些乳酸乳球菌产生的一种羊毛硫细菌素。其对包括食品腐败菌和致病菌在内的许多革兰氏阳性菌具有强烈的抑制作用,是目前世界上唯一被允许用作食品添加剂的细菌素。nisin的广泛使用虽未引发大范围的抗性,但在自然界或实验室的选择压力下,某些非nisin产生菌也获得了抵御nisin攻击的抗性机制。nisin抗性机制通常涉及两种方式,即非特异性的生理适应机制和特异性蛋白酶介导的主动防御机制。本文综述了近年来nisin抗性机制的研究进展。     

一个含有乳链菌肽抗性基因的乳酸乳球菌质粒pTS50的鉴定

在添加乳链菌肽、乳糖及溴甲酚紫的M1 7选择培养基上 ,从 1 97个新鲜牛奶样品中筛选到 3株乳链菌肽抗性菌株 ,PCR扩增证实它们都含有乳链菌肽抗性基因。菌种生理生化特性鉴定及特异性 1 6SrDNAPCR扩增产物的序列测定结果表明这 3株菌都属于乳酸乳球菌乳酸亚种。质粒转化实验发现乳酸乳球菌乳酸亚种TS 1 640中的乳链菌肽抗性基因位于一个约47kb的大质粒pTS50上。BamHI、EcoRI、HindⅢ、NcoI、PstⅠ酶切分析和Southern杂交 ,进一步将乳链菌肽抗性基因定位于pTS50的一个约 1 9kbEcoRI酶切片段中     

天然食品防腐剂乳链菌肽的性质及其应用

乳链菌肽是一种天然食品防腐剂。本文概述了乳链菌肽的理化性质、抑菌性能、作用机制及在食品防腐中的应用。     

乳链菌肽高产菌株AL2的发酵条件研究

对乳链菌肽高产菌株ＡＬ２的发酵条件进行了研究,发现３０℃是产乳链菌肽的最适温度;蔗糖和酵母膏是最佳的碳、氮源,浓度分别为０．５％和１％。发酵培养基起始ｐＨ为６．５;锰离子对乳链菌肽的产生有促进作用,而铜离子却有严重的抑制作用。     

Nisin生物合成相关基因分析

Nisin是乳酸乳球菌某些菌株产生的一种对细菌芽孢和多种革兰氏阳性菌有较好杀伤作用的小肽,广泛用于食品加工、医疗保健等诸多领域。合成Nisin的基因位于染色体上-可接合型蔗糖转座子,由三个启动nisA、nisR、nisF控制的nisA/ZBTCIPRKFEG构成,其中nisA因具有更强的启动强度,且表达诱导物和宿主菌均为食品级,方便、经济、安全,应用最为广泛。其他基因分别在Nisin合成、调控过程中起不同作用：自身保护性基因ninI、nisF、nisE、nisG的表达,使菌体获得对Nisin较好的耐受性;NisB和NisC与翻译后修饰有关;NisT可促进乳链菌肽前体转移至胞外;NisP则与nisin前体信号肽的切除有关。     

Characterization of the Lactococcus lactis nisin A operon genes nisP, encoding a subtilisin-like serine protease involved in precursor processing, and nisR, encoding a regulatory protein involved in nisin biosynthesis.

Biosynthesis of the lantibiotic peptide nisin by Lactococcus lactis NIZO R5 relies on the presence of the conjugative transposon Tn5276 in the chromosome. A 12-kb DNA fragment of Tn5276 including the nisA gene and about 10 kb of downstream DNA was cloned in L. lactis, resulting in the production of an extracellular nisin precursor peptide. This peptide reacted with antibodies against either nisin A or the synthetic leader peptide, suggesting that it consisted of a fully modified nisin with the nisin leader sequence still attached to it. This structure was confirmed by N-terminal sequencing and 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of the purified peptide. Deletion studies showed that the nisR gene is essential for the production of this intermediate. The deduced amino acid sequence of the nisR gene product indicated that the protein belongs to the family of two-component regulators. The deduced amino acid sequence of NisP, the putative product of the gene upstream of nisR, showed an N-terminal signal sequence, a catalytic domain with a high degree of similarity to those of subtilisin-like serine proteases, and a putative C-terminal membrane anchor. Cell extracts of Escherichia coli overexpressing nisP were able to cleave the nisin precursor peptide, producing active, mature nisin. A similar activation was obtained with whole cells but not with membrane-free extracts of L. lactis strains carrying Tn5276 in which the nisA gene had been inactivated. The results indicate that the penultimate step in nisin biosynthesis is secretion of precursor nisin without cleavage of the leader peptide, whereas the last step is the cleavage of the leader peptide sequence from the fully maturated nisin peptide.     

乳链菌肽前体基因（nisZ）在乳酸乳球菌中的克隆和表达

用PCR技术从克隆有完整乳链菌肽生物合成基因簇（来自于乳链菌肽高产菌株L.lactis AL2)的重组噬菌体λHJ-3中扩增了编码乳链菌肽的前体基因,与pMG36e连接得到重组质粒pHJ201,用电击转化法将pHJ201转化到L.lactis NZ9800中,经活性测定和Tricine－SDS－PAGE电泳证实乳链菌肽前体基因获得了功能表达。DNA序列分析表明乳链菌肽高产菌株L.lactis AL2产生的是NisinZ。发现pHJ201d L.lactis NZ9800 中有良好的稳定性。     

Identification and characterization of the lantibiotic nisin Z, a natural nisin variant

Lactococcus lactis strain NIZO 22186 produces an extracellular, lanthionine-containing 3.5-kDa polypeptide with antimicrobial activity. Its retention time on reversed-phase (RP) HPLC and its amino acid composition showed high similarities but no complete identity to nisin. The gene for this lantibiotic, designated nisZ, has been cloned and its nucleotide sequence was found to be identical to that of the precursor nisin gene apart from a single mutation resulting in the substitution His27Asn in the mature polypeptide. NMR studies of the natural nisin variant, which has been designated nisin Z, confirmed the His27Asn substitution and indicated that it has a similar structure to nisin.     

Analysis of the genetic determinant for production of the peptide antibiotic nisin

The structural gene for the precursor of the peptide antibiotic nisin was isolated and characterized. As with other lanthionine-containing antibiotics, nisin is synthesized as a pre-propeptide which undergoes post-translational modification to generate the mature antibiotic. The sequence data obtained agreed with those of precursor nisin genes isolated by other workers from different Lactococcus lactis strains. Analysis of regions flanking the precursor nisin gene revealed the presence of a downstream open reading frame that may be involved in maturation of the precursor molecule. Nucleotide sequences characteristic of an IS element were located upstream of the nisin determinant. This element, termed IS904, is present in multiple copies in the genome of L. lactis. The nisin determinant of L. lactis is a component of a large transmissible gene block that also encodes nisin resistance and sucrose-metabolizing genes. Gene probe experiments indicated that the nisin/sucrose gene block was located in the chromosome. Furthermore, the copy of IS904 identified adjacent to the precursor nisin gene lies at, or very close to, one end of this transmissible DNA segment and may play a role in mediating its transfer between strains.     

Mode of Action of Nisin Z against Listeria monocytogenes Scott A Grown at High and Low Temperatures

Nisin Z, a natural nisin variant, was recently isolated from Lactococcus lactis subspecies lactis NIZO 22186. The gene for this lantibiotic, designated nisZ, has been cloned, and its nucleotide sequence was found to be identical to that of the precursor nisin gene with the exception of a single mutation resulting in the substitution of Asn-27 for His-27 in the mature polypeptide (J. W. M. Mulders, I. J. Boerrigter, H. S. Rollema, R. J. Siezen, and W. M. de Vos, Eur. J. Biochem. 201:581-584, 1991). A K⁺ electrode was used to investigate the effect of various environmental parameters on the action of nisin Z against Listeria monocytogenes. Addition of nisin Z resulted in immediate loss of cell K⁺, depolarization of the cytoplasmic membrane, inhibition of respiratory activity, and hydrolysis and partial efflux of cellular ATP. The action of nisin Z was optimal at pH 6.0 and was significantly reduced by di- and trivalent cations. The lanthanide gadolinium (Gd³⁺) was an efficient inhibitor and prevented nisin Z activity completely at a concentration of 0.2 mM. Nisin Z-induced loss of cell K⁺ was reduced at low temperatures, presumably as a result of the increased ordering of the lipid hydrocarbon chains in the cytoplasmic membrane. In cells grown at 30°C, the action of nisin Z was prevented below 7°C, whereas in cells grown at 4°C nisin Z was able to induce K⁺ leakage at this low temperature.     

Nisin biosynthesis in vitro

The lantibiotic nisin is produced by Lactococcus lactis. In the biosynthesis of nisin, the enzyme NisB dehydrates nisin precursor, and the enzyme NisC is needed for lanthionine formation. In this study, the nisA gene encoding the nisin precursor, and the genes nisB and nisC of the lantibiotic modification machinery were expressed together in vitro by the Rapid Translation System (RTS). Analysis of the RTS mixture showed that fully modified nisin precursor was formed. By treating the mixture with trypsin, active nisin was obtained. However, no nisin could be detected in the mixture without zinc supplementation, explained by the fact that NisC requires zinc for its function. The results revealed that the modification of nisin precursor, which is supposed to occur at the inner side of the membrane by an enzyme complex consisting of NisB, NisC, and the transporter NisT, can take place without membrane association and without NisT. This in vitro production system for nisin opens up the possibility to produce nisin variants that cannot be producedin vivo. Moreover, the system is a promising tool for utilizing the NisB and NisC enzymes for incorporation of thioether rings into medical peptides and hormones for increased stability.     

乳链菌肽高产菌株的选育及其基因定位

以乳酸乳酸球菌7962为原始菌株,用紫外线、LiCl、(60)~Co及8-MOP+NUV等多种理化诱变剂对其进行诱变处理,获得一株乳链菌肽高产突变株AL2。其效价稳定在2300～2500Iu/ml。经DNA杂交证实,编码乳链菌肽的前体基因位于染色体上,其遗传性状是稳定的。毒理试验表明AL2及其产物属于实际无毒类物质。     

Cloning and sequencing of the gene encoding cytochrome c-551 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The cytochrome c-551 gene from Pseudomonas aeruginosa was cloned by using two oligonucleotide probes, which had been synthesized based on the known primary structure of the protein. The restriction map of the cloned DNA and sequence analysis showed that the cytochrome c-551 gene is located 50 bp downstream of the nitrite reductase gene, which has recently been cloned and sequenced. DNA sequence analysis also indicated that cytochrome c-551 is synthesized in vivo as a precursor having an amino-terminal signal sequence consisting of 22 amino acid residues.     

Heterologous expression and purification of NisA, the precursor peptide of lantibiotic nisin from Lactococcus lactis

The lantibiotic nisin is a ribosomally synthesised and post-translationally modified antimicrobial peptide produced by strains of Lactococcus lactis, and used as safe and natural preservative in food industry. The nisA structural gene encodes ribosomally synthesised and biologically inactive a 57 amino acid precursor peptide (NisA) which undergoes several post-translational modifications. In this study, we report the expression of precursor nisin as a His6-tagged peptide in Escherichia coli and its purification using a nickel affinity column. The technique of spliced-overlap extension PCR was used to amplify the nisA gene and the T7 promoter region of pET-15b vector. This approach was used to introduce six histidine residues at the C-terminus of prenisin. The identity of the expressed peptide was confirmed by N-terminal sequencing. The expressed His-tagged prenisin was purified under denaturing conditions, and named as prenisin-His6. The purified prenisin-His6 was analyzed by SDS-PAGE, Western blotting and mass spectroscopy. These results showed that the nisin precursor peptide can be successfully produced using an E. coli expression system.