简讯

球孢白僵菌对Reichstein化合物S的微生物氧化我们选择了一种在皮质甾体激素药物的合成中重要的中间体-Reichstein化合物S为基质,通过对甾核具有氧化能力的根霉(Rhizopus),曲霉(Aspergillus)和白僵菌等属的58株菌的筛选,获得了一株具有较高氧化能力的球孢白僵菌(AS 3.4273)。实际中应用我们筛选     

双效毒蝇绳对家蝇的控制效果

为评价利用球孢白僵菌F08菌株的分生孢子粉和奋斗呐5%可湿性粉剂制成的双效毒蝇绳对家蝇的控制效果,本研究对其在室内笼中、室外猪舍和垃圾处理场环境条件下对家蝇的控制效果进行了测试。结果表明:1室内和室外试验条件下,双效毒蝇绳对家蝇的控制效果都优于奋斗呐毒蝇绳和球孢白僵菌毒蝇绳。3种试验条件下,双效毒蝇绳对家蝇的校正防治效果与球孢白僵菌毒蝇绳间有极显著差异(P0.01);且在猪舍试验条件下,其校正防治效果与奋斗呐毒蝇绳组1周时有显著差异(P0.05),2周时有极显著差异(P0.01)。2球孢白僵菌对家蝇的感病率仅在室内笼中狭小空间时在球孢白僵菌毒蝇绳组和双效毒蝇绳组有显著差异(P0.01),而在猪舍或垃圾处理场试验条件下无显著差异(P0.05)。说明双效毒蝇绳中的球孢白僵菌F08菌株与奋斗呐具有较好的兼容性,一起对家蝇发挥很好的控制作用。     

马尾松纯林虫生真菌群落组成及优势种生态位研究

对麻姑山马尾松纯林的虫生真菌群落进行了调查研究,共发现了3科6属14种。该林区虫生真菌群落的主要成分是环链棒束孢、球孢白僵菌和粉棒束孢,虫生菌种类较少,较为单一。对3种优势虫生真菌环链棒束孢、球孢白僵菌和粉棒束孢的营养、时间及营养-时间二维生态位进行了分析。结果表明,环链棒束孢与粉棒束孢的营养生态位重叠度最大,与球孢白僵菌时间生态重叠度最大。而球孢白僵菌的营养生态位宽度、时间生态位宽度和营养-时间二维生态位宽度都为最大。球孢白僵菌在自然界中发生时间长,分布范围广,寄主昆虫丰富,生存能力强的实际情况也支持这一分析结果。     

球孢白僵菌不同碳氮源的研究及对烟粉虱的时间-剂量-死亡率模型分析

【目的】明确不同碳、氮源对球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana生长的影响,确定适合该菌株生长的碳、氮源;通过研究球孢白僵菌对烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci的致病力,评价球孢白僵菌防治烟粉虱的潜力。【方法】在培养基中添加不同碳、氮源,研究其对球孢白僵菌生长速率和产孢量的影响,用浸叶法研究不同孢子浓度(1×10~4、1×10~5、1×10~6、1×10~7、1×10~8个/mL)的球孢白僵菌对烟粉虱的致病力并利用时间-剂量-死亡率模型对数据进行拟合,分析该模型的时间效应和剂量效应。【结果】蔗糖作为碳源、酵母作为氮源时球孢白僵菌的生长速率快和产孢量高;利用时间-剂量-死亡率模型对测定的数据进行拟合分析得出,随着接种天数的增加,球孢白僵菌的LC_(50)、LC_(90)逐渐降低,剂量效应增强;随着孢子浓度的增加,LT50逐渐降低,时间效应增强。【结论】球孢白僵菌的合适碳源为蔗糖,最适氮源为酵母。该菌株对烟粉虱有较强致病力,1×10~8个/mL的孢子浓度可作为防治烟粉虱的理想浓度,本试验为球孢白僵菌对烟粉虱的生物防治提供有力依据。     

利用RAPD-PCR检测三种白僵菌及球孢白僵菌种内变异

采用PCR-RAPD技术研究了球孢白僵菌2株野生型多孢株及其各1株单孢分离株的 RAPD扩增片段的多态性,比较了彼此间的相似率。结果显示,相似率在63.6～99.3％之间变化很大,表明各分离子间的基因组DNA已发生变化。球孢白僵菌与另一种白僵菌布氏白僵菌之间的相似率在64.9％～80.9％之间,与粘孢白僵菌之间的相似率在50.0～61.9％之间。     

深层培养白僵菌生产工艺初步试验

白僵菌属于半知菌纲、丛梗孢目、丛梗孢科、白僵菌属,广布于欧、亚、澳、非、南北美各洲。该属有二个种,即球孢白僵菌和卵孢白僵菌,其它皆系同种异名,这两个种在我国皆有分布。白僵菌可以寄生在16     

球孢白僵菌毒素对家蚕糖代谢水平的影响

为明确球孢白僵菌毒素对宿主昆虫糖代谢水平的作用,本研究检测了家蚕幼虫感染球孢白僵菌和注射球孢白僵菌毒素之后组织中海藻糖和糖原含量的变化,以及糖代谢相关基因表达水平的变化;分析了注射毒素和添食海藻糖之后对家蚕幼虫存活率的影响、以及添加毒素之后对BmN细胞的损伤作用。结果表明,家蚕幼虫感染球孢白僵菌和注射毒素后海藻糖和糖原含量显著降低;Bombyxin A2和BmIBP2基因显著上调表达,而糖代谢酶系基因则显著下调表达。注射毒素显著降低家蚕5龄幼虫的存活时间,而补充海藻糖能够延长家蚕幼虫的存活时间。添加毒素能够使家蚕BmN细胞发生凝集作用而最终崩解死亡,并诱导Bombyxin A2和BmIBP2基因显著上调表达以及糖代谢酶系基因显著下调表达。以上结果说明,球孢白僵菌可能通过分泌毒素,作用于家蚕类胰岛素信号通路,调节家蚕自身糖类物质的代谢与合成,破坏家蚕能量代谢与储存平衡,引起家蚕组织细胞凋亡并最终导致家蚕死亡。本研究结果对农林害虫的生物防治、家蚕等经济昆虫僵病防治技术的研究以及球孢白僵菌毒素用于新型降糖药物的筛选和中药僵蚕的开发利用均具有重要意义。     

球孢白僵菌的侵染特性及应用研究进展

球孢白僵菌是一种重要的虫生真菌,具有致病力强、侵染范围广、安全无污染等优点,其制剂可作为一种真菌类杀虫剂应用于农林业害虫的防治,也可用于人工生产中药材僵蚕。本文综述了球孢白僵菌的培养性状、侵染特性、应用生产和存在的问题,并提出了发展对策,为球孢白僵菌的进一步开发应用提供参考。     

宛氏拟青霉与球孢白僵菌对柑橘木虱的致病力分析

【目的】比较宛氏拟青霉WS-11和球孢白僵菌QB-28对柑橘木虱成虫的致病力,为生防制剂的田间应用提供理论支持。【方法】采用孢子悬浮液浸没法比较研究了2种真菌对柑橘木虱的致病力,并利用时间-剂量-死亡率模型估计了2种真菌对柑橘木虱的致死剂量与致死时间。【结果】宛氏拟青霉WS-11在孢子悬浮液浓度为1×108 spores/m L时,累计死亡率达到90.67%,球孢白僵菌QB-28则达到97.33%。时间-剂量-死亡率模型中Hosmer-Lemeshow方法拟合异质性检验表明模型拟合良好,在接种后9 d,宛氏拟青霉WS-11和球孢白僵菌QB-28对柑橘木虱的LC50分别为7.57×10~6 spores/m L和8.39×105 spores/m L;当孢子悬浮液浓度为1×108 spores/m L时,2种真菌对柑橘木虱的LT50分别为2.50 d和1.93 d。【结论】宛氏拟青霉WS-11和球孢白僵菌QB-28对柑橘木虱均有较好的致病力,具有较好的生防潜质,其中球孢白僵菌对柑橘木虱的致病力高于宛氏拟青霉,致死效率更高。     

球孢白僵菌响应氧化胁迫的分子机制研究进展

球孢白僵菌作为模式丝状真菌,以分生孢子、菌丝体、虫菌体等多种形态存在,在真菌孢子发育、寄主与宿主互作的研究中具有重要意义。同时,球孢白僵菌又是一类广泛应用的真菌杀虫剂,对森林防护和农业生产具有实际应用价值。球孢白僵菌的相关基因被敲除后,突变体响应氧化胁迫,孢子发育和毒力会发生改变。本文综述了近年来球孢白僵菌在响应氧化胁迫方面的研究进展,为丝状真菌氧化胁迫信号途径的研究提供参考。     

The basophil activation test by flow cytometry: recent developments in clinical studies, standardization and emerging perspectives

BACKGROUND: Beauveria bassiana is an important entomopathogenic fungus currently under development as a bio-control agent for a variety of insect pests. Although reported to be non-toxic to vertebrates, the potential allergenicity of Beauveria species has not been widely studied. METHODS: IgE-reactivity studies were performed using sera from patients displaying mould hypersensitivity by immunoblot and immunoblot inhibition. Skin reactivity to B. bassiana extracts was measured using intradermal skin testing. RESULTS: Immunoblots of fungal extracts with pooled as well as individual sera showed a distribution of IgE reactive proteins present in B. bassiana crude extracts. Proteinase K digestion of extracts resulted in loss of IgE reactive epitopes, whereas EndoH and PNGaseF (glycosidase) treatments resulted in minor changes in IgE reactive banding patterns as determined by Western blots. Immunoblot inhibitions experiments showed complete loss of IgE-binding using self protein, and partial inhibition using extracts from common allergenic fungi including; Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus fumigatus, Cladosporium herbarum, Candida albicans, Epicoccum purpurascens, and Penicillium notatum. Several proteins including a strongly reactive band with an approximate molecular mass of 35 kDa was uninhibited by any of the tested extracts, and may represent B. bassiana specific allergens. Intradermal skin testing confirmed the in vitro results, demonstrating allergenic reactions in a number of individuals, including those who have had occupational exposure to B. bassiana. CONCLUSIONS: Beauveria bassiana possesses numerous IgE reactive proteins, some of which are cross-reactive among allergens from other fungi. A strongly reactive potential B. bassiana specific allergen (35 kDa) was identified. Intradermal skin testing confirmed the allergenic potential of B. bassiana.     

Isolation, identification and antifungal susceptibility of lemon pathogenic and non pathogenic fungi

Numerous species of filamentous fungi were isolated from lemon on different plantations in the province of Tucuman, Argentina. The techniques suggested by the Subcommittee of Antifungal Susceptibility of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, (USA) were adapted. The effect of three different concentrations of the fungicides imazalil, guazatine, SOPP and thiabendazole on the fungi Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium moniliforme, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus clavatus, Geotrichum candidum, Rhizopus sp, Penicillium sp, Penicillium digitatum and Mucor sp were studied. All the tested strains were resistant to thiabendazole. We assayed a mixture of SOPP (5%), guazatine (350 ppm) and imazalil (100 ppm), which showed a synergic effect on Rhizopus sp. Mucor sp was the only fungus resistant to the four fungicides tested as well as to the above mentioned mixture.     

Phylogeny of mitosporic entomopathogenic fungi: is the genus Paecilomyces polyphyletic?

We analyzed sequences of the divergent domain at the 5' end of the large subunit rRNA gene from the mitosporic entomopathogenic fungi Paecilomyces sp., Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, Paecilomyces farinosus, Paecilomyces lilacinus, Verticillium lecanii, Verticillium psalliotae, Beauveria bassiana, Aschersonia sp., Aschersonia placenta, ascomycetous Cordyceps sp., and Cordyceps militaris. Phylogenetic analysis showed P. fumosorseus as the best characterized out of the analyzed species with the B. bassiana clade as its sister group. Two of the P. farinosus isolates were invariably placed within the Verticillium cluster, which also contained C. militaris. The only analyzed P. lilacinus isolate appeared on the root of the hyphomycetous fungi and was characterized as the most distinct from all the hyphomycetous fungi tested. Polyphyly of the genus Paecilomyces was well supported by the Kishino-Hasegawa test. In all trees based on the small subunit rRNA gene sequences obtained from the GenBank, V. lecanii, V. psalliotae, P. fumosoroseus, P. tenuipes and B. bassiana form, together with that of C. militaris, the best supported cluster in the tree. The rest of Cordyceps spp. constitute a distinct clade. Phylogenetic relationships derived from both tested DNA regions show polyphyly of the genus Paecilomyces and close relationships among entomopathogenic species of the genera Verticillium, Paecilomyces, and Beauveria.     

Susceptibility of Vespula vulgaris (Hymenoptera: vespidae) to generalist entomopathogenic fungi and their potential for wasp control

The pathogenicity of Vespula vulgaris wasp workers and larvae to a range of fungi was determined. All fungi were isolated in New Zealand and included isolates from Vespula, known generalist insect pathogens, and isolates generally nonpathogenic to insects. Workers and larvae were highly susceptible to pathogenic isolates at high spore concentrations (>1.75 x 10(5) cfu/individual). Eight isolates, two of Metarhizium anisopliae, five of Beauveria bassiana, and one of Aspergillus flavus were pathogenic while a single isolate of M. flavouiride var. novazealandicum, Cladosporium sp., and Paecilomyces sp. were not. The transfer of spores between workers, and between workers and larvae, was also investigated using several different application methods. Transfer of spores occurred between treated and untreated individuals, and for some of the application methods sufficient spores were transferred to cause mortality of the nontreated individuals. These findings are related to the potential of fungi for the control of wasps.     

Diversity of entomopathogenic fungi near leaf-cutting ant nests in a neotropical forest, with particular reference to Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae

We investigated the prevalence of entomopathogenic fungi associated with leaf-cutting ant colonies in a small area of tropical forest in Panama. There was a high abundance of Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae near the colonies. Beauveria bassiana was also detected in the soil, Aspergillus flavus in dump material, and six Camponotus atriceps ants were found infected with Cordyceps sp. Based on a partial sequence of the IGS region, almost all of the M. anisopliae var. anisopliae isolates fell within one of the three main clades of M. anisopliae var. anisopliae, but with there still being considerable diversity within this clade. The vast majority of leaf-cutting ants collected were not infected by any entomopathogenic fungi. While leaf-cutting ants at this site must, therefore, regularly come into contact with a diversity of entomopathogenic fungi, they do not appear to be normally infected by them.     

Effect of fungi–termite interaction on the chlorophyll content of three rice varieties grown on ultisol soil of Ikenne,south-west Nigeria

The effect of fungi–termite interaction on three rice varieties was conducted in a screen house at the Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice) Ibadan, Nigeria. Of the 10 fungi species (Fusarium verticilloides, Trichoderma sp., Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Macrophoma sp., Neurospora sp., Botryodiplodia theobromae, Penicillum sp., Rhizopus sp. and Sclerotium rolfsii) isolated from termites, soil and rice plants, F. verticilloides, Trichoderma sp. and B. theobromae were used for the interaction study. Each fungus was inoculated singly and in combinations with termite into the root of each rice variety in potted soil. Leaf samples were taken to measure the chlorophyll content which is a major parameter to estimate effect of termite–fungi interaction. The chlorophyll content of the inoculated rice plants was significantly reduced when compared with the control. Fungi interaction with termite had significant reduction on the chlorophyll content. The synergistic relationship between the fungi and the termite was discussed.     

Selective effects of three herbicides on the fungus flora of egyptian soil

2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetio acid) when applied to the soil at three doses (1.9, 7.6 and 15.2 mg per kg dry soil) had a stimulating effect on the total count of soil fungi and on several fungal species especially between 5 and 20 d after treatment. When the herbicide was incorporated in the agar medium it had a stimulating effect on the counts of total fungi, Aspergillus sp., A. niger, A.fumigatus and Fusarium app. at the low dose (6.3 ppm), but wag toxic at this dose toward Humicola grisea and Myrothecium verrucaria at the medium and high doses (25.2 and 50.4 ppm), it was toxic to the total count of fungi and to the majority of fungal species. VCS-438 [2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-l,2,4-oxadiazolidine-3,5-dione] was beneficial to the total count of fungi 2 and 5 d after soil treatment with the medium dose (8.0 mg per kg dry soil). Some fungal species could benefit from the low and the high doses (2.0 and 16.0 mg per kg dry soil) after these experimental periods. In the agar medium the counts of total fungi, Aspergillus sp., A. niger and A.fumigatus were almost significantly reduced by the three doses (6.8, 27.2 and 54.8 ppm). Planavin (4-methylsulphonyl-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylaniline) was stimulating for the total count of fungi, Aspergillus, A.niger and A.ochraceus 2 and 5 d after treatment with the medium dose (8.0 mg per kg dry soil), and was also stimulating to Fusarium population at the medium dose after 2 d and at the high dose (16 mg per kg dry soil) after 20 d. In the agar medium Planavin at the low dose (6.8 ppm) was stimulating to A.terreus and inhibitory to A.nidulans and A.fumigatus. The medium and high doses (27.2 and 54.8 ppm) were generally toxic to the total count of fungi.     

陕西红脂大小蠹天敌种类调查

对陕西红脂大小蠹Dendroctonus valens LeConte危害区的天敌种类调查表明,寄生于红脂大小蠹的病原真菌共有5种,其中幼虫期有头孢霉Cephalosporium sp.、球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana和拟卵孢霉Ovulariopsis sp.,成虫期有球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana、枝顶孢霉Acremonium sp.、头孢霉Cephalosporium sp.、木霉Trichoderma sp.4种,其中以球孢白僵菌和枝顶孢霉Acremonium sp.的致病能力最为显著。捕食性天敌昆虫主要有西岳蛇蛉Agulla xiyue Yang et Chou、日本弓背蚁Camponotus japionicus Mayr、中华红林蚁Formica sinensis Wheeler、蚁形郭公甲Thanasimus formicarius(L.)及纤细阎甲Platysoma attenuata(LeConte),它们对红脂大小蠹均有较明显的控制作用。寄生性天敌主要有1种寄生蝇和1种茧蜂。     

Fungitoxic effects of nonprotein imino acids on growth of saprophytic fungi isolated from the leaf surface of Calliandra haematocephala

Four saprophytic and pathogenic fungi were isolated from the leaf surface of Calliandra haematocephala, a tropical legume known to contain large amounts of rare nonprotein imino acids in its leaves and seeds. The fungi Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus sp., Curvularia sp., and Penicillium sp. were cultured in the laboratory and tested for susceptibility to leaf extracts of the host plant and to proline, pipecolic acid, cis-5-hydroxypipecolic acid, and 2,4-trans-4,5-cis-4,5-dihydroxypipecolic acid. Fungal spore germination and germ tube growth were measured. Aspergillus sp. was inhibited by plant extracts and by pipecolic acid and cis-5-hydroxypipecolic acid. Curvularia sp. growth was stimulated by plant extracts and by pipecolic acid. The other two fungi were unaffected by any of the treatments. The data indicate that imino acids may play a role in the specific resistance of Calliandra spp. to Aspergillus sp.