甘蔗不同部位的固氮酶活性检测

比较巴西2个固氮甘蔗品种‘B1’、‘B8’的叶片、主脉、叶鞘、茎、根和根际周围固氮酶活性的结果表明:茎、根、根际周围的固氮酶活性较高。     

Effects of intercropping with soybean on bacterial and nitrogen-fixing bacterial diversity in the rhizosphere of sugarcane

为探讨间作大豆(Glycine max)对甘蔗(Saccharum officinarum)根际土壤细菌及固氮细菌多样性的影响, 收集和开发固氮菌资源, 筛选高效甘蔗联合固氮体系, 选用3个甘蔗栽培品种‘ROC22’、‘GT21’、‘B8’与大豆品种‘Guizao 2’进行间种栽培, 采用巢式PCR特异扩增细菌16S rRNA基因片段和固氮细菌nifH基因片段, 并结合变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术, 对间作大豆的甘蔗根际土壤细菌及固氮细菌进行系统演化和多样性分析。聚类分析结果显示, 间作大豆改变了甘蔗根际土壤细菌及固氮细菌原来的群落组成结构, 尤其对固氮菌群落组成的改变更大, 但对群落物种的优势度影响较小。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson多样性指数分析结果表明, 甘蔗-大豆间作显著影响甘蔗根际土壤中细菌和固氮菌的多样性, 其中对固氮细菌多样性的影响较大。不同甘蔗品种的根际土壤细菌和固氮菌在间作大豆条件下表现出不同的多样性, ‘ROC22’和‘GT21’间作处理甘蔗根际土壤固氮细菌的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数显著高于单作处理, 而‘ROC22’与大豆间作处理的甘蔗根际土壤固氮菌多样性最为丰富。在大豆生长盛期, 间作处理的甘蔗根际土壤细菌多样性最为丰富, 不同处理间的差异也最大, 随后下降。总体来看, 甘蔗-大豆间作显著地影响根际土壤细菌和固氮菌的群落结构和群落多样性, 有助于对甘蔗合理间作栽培模式的认识和筛选高效甘蔗联合固氮体系。     

一株高效甘蔗内生固氮菌NN08200的鉴定及其对甘蔗的促生长作用

【背景】生产上过高的氮肥投入是我国农业可持续发展的重要限制因子之一。利用生物固氮是减少氮肥施用量最为有效的途径,植物内生固氮菌资源的挖掘和利用对我国农业可持续发展具有重要实践意义。【目的】筛选高效甘蔗内生固氮菌,并对其联合固氮效率及促生长功能进行评价。【方法】从广西甘蔗茎基部组织分离筛选到一株内生固氮菌株NN08200,利用乙炔还原法测定固氮酶活性,通过菌落PCR扩增nif H基因确定菌株为固氮菌;通过菌株培养性状和菌体形态观察、Biolog细菌鉴定系统和16SrRNA基因序列分析确定该菌株的分类;采用盆栽接种测定菌株对甘蔗的实际促生长作用,并利用15N同位素稀释法测定其相对固氮效率。【结果】菌株NN08200的固氮酶活性达到2445nmolC2H4/(h·m L),菌株的nif H基因长度为339bp,与甘蔗内生固氮醋酸杆菌Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus PAL5菌株的nif H相似性达99%;根据菌株培养性状和菌体形态观察、Biolog细菌鉴定系统和16SrRNA基因序列分析结果,菌株NN08200属于泛菌属(Pantoeasp.)细菌;盆栽接种菌株NN08200能显著提高甘蔗幼苗的株高和干重,15N同位素分析结果表明接种该菌株甘蔗植株的根、茎和叶从空气中获得氮素的百分率分别为7.49%、15.02%和10.79%,其联合固氮效率显著优于甘蔗内生固氮模式菌株G. diazotrophicus PAL5,利用后者接种的甘蔗根、茎和叶从空气中获得氮的百分率分别为3.53%、9.44%和4.87%。【结论】菌株Pantoea sp. NN08200是高效甘蔗内生固氮菌,其固氮促生长效果明显高于G. diazotrophicus PAL5菌株,可望研发成为优良固氮微生物肥料生产菌种,并可进一步用于甘蔗联合固氮菌作用机理的相关研究。     

以茎尖组培苗检测甘蔗体内内生固氮菌的固氮活性

以巴西引进的甘蔗品种‘B1’、‘B3’、‘B5’、‘B8’以及广西地区栽培品种‘新台糖16号’和‘桂糖11号’的茎尖进行组织培养,对其继代4次的茎尖组培苗进行有氮与无氮培养比较以及于温室中无氮盆栽品种比较试验的结果表明,经茎尖培养的甘蔗品种其原有的固氮能力不丧失,4个巴西甘蔗品种的固氮能力和在无氮下的生长能力强于广西主栽品种‘新台糖16号’和‘桂糖11号’,无氮培养的巴西甘蔗品种氮含量较高,固氮活性较强,缺氮症状出现时间较迟;无氮盆栽的巴西甘蔗品种株高、分蘖、叶片的固氮活性等均优于‘新台糖16号’和‘桂糖11号’。     

接种变栖克雷伯氏菌DX120E对不同甘蔗品种的促生效应

为探究具有高固氮酶活性的变栖克雷伯氏菌DX120E回接甘蔗后的固氮能力和促生效应,以甘蔗品种B8和GT21的无菌组培苗为材料,采用根部接种的方法,研究固氮菌DX120E在甘蔗体内的定殖数量及其对甘蔗组培苗植株生长、氮代谢关键酶活性和硝态氮含量及矿质元素吸收的影响.结果表明： 固氮菌DX120E能在甘蔗根和地上部分组织内生存和定殖;接种固氮菌DX120E可以有效促进甘蔗植株生长和对矿质营养的吸收;显著提高甘蔗植株体内的硝酸还原酶(NR)活性,同时也能在一定程度上提高植株体内谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性,增加硝态氮含量.表明变栖克雷伯氏菌DX120E对甘蔗具有明显的促生效应,在生物固氮肥开发方面具有较大的应用前景.     

一株高效甘蔗内生固氮细菌GXS16的鉴定及其对甘蔗的促生长作用

[背景] 我国甘蔗生产中氮肥过量施用严重,导致生产成本居高不下,充分发挥甘蔗与内生固氮菌的联合固氮作用,减少氮肥施用量,对促进我国甘蔗产业可持续发展具有重要意义。[目的] 筛选优势甘蔗内生固氮菌,对其基本特性、联合固氮效率及促生长功能进行评价。[方法] 从甘蔗根系分离到一株内生固氮菌GXS16,利用乙炔还原法测定固氮酶活性,通过PCR扩增nifH基因确定菌株为固氮菌;通过形态观察、Biolog检测和16S rRNA基因序列分析等对菌株进行分类;通过接种盆栽甘蔗检测菌株的促生长作用,采用¹⁵N同位素稀释法检测菌株相对固氮效率。[结果] 菌株GXS16固氮酶活性为2.42μmol-C₂H₄/（h·mL）,根据菌株培养性状和菌体形态观察、Biolog检测、16S rRNA、nifH、acdS基因序列分析结果,菌株GXS16属于伯克氏菌属（Burkholderia）;菌株GXS16还具有1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸脱氨酶（1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Deaminase,ACC）活性及合成生长素吲哚乙酸（Indoleacetic Acid,IAA）、降解无机磷的功能;接种GXS16处理甘蔗植株的株高比对照增长15%以上,干重增长20%以上,¹⁵N同位素测定显示甘蔗根、茎、叶从空气中获得氮的百分比分别为7.69%、15.64%和8.72%,效率显著优于模式菌株G.diazotrophicus PAL5。[结论] Burkholderia sp.GXS16是一株高效甘蔗内生固氮菌,具有良好应用前景。     

低氮条件下甘蔗-大豆间作对甘蔗产量、品质及经济效益的影响

为探究甘蔗-大豆间作对甘蔗产量、品质及经济效益的影响,在施用尿素150 kg·hm^-2条件下,选择3个甘蔗品种(B8、ROC22及GT21)进行了甘蔗单作、甘蔗-大豆间作两种种植模式的试验.结果表明： 甘蔗-大豆间作对甘蔗的有效茎数、茎径以及原料蔗、蔗糖产量均有显著影响,而对原料蔗品质影响不大;与单作相比,间作大豆处理的宿根蔗茎径大小、有效茎数、蔗茎产量和糖产量分别提高5.1%～8.7%、7.9%～31.0%、9.0%～40.5%和5.6%～39.5%;每公顷原料蔗+大豆、糖+大豆可分别增收5.89～7.93万元和5.83～7.72万元;3个品种中,ROC22间作大豆的经济收益最高,而宿根蔗B8和GT21的产量均高于ROC22.表明甘蔗-大豆间作是减少氮肥施用、提高经济收入的有效栽培措施.     

氮肥对甘蔗叶片内生固氮菌nifH基因表达的影响

为了探究氮肥对甘蔗叶片内生固氮菌nifH基因表达的影响,从RNA和蛋白质水平,采用RT-PCR和Western blot等技术分析施氮和不施氮处理下3个甘蔗品种叶片中nifH基因表达的差异性及对固氮酶相对表达量的影响。结果表明,在大田生长的甘蔗,在施氮肥和对照处理的叶片内,都可检测到固氮菌nifH基因在基因水平和蛋白质水平的表达。施氮处理会抑制或降低叶片内固氮菌的nifH基因的表达,但有利于nifH在蛋白质水平的表达,3个甘蔗品种内生固氮菌nifH基因的相对表达量都是施氮处理下较高,尤其是甘蔗品种ROC22,处理与对照间达到了显著差异。     

甘蔗组织中游离氨基酸组分和含量研究

在甘蔗幼苗中,各个器官的丙氨酸含量都比较高,但在完全展开叶的叶片和叶鞘中丝氨酸含量更高;游离氨基酸总量的分布为完全展开叶叶片》完全展开叶叶鞘,苗根>心叶、幼茎,在伸长盛期和工艺成熟前期9个甘蔗基因型+1叶均以丙氨酸占优势。不同基因型的各种游离氨基酸含量都有明显的差异。在工艺成熟前期,早熟基因型的游离氨基酸总量比较低。伸长盛期与工艺成熟前期游离氨基酸总量之比值也与不同基因型的熟性密切相关,中晚熟品种的明显较低.早熟品种的较高,三个细茎早熟原种材料的更高。     

甘蔗茎内两个内生菌株16S rRNA 序列分析及其生长特性

从两个甘蔗品种GT11和RB86-7515表面灭菌的茎中分离到两株具有固氮活性的菌株,分别编号为B11S和B8S.利用16S rRNA序列分析对其进行鉴定,并对两个菌株的生物学特性进行了比较.结果表明:B11S菌株与Stenotrophomonas maltophili菌株处在同一个分支,其序列与多个Stenotrophomonas maltophili菌株的序列相似性都达到98%以上,菌株B8S与多个土壤杆菌属细菌的序列相似性达到100%;两个菌株在温度31℃、pH为6左右时生长量最高;温度31℃、pH为6.5～7.0时固氮酶活性最高;相同浓度的蔗糖生长量大于葡萄糖,且表达固氮酶活性也最强;添加一定量的氮素有利于细菌生长和固氮酶活性的表达,但随着N含量的增加,抑制作用越来越明显.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various     

Pathogenic Characterization and Full Length Genome Sequence of a Reassortant Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Newly Isolated in Pakistan

<正>Dear Editor,Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the most important diseases of the poultry. The IBD virus (IBDV), a nonenveloped virus belonging to the Birnaviridae family with a genome consisting of two segments of double-stranded RNA (segments A and B), targets B lymphocytes of bursa of Fabricious leading to immunosuppression. In Pakistan,poultry farming is the second biggest industry and IBD is the second biggest disease threating the poultry sector.However, there is limited genome information of IBDV     

Similar aerosol emission rates and viral loads in upper respiratory tracts for COVID-19 patients with Delta and Omicron variant infection

Highlights
1 Aerosol emission rates of Delta or Omicron patients were similar.
2 Viral loads in upper respiratory tract of Alpha, Delta and Omicron patients were similar.
3 Viral loads in upper respiratory tract of vaccinated or unvaccinated Delta patients had no difference.     

Recombinant human interferon-α1b inhibits SARS-CoV-2 better than interferon-α2b in vitro

Highlights
1) A comprehensive evaluation method for anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs was established based on RT-qPCR, TCID₅₀ method, and immunofluorescence.
2) A significant antiviral effect of rHuIFN-α1b was shown with EC₅₀=0.12 IU/mL in Vero cells and EC₅₀=0.52 IU/mL in Calu-3 cells, which was better than rHuIFN-α2b (EC₅₀=0.25 IU/mL in Vero cells and EC₅₀=2.48 IU/mL in Calu-3 cells).
3) rHuIFN-α1b has a good potential in the application of anti-COVID-19 therapy.     

Continued antigenic variation of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H7N9) virus in laying hens in China, 2020–2021

Highlights
1. 13 strains of H7N9 viruses from laying hens in 2020 and 2021 were identified.
2. H7N9 viruses in China comprised at least 11 genotypes.
3. H7N9 viruses are high pathogenic in chickens, not in ducks.
4. The most H7N9 viruses cross-reacted poorly with H7-Re3 antiserum.
5. The H7-Re3 vaccine was unable to prevent H7N9 infection.