中国唇柱苣苔属校订(Ⅰ)

英国学者D.Don于1822年代F.Buchanan发表了Chirita Buch.-Ham.ex D.Don,^[30],于1825年描述了这属的三个种^[13]:C.urticifolia Buch.Ham.ex Don,C.bifolia D.Don及C.pumila D.Don.Chirita属于苦苣苔亚科Cyrtandroideae的长蒴苣苔族Didy-mocarpeae,与这族的另一大属长茹苞苔属Didymccarpus Wall.近缘,二者的主要区别在于柱头的特征上^{[1] [13] [17] [28]},本属的柱头为位于花柱下方的一个薄片,而上方的柱头财完全消失,在长茹筐苔属,柱头呈扁球形或盘状,可能是由二枚柱头合生而成。     

羽衣甘蓝BoMAPK4原核表达、抗体制备及蛋白表达分析

以羽衣甘蓝（Brassica oleracea var. acephala）自交不亲和系（S_13-bS_13-b ）为材料,提取柱头RNA,利用RT-PCR分离羽衣甘蓝柱头丝裂原活化蛋白激酶4（MAPK4）基因。结果表明：获得的BoMAPK4 cDNA含有一个 1 122 bp开放阅读框,编码373个氨基酸,具有丝氨酸/苏氨酸结构域,无信号肽和跨膜结构。羽衣甘蓝BoMAPK4与油菜（B. napus）BnMAPK4、芜菁（B. rapa）BrMAPK4、拟南芥（Arabidopsis thaliana）AtMAPK4的氨基酸序列一致性分别为99.7%、99.5%、95.4%。将BoMAPK4编码区的序列构建到原核表达载体pET-14b上,并转化到BL21（DE3）大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）中进行原核表达。SDS-PAGE结果显示,在分子量大小约45 kDa处有BoMAPK4重组蛋白特异性表达。利用亲和层析的方法获得高纯度的重组BoMAPK4蛋白。利用获得的重组BoMAPK4蛋白免疫小鼠,制备BoMAPK4的多克隆抗体。提取羽衣甘蓝萼片、花瓣、花药、柱头、花柱和子房的总蛋白,利用免疫印迹的方法进行蛋白表达检测,结果发现BoMAPK4在花瓣、花药和子房中表达的较少,在萼片和花柱中表达的较多,在柱头中的表达量最高。这些研究为探讨BoMAPK4的生物学功能奠定了基础。     

高榕的3类雌花形态及其繁殖特征

榕树(Ficus spp.)及其传粉榕小蜂(Agaonidae)之间经过长期的协同进化, 已形成了高度专一的互惠共生关系。在雌雄同株的榕树中, 同一个榕果内既繁殖种子, 又繁殖榕小蜂, 雌花资源在繁殖种子和榕小蜂之间是怎样分配的?该研究选择广泛分布于西双版纳地区的高榕(F. altissima)及其传粉榕小蜂系统来回答这个问题。高榕果内的雌花柱头形态变异较大, 有3种类型的柱头——球型、弯钩型和火炬型, 它们分别占到雌花总量的54.00%、36.93%和9.07%。3种类型柱头的雌花分别具有不同长度的花柱, 球型柱头雌花的平均花柱长度最短, 火炬型柱头次之, 弯钩型柱头雌花的平均花柱长度最长。在高榕果内, 有传粉者Eupristina altissima和欺骗者Eupristina sp.两类小蜂进入榕果内繁殖, 前者的产卵器长度比96.01%以上的雌花花柱长, 后者的产卵器也要长于85.73%的雌花花柱, 从产卵器长度和雌花花柱长度的匹配情况看, 它们应该可以利用绝大多数雌花产卵繁殖后代。然而, 繁殖榕小蜂的雌花主要是短花柱的雌花, 其中60.64%是球型柱头的雌花; 而繁殖种子的主要是花柱较长的弯钩型柱头和火炬型柱头的雌花。显然, 繁殖榕小蜂和种子的雌花不仅花柱长度有差异, 柱头也分化出了不同的形态, 变异的柱头形状也是调节榕树-榕小蜂繁殖平衡的手段之一。     

广西秋海棠属一新种

本文发表了秋海棠属一新种, 即柱果秋海棠Begonia cylindrica D.R.Liang et X.X.Chen     

向日葵柱头,花柱和珠孔中钙分布的超微细胞化学定位

用焦锑酸盐沉淀法对向日葵（ＨｅｌｉａｎｔｈｕｓａｎｎｕｕｓＬ．）授粉前后柱头、花柱和珠孔中的钙进行了超微细胞化学定位。同时还运用Ｘ射线能谱（ＥＤＸ）和波谱（ＷＤＸ）两种方法进行了Ｘ射线定性分析,证明了前法所得沉淀确系焦锑酸钙。观察表明,花粉萌发和花粉管生长所经的柱头接受面,花柱引导组织和珠孔引导组织中含钙较柱头、花柱和珠孔的其它部位明显地多。柱头乳突细胞的表面和花柱引导组织的胞间基质中、尤其胞间基质与细胞壁外层相接之处钙很密集。在珠孔外端引导组织中,以角质层为界,钙主要分布于其近珠柄侧。花粉管壁果胶质层中有相当多的钙。结合向日葵中已有的研究和其他文献,讨论了钙的分布与花粉管生长的关系     

深圳拟兰，中国兰科一新种

对兰科新种深圳拟兰（Apostasia shenzhenica Z.J.Liu＆L.J.Chen）作了描述和绘图。该新种产中国广东南部,与多枝拟兰（A.ramifera S.C.Chen＆K.Y.Lang）和日本拟兰（A.nipponica Masamune）相近,但本新种的根生有块根;退化雄蕊明显长于花柱,而且上部约1/3不贴生于花柱,可以区别。     

云南秋海棠挥发物抗微生物活性的研究

对云南产的16种秋海棠属（Begonia L．）植物进行了挥发物抗微生物活性实验,其中14种秋海棠为首次报道。结果表明,在所研究的16种秋海棠中,有8种秋海棠具有抗葡萄球菌（Staphyllococcus epidermidis）活性。而抗大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）活性最强的是厚壁秋海棠（Begonia silletensis C．B．Clarke）,假厚叶秋海棠（B．pseudodryadis C．Y．Wu）和秋海棠（B．grandis Dryand．）。只有铁甲秋海棠（B．masoniana Irmsch．）和毛叶秋海棠（B．rex Putz．）对白假丝酵母菌（Candida albicans）有抗性。作为室内盆栽花卉被广泛应用的秋海棠,不仅可以美化室内环境,而且还可以作为药用和净化室内环境的生态产品进行推广应用。     

堇菜属组间的系统发育与亲缘关系：基于trnL-trnF、psbA-trnH、rpL16、ITS序列,细胞学以及形态学证据

以鼠鞭草（Hybanthus enneaspermus）、鳞隔堇（Scyphellandra pierrei）、雷诺木（Rinorea benga-lensis）作为外类群,对堇菜属（Viola）20个类群的trnL-trnF序列,17个类群的psbA-trnH、rpL16序列以及1个类群的nrDNAITS序列进行了测定,并从GenBank下载相应的序列,运用最大简约法以及贝叶斯推论法进行系统分析,构建系统发育树。结果表明：堇菜亚属（subgen. Viola）不是一个单系类群,并明确了堇菜属部分组间类群的亲缘关系。本文还结合形态与细胞学证据对堇菜属进行性状演化的推测。结果表明：1）直立茎较匍匐茎、莲座状茎（叶基生）原始;2）托叶边缘长流苏状与托叶1/2～3/4合生分别是鸟嘴柱头堇菜组（sect. Trigonocarpae）和合生托叶组（sect. Adnatae）演化路线的重要性状标志;3）花柱样式从柱头无喙演化至柱头有喙,并由柱头简单演化至柱头复杂,再趋向于柱头简化。     

水烛的花部形态观察——兼论与长苞香蒲的分类学界定

通过腊叶标本研究、野外观察和文献考证,结合栽培试验,研究了香蒲科水烛（Typha angustifolia L.）花部结构特征,补充描述了该种丝状毛在子房柄上的着生方式、小穗不孕雌花数目等性状特征,观察了在成熟期不同阶段其孕性雌花柱头与小苞片的长度变异。结果显示,水烛孕性雌花小苞片呈宽披针形、匙形或条形,先端褐色,短于柱头,或与柱头近等长或稍长于柱头;子房柄上的丝状毛除少数散生外,多数基部合生呈鞘状或束状,在子房柄下部呈1～4轮排列;小穗不孕雌花常3（～4）枚。研究材料在7月中旬前后雌花小苞片明显短于柱头,随果穗成熟小苞片与柱头近等长。长苞香蒲（T.domingensis Pers.）子房柄上的丝状毛形态和着生方式与水烛中的情况基本一致,但小苞片白色透明,小穗不孕雌花常1（～2）枚。这表明水烛孕性雌花小苞片和柱头的长度比例与不同成熟阶段有关系,不宜作为与长苞香蒲的区别特征,而小穗不孕雌花数目和小苞片颜色等特征对两物种的划分有较重要的意义。     

中国秋海棠属 (秋海棠科) 植物的DNA条形码评价

秋海棠属植物种类繁多,形态变异多样,导致种类的系统放置混乱,近缘种类鉴定困难。利用DNA条形码实现物种快速准确的鉴定技术具有不受形态特征约束的优势,为秋海棠属植物的分类鉴定提供了新的方法。本研究选择4个DNA条形码候选片段（rbcL,matK,trnH psbA,ITS）对中国秋海棠属26种136个个体进行了分析。结果显示：叶绿体基因rbcL,matK和trnH psbA种内和种间变异小,对秋海棠属植物的鉴别能力有限;ITS/ITS2种内和种间变异大,在本研究中物种正确鉴定率达到100%/96%,可考虑作为秋海棠属DNA条形码鉴定的候选片段。研究结果支持中国植物条形码研究组建议将核基因ITS/ITS2纳入种子植物DNA条形码核心片段中的观点。     

构树转录因子BpbZIP1的鉴定及镉胁迫响应分析

重金属污染不仅影响土壤有效面积,限制植被分布,也会对食物链和人体健康造成危害,其中镉（Cd）污染尤为突出。选择重金属耐受性强的植物应用于尾矿区的土壤修复亟待进行。构树（Broussonetia papyrifera）是重金属污染土壤的先锋树种,为探明构树响应重金属胁迫的分子机制,本研究从构树中克隆获得1个碱性亮氨酸拉链（basic leucine zipper,bZIP）转录因子（命名为BpbZIP1）,对其基本生物信息、Cd胁迫响应及转化酵母的功能进行分析,预测BpbZIP1响应Cd的功能。结果显示,BpbZIP1基因开放阅读框长1 713 bp,编码的蛋白含570个氨基酸,分子量为62 902.38 Da,等电点为4.62。与拟南芥（Arabidopsis thaliana）AtbZIP1具有较近的进化关系。在150 μmol·L^-1 CdCl₂处理下,BpbZIP1基因能被不同程度的诱导表达,在3 h时BpbZIP1在根中的表达为对照的17.4倍。将BpbZIP1转入酵母能显著提高转基因酵母的抗Cd能力,当浓度高于0.6%时,转基因酵母的生长活力是对照的1.54~1.71倍。以上结果表明BpbZIP1基因能积极响应Cd胁迫,其表达可改善Cd胁迫耐受力,是构树Cd胁迫响应的重要基因。     

珙桐—灯台树枝和叶的水提物对白菜种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感效应

为了证实珙桐（Davidia involucrata）及其伴生树种灯台树（Bothrocaryum controversum）是否会通过化感作用影响其他植物的种子萌发和幼苗生长,以维持二者长期稳定的伴生关系,本研究以平武县野生珙桐及灯台树的枝、叶水提液为材料来源,以白菜（Brassica pekinensi）的种子为受体,探究2种植物的枝、叶及其混合后的5种质量浓度（0、0.025、0.050、0.075、0.100 g·mL^-1）水提液对白菜的种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,结果表明：①珙桐和灯台树的枝水提液对白菜种子萌发影响较小,对幼苗生长有显著促进作用且随质量浓度增加而增大（P＜0.05）。②珙桐和灯台树的叶水提液对白菜种子萌发均具有显著抑制作用（P＜0.05）,但对幼苗生长的影响各不相同。前者呈现随质量浓度增加的“低促高抑”现象,而后者呈现随质量浓度增加“抑制增加”的特点。③不同来源的枝—叶混合的水提液对白菜种子萌发均表现出显著的抑制作用（P＜0.05）,但对幼苗生长均随质量浓度增加表现出“低促高抑”特点。上述结果证实了珙桐和灯台树枝、叶水提液对同一受体植物的种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感作用确实存在差异,树种、部位和质量浓度不同均会导致化感作用的强度和方向不同。这种现象可能是植物在群落中为了维持稳定的种间关系而长期进化的结果。     

Re-identification of the halotolerant, biosurfactant-producing Bacillus licheniformis strain JF-2 as Bacillus mojavensis strain JF-2

Bacillus strain JF-2 (ATCC 39307) is a halotolerant, biosurfactant-producing bacterium that was initially described as a member of the species Bacillus licheniformis based on a limited set of phenotypic characteristics. Here, genetic and phenotypic analyses were employed to determine the relationship of Bacillus strain JF-2 to other Bacillus strains. The restriction patterns with AluI and analysis of gyrA and 16S rRNA gene sequences grouped Bacillus strain JF-2 with B. mojavensis^T and not with B. licheniformis^T. DNA–DNA similarity showed JF-2 was 75% similar to B. mojavensis^T and only 11% similar to B. licheniformis^T. Both strain JF-2 and B. mojavensis^T required DNA for anaerobic growth, but B. licheniformis^T did not. B. mojavensis^T and strain JF-2 did not grow anaerobically in thioglycollate medium or aerobically with propionate while B. licheniformis^T grew under these conditions. DNA–DNA similarity, gene sequence data and phenotypic characteristics all support the assignment of JF-2 as a member of the species B. mojavensis.     

The chemistry of the abdominal gland secretion of six species of the rove beetle genus Bledius

The chemistry of the abdominal defensive secretions of six species of the rove beetle genus Bledius was examined. In all species the secretion contains the solid toxin p-toluquinone and its precursor p-toluhydroquinone dissolved in different solvents. In B. furcatus, B. tricornis and B. dissimilis these solvents are mainly alkenes and lactones, especially 1-undecene and γ-dodecalactone. In addition to alkenes and lactones the secretion contains decanoic acid and 3-methyl-2-butenoic acid in B. opacus and B. subterraneus. In B. arenarius the quinones are dissolved in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate, exclusively. In B. arenarius and B. opacus the secretion's content of p-toluquinone is reduced in comparison with the other species. Application experiments with the natural predators revealed that in B. arenarius this quinone reduction does not involve a reduction of irritation efficiency. This is probably due to the irriation properties of the B. arenarius solvent octanoic acid. The results are discussed with respect to the evolution of the different secretion types within the genus Bledius and within the subfamily Oxytelinae.     

Species relationships in Bulnesia as shown by seed protein electrophoresis

The seed proteins of seven species of Bulnesia were studied by polyacrylamide electrophoresis. Some of the bands are characteristic and constant “markers” of each species; these allow the unequivocal identification of their electrophoregrams. In total 84 different bands were identified. These were treated numerically by cluster analysis. There were no constant differences between geographic races of B. arborea from Colombia and Venezuela. The electrophoregram of B. carrapo shows differences with that of B. arborea giving support to the idea that both taxa are separate allopatric species. The species pair B. foliosa-B. schickendantzii present the most similar electrophoregrams; this determines a short taxonomic distance between them in the phenogram. The Prim network shows the supposedly more primitive species (B. arborea, B. carrapo and B. bonariensis) well separated from the more advanced group (B. schickendantzii, B. foliosa and B. retama). B. sarmientoi, however, appears as rather distant and unrelated from all other taxa. In general, the results from protein electrophoresis agree with results from a previous numerical study based on 43 morphological characters.     

A survey of alkaloids in the genera Harpalyce and Brongniartia (Fabaceae—Brongniartieae)

The presence of alkaloids in six species of Brongniartia and three species of Harpalyce is reported. This survey revealed remarkable qualitative differences in the alkaloid profiles of these two genera. B. discolor, B. lupinoides, B. sousae and B. intermedia showed a typical -pyridone pattern, with cytisine, anagyrine and baptifoline as major alkaloids. In leaves of the first three species ormosanine-type alkaloids occurred additionally. B. flava and B. vazquezii are devoid of -pyridones, but accumulate lupanine, hydroxylated lupanines and ester alkaloids. All three species of Harpalyce were similar in accumulating -pyridones, but H. formosa differed from H. brasiliana and H. pringlei in the presence of epilupinine. In general the alkaloid profiles of Brongniartia and Harpalyce show similarities to those of the Australian genera Hovea, Lamprolobium, Plagiocarpus and Templetonia and support therefore the actual concept of the enlarged tribe Brongniartieae.     

中国东部和南部小檗属植物之研究

我国小檗属植物种类十分丰富,据文献记载共有200余种,主要分布于西部和南部地区。东部和南部种类虽然较少,但迄今尚未见有较全面的整理和报导,故名称亦混乱。作者在编写《广东植物志》的过程中,对这一地区(包括广西、广东、湖南、江西、安徽、江苏、浙江、福建)的小檗属进行了初步的研究,发现了一些新分类群和分布新纪录,归并了B.chekiangensis Ahrendt和B.pingjiangensis Q.L.Chen et B.M.Yang,已知这一地区共有14种,2亚种和1变种。现将结果整理成文,内容包括已知种类的检索表、产地、分布以及对部分种类的评注和讨论。文中所引证的标本,凡未加标本室缩写代号者,均存华南植物研究所标本室。     

蒙古栎次生林群落结构及优势种群点格局分析

为探求大小兴安岭过渡区物种共存、生物多样性保护与维持机制,以黑龙江中央站黑嘴松鸡国家级自然保护区蒙古栎天然次生林25 hm²固定样地调查数据为基础,从群落物种组成、结构特征、径级结构以及优势种群的空间点格局分析对该样地进行分析。结果表明：样地内共有胸径≥1 cm的维管植物10种,活立木共 34 778株,平均密度1 392株·hm^-2。其中,重要值大于10%的物种共计4种,依次为蒙古栎（Quercus mongolica Fisch.ex Ledeb.）、黑桦（Betula dahurica Pall.）、白桦（Betula platyphylla Suk.）、兴安落叶松（Larix gmelinii（Rupr.）Kuzen）,占全样地的89.65%。该样地的Shannon-Wiener多样性H′、Simpson多样性D、Pielou均匀度指数J分别为1.577、0.760、0.685。表明该群落稀有物种较少,常见种比例较大,群落结构较为简单。样地内所有树种平均胸径10.77 cm。群落内总径级分布呈“倒J型”,符合典型异龄林的分布特征。黑桦、白桦径级分布近似“倒J型”,属于增长种群,蒙古栎种群径级结构为双峰型。兴安落叶松种群径级近似正态分布,有随演替进行逐渐消失的趋势,属于该群落的衰退种。在CSR模型下,4种优势种群的空间格局主要表现为聚集分布,且聚集程度随尺度增加聚集程度减弱,最终呈现随机或均匀分布趋势。在NS模型下,除兴安落叶松外,其余3种植株在小尺度（0~5 m）表现聚集性,可能是受种子的扩散限制的影响。对比4种优势种群,聚集强度表现为黑桦＞白桦＞蒙古栎＞兴安落叶松,因此我们推断群落内不同种群的聚集强度不仅与研究尺度相关,与种群的多度也存在一定的相关关系。     

Precise molecular weight determination of PCR products of the rRNA intergenic spacer region using electrospray quadrupole mass spectrometry for differentiation of B. subtilis and B. atrophaeus, closely related species of bacilli

Assessment of 16S–23S rRNA intergenic spacer region (ISR) sequence variability is an important supplement to 16S rRNA sequencing for differentiating closely related bacterial species. Species differentiation can also be achieved by determination of approximate size of PCR (polymerase chain reaction) products of ISRs, based on their relative electrophoretic mobility on agarose gels. Closely-related species can have ISR PCR products that are similar in size. More precise molecular weight (M.W.) determination of these products might allow improved discrimination of such species. Electrospray quadrupole mass spectrometry (ESI-Q-MS) has the potential to provide such precision. For ESI-Q-MS analysis, size limitation of PCR products is currently limited to around 130 base pairs (bp). Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus atrophaeus are two closely related species with few distinguishing phenotypic characteristics. B. subtilis has recently been sub-divided into two subgroups, W23 (type strain, W23) and 168 (type strain, 168). PCR products amplified from the ISR including the 5′ terminal end of the 23S rRNA and a conserved portion of the ISR were analyzed by ESI-Q-MS. A 119 or 120 bp PCR product was produced for B. atrophaeus strains. However, strains of B. subtilis subgroups W23 and 168 each produced 114 bp products. In summary, a mass spectrometry method was developed for differentiation of B. subtilis and B. atrophaeus. Also, the genetic similarity of B. subtilis subgroups W23 and 168 was confirmed. Accurate determination of the molecular weight of PCR products from the 16S–23S rRNA intergenic spacer region using electrospray quadrupole mass spectrometry has great potential as a general technique for characterizing closely related bacterial species.