中华乌塘鳢的生长、生长模型和生活史类型

采用胸鳍第三支鳍骨作为研究湛江沿海中华乌塘鳢的年龄鉴定材料。胸鳍第三支鳍骨（远侧部）的关径（R）与体长（L）的关系为L＝6.1145 51.1288R。用特殊von Bertalanffy生长方程、一般von Bertalanffy生长方程、逻辑斯谛生长方程、Gompertz生长方程和灰色动态生长模型等5种生长模型拟合了中华乌塘鳢的生长,根据各模型拟合残差平方和大小判断,灰色动态生长模型对中华乌塘鳢生长的拟合效果最好,其次是一般von Bertalanffy生长方程。根据r-选择和κ－选择的典型行征以及渐近体长（L∞）、渐近体重（W∞）、生长系数（κ）、初次生殖年龄（Tm）、最大年龄（Tmax）、瞬时自然死亡率（M）和性腺指数（GI）等7个生态学参数值,可以判断中华乌塘鳢偏向r-选择。应用单位补充量产量模型计算改变起捕年龄（Tc）和瞬时捕捞死亡率（F）的产量,分析产量变化曲线同样证实中华乌塘鳢生活史偏向r-选择。作为渔业管理对策,中华乌塘鳢的起捕年龄应定为2龄。     

雄性中华乌塘鳢贮精囊的结构与功能

应用组织学、透射电镜及酶联免疫吸附分析法研究了雄性中华乌塘鳢贮精囊的形态结构 ,并探讨其功能。结果表明 ,贮精囊是一对精巢的附属腺体 ,结缔组织隔膜将贮精囊分隔成为许多小室腔。被膜和隔膜中含有平滑肌纤维、毛细血管、成纤维和纤维细胞以及间质细胞。隔膜上排列单层上皮细胞 ,呈柱形、立方形或扁平形 ,生殖季节粗面内质网、管状嵴线粒体和高尔基复合体发达 ,上皮细胞顶部聚集许多无膜包裹的分泌颗粒 ,分泌后细胞器退化 ,胞质中出现大量的大空泡。成纤维细胞具有合成分泌胶原蛋白的结构特征。贮精囊中的间质细胞与精巢中的Leydig型间质细胞形态特征相似。在生殖高峰期不论贮精囊的近端、中央或远端均先后贮存大量的精子 ,混合在分泌物中 ,贮精囊不同小室的上皮细胞发育并不同步。精液加贮精囊液的实验表明 ,贮精囊液有助于增强精子活率和延长精子寿命 ,并能促进受精率的提高。贮精囊纤维丝状分泌物呈深紫红色的PAS阳性反应 ,提示分泌物为粘多糖蛋白 ,贮精囊液含有 17α羟孕酮、PGE2 和PGF2α,能体外诱发雌亲鱼产卵 ,具有性外激素的重要作用     

Cry1A毒素与二化螟中肠刷状缘膜囊泡受体蛋白配基结合分析

分离和鉴定二化螟Chilo suppresalis幼虫中肠刷状缘膜囊泡（BBMV）中Cry1A毒素的受体蛋白,对于阐明Cry1A毒素作用机理和二化螟抗性机理具有十分重要的意义。为此,本文就Cry1A毒素对二化螟杀虫活性及Cry1Ac与二化螟中肠受体的配基结合进行了研究。结果表明: Cry1Ab对二化螟室内品系(CN)的毒力高于Cry1Ac,而Cry1Ac高于Cry1Aa。配基结合分析表明二化螟CN品系幼虫中肠BBMV中有6个Cry1Ac结合蛋白(分子量分别为50,70,90,120,160和180 kDa), 其中180,160和90 kDa结合蛋白的条带颜色明显深于其他结合蛋白的条带,表明这3个受体蛋白具有较高的结合浓度。同源竞争结合研究表明,180和90 kDa结合蛋白为Cry1Ac的低亲合性结合蛋白,其他4个为高亲合性结合蛋白。为了研究Cry1Ac和Cry1Ab受体结合部位的相互作用,进行了异源竞争结合研究。Cry1Ab可以与Cry1Ac所有的6个结合蛋白进行竞争性结合,与180,120,70和50 kDa结合蛋白具有高亲合性,而与160和90 kDa结合蛋白具有低亲合性。结果显示,Cry1Ac与Cry1Ab在二化螟幼虫中肠BBMV上拥有多个共享的结合位点,但对每个结合位点的亲合性有差异。基于毒素结合部位的相似性,Cry1Ac和Cry1Ab不宜同时用于转基因Bt水稻来控制二化螟。     

中华水韭叶舌和缘膜的发生及其发育进程研究

采用石蜡切片技术,以人工培养的中华水韭幼苗的最初几枚叶至成熟植株的叶为实验材料,连续解剖观察其叶舌和缘膜的发生、发育进程,并分析其发育进程与孢子囊和叶片的关系.结果显示:(1)中华水韭叶舌与叶片在其个体发育早期来自于同一原基,但叶舌最初的发育速度快于叶片.(2)中华水韭的苗龄达到15枚叶时开始有孢子囊发生,此时的叶舌下方有明显的缘膜结构.(3)当中华水韭的孢子体达到30枚叶片以上时,早期产生于植株外围的孢子囊已经发育成熟,可以清楚地区分出大、小孢子囊,其中在已经成熟的大孢子叶上,叶舌相对于孢子囊的长度变短,下唇萎缩,缘膜消失;成熟小孢子叶的叶舌比大孢子叶的叶舌长,上翻程度大,下唇萎缩程度不如大孢子叶明显,缘膜也退化消失.研究认为,缘膜是水韭系统发育早期的普遍结构,而演化后期一些地区的缘膜则显著退化甚至消失;对于系统发育初期的中华水韭,其叶舌与叶片的差异并不像现代水韭那么明显.     

镉胁迫对大弹涂鱼肝脏黄螵呤氧化酶和抗氧化酶活性的影响

研究了不同浓度镉离子对大弹涂鱼肝脏黄嘌呤氧化酶（XOD）、抗氧化酶（超氧化物岐化酶SOD、过氧化氢酶CAT）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量的影响,以探讨其用于污染暴露的生物标记的可行性.结果表明,低浓度Cd²⁺（0.05 mg·L^-1）暴露使大弹涂鱼肝脏XOD和SOD活性随时间延长升高,第10天达到最大值,中高浓度暴露（0.5 和5 mg·L^-1 Cd²⁺）XOD和SOD活性显著或极显著升高;低和高浓度镉胁迫处理的CAT活性在12 h显著降低,随时间的延长低浓度组CAT活性恢复正常,高浓度组在第7天降到最低值, 并在恢复期的5 d中高浓度组CAT活性却极显著升高;低和中浓度镉胁迫处理的MDA含量12 h极显著升高,而高浓度却极显著下降,随时间延长低浓度恢复正常, 中浓度先上升后下降并到第5天达到最大值,而中高浓度在恢复5 d后MDA含量都极显著降低.     

棉铃虫和甜菜夜蛾中肠丝氨酸蛋白酶活性测定以及活化、降解CrylAc毒素分析

昆虫中肠对Bt原毒素活化与对活化毒素降解的变化被认为是害虫对Bt产生的机制之一,研究比较棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigern（Hǔbner）与甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigm（Hǔbner）的中肠液、BBMV蛋白酶的活性,通过SDS-PAGE分析2种昆虫对原毒素的活化速度与对活化毒素的降解速度。2种昆虫的中肠液蛋白酶活性均显著高于BBMV蛋白酶活性,中肠液与BBMV均能迅速活化原毒素并继续降解活化后的毒素,与中肠液相比,BBMV对原毒素的活化与对活化毒素的降解均慢于中肠液,甜菜夜蛾对毒素的活化与降解又慢于棉铃虫。另外,还测定抑制剂对中肠液蛋白酶活性的抑制作用,结果表明,各抑制剂对棉铃虫和甜菜夜蛾相应酶活性的抑制表现出相同的趋势,TLCK对丝氨酶蛋白酶具较好的抑制作用,而PMSF对胰蛋白酶的抑制作用次之,TPCK对胰凝乳蛋白酶的抑制作用较弱。     

棉铃虫幼虫中肠细胞脂筏的制备及鉴定

脂筏是细胞膜上富含胆固醇、鞘脂类和糖基磷脂酰肌醇锚着蛋白的去垢剂不溶性微结构域,被认为是多种细胞膜孔毒素在细胞表面形成寡聚体的平台。为研究脂筏与Bt毒素在细胞膜上形成寡聚体膜孔的关系,本文对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera幼虫中肠脂筏的制备与鉴定方法进行了研究。根据脂筏在低温（4℃）下不溶于去垢剂的特性,采用Triton X-100处理棉铃虫幼虫中肠刷状缘膜囊泡,溶解非脂质筏成分,以OptiPrep为介质进行密度梯度离心,分离去垢剂不溶组分,成功地得到了棉铃虫幼虫中肠上皮细胞的脂筏。再以脂筏的特有化学成分神经节苷脂GM1作为脂筏的标志分子,利用霍乱毒素β亚基能与GM1特异性结合的特性,以辣根过氧化物酶标记的霍乱毒素β亚基用点印迹法化学发光检测神经节苷脂的分布,从而对脂筏进行定性鉴定。结果表明我们建立的脂筏制备方法简便、易行,比传统的蔗糖梯度离心法大大缩短了制备所需时间。     

棉铃虫和甜菜夜蛾中肠丝氨酸蛋白酶活性测定以及活化、降解Cry1Ac毒素分析

昆虫中肠对Bt原毒素活化与对活化毒素降解的变化被认为是害虫对Bt产生的机制之一,研究比较棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)与甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua(Hübner)的中肠液、BBMV蛋白酶的活性,通过SDS-PAGE分析2种昆虫对原毒素的活化速度与对活化毒素的降解速度。2种昆虫的中肠液蛋白酶活性均显著高于BBMV蛋白酶活性,中肠液与BBMV均能迅速活化原毒素并继续降解活化后的毒素,与中肠液相比,BBMV对原毒素的活化与对活化毒素的降解均慢于中肠液,甜菜夜蛾对毒素的活化与降解又慢于棉铃虫。另外,还测定抑制剂对中肠液蛋白酶活性的抑制作用,结果表明,各抑制剂对棉铃虫和甜菜夜蛾相应酶活性的抑制表现出相同的趋势,TLCK对丝氨酶蛋白酶具较好的抑制作用,而PMSF对胰蛋白酶的抑制作用次之,TPCK对胰凝乳蛋白酶的抑制作用较弱。     

Comparative enzyme activities of the intestinal brush border membranes of the herbivorous mudskipper Boleophthalmus pectinirostris and the carnivorous Chinese black sleeper Bostrichthys sinensis

Both the mudskipper Boleophthalmus pectinirostris and Chinese black sleeper Bostrichthys sinensis live in the intertidal zone, but their feeding habits are different. The adult B.   pectinirostris is herbivorous, whereas the adult B.   sinensis is carnivorous; however, differences between the two species are not clear with regard to distribution patterns and activities of the intestinal enzymes. This study thus investigated the distribution patterns and specific activities of four disaccharidases (maltase, sucrase, lactase and trehalase), two proteases [leucine–amniopeptidase (LAP) and γ–glutamyltranspeptidase (γ-GT)] and an alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in brush border membrane fractions obtained from three purified intestinal sections of the two species. The highest activities of the four disaccharidases were found in the midgut of B.   pectinirostris and in the foregut of B. sinensis . Highest activities of the two proteases and ALP occurred in the hindgut of B.   pectinirostris and in the midgut of B. sinensis . The activities of the four disaccharidases in each intestinal section of B.   pectinirostris were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than in those of B. sinensis . The levels of LAP, γ-GT and ALP activities in the three intestinal sections varied in B.   pectinirostris and B. sinensis , suggesting that the primary regions for disaccharide digestion were in the midgut in B.   pectinirostris and in the foregut in B. sinensis , and that the hindgut of B.   pectinirostris and the midgut of B. sinensis should play important roles in final protein digestion and nutrient absorption, respectively. The activities of the four disaccharidases in the two species were well correlated with their feeding habits. However, no clear-cut correlation between the activities of the two proteases and diet could be concluded from the present study.     

Temperature dependence of solute transport and enzyme activities in hog renal brush border membrane vesicles

The temperature dependence of sodium-dependent and sodium-independent d-glucose and phosphate uptake by renal brush border membrane vesicles has been studied under tracer exchange conditions. For sodium-dependent d-glucose and phosphate uptake, discontinuities in the Arrhenius plot were observed. The apparent activation energy for both processes increased at least 4-fold with decreasing temperature. The most striking change in the slope of the Arrhenius plot occurred between 12 and 15°C. The sodium-independent uptake of d-glucose and phosphate showed a linear Arrhenius plot over the temperature range tested (35–5°C). The behavior of the transport processes was compared to the temperature dependence of typical brush border membrane enzymes. Alkaline phosphatase as intrinsic membrane protein showed a nonlinear Arrhenius plot with a transition temperature at 12.4°C. Aminopeptidase M, an extrinsic membrane protein exhibited a linear Arrhenius plot. These data indicate that the sodium-glucose and sodium-phosphate cotransport systems are intrinsic brush border membrane proteins, and that a change in membrane organization alters the activity of a variety of intrinsic membrane proteins simultaneously.     

Isolation of brush border membranes in vesicular form from the intestinal spiral valve of the small dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula)

A simple, rapid method for the preparation of purified brush border membranes in vesicular form from rabbit kidney proximal tubules has been applied with closely similar results to the intestinal spiral valve of the small dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula). Since the dogfish belongs to one of the most ancient species of fish, it may be suggested that the method is generally applicable to all species later evolved which possess a brush border membrane at the mucosal surface of the cells of the intestine or kidney.     

Turnover of mouse intestinal brush border membrane proteins and enzymes in organ culture: A direct evaluation from studies on the evolution of enzyme activities during the culture

The turnover of mouse intestinal brush border membrane enzymes has been studied by kinetic analysis of the evolution of enzyme activities during organ culture. By comparing the results obtained in these studies with the predictions from a mathematical model of enzyme synthesis and degradation in orgen cultures, it has been possible to reach the following conclusions: (1) There is no degradation of brush border membrane enzymes during culture and the rate of synthesis of each enzyme is directly measurable from the kinetics of total enzyme accumulation (tissue + media). (2)_Brush border membrane enzymes are released in culture media by two complementary processes. The first one involves a differential solubilization of enzymes but its exact nature cannot be exactly stated. The second one involves a microvesiculation of brush border membranes, the importance of which in vivo is seen in the possible conciliation between unitary membrane synthesis and heterogeneous turnover of membrane components.     

Regional variations in intestinal brush border membrane fluidity and function during diabetes and the role of oxidative stress and non-enzymatic glycation

The physical state (fluidity) of lipids modulates the activities of several membrane bound enzymes and transport proteins. Alteration of brush border membrane (BBM) fluidity is one of the several changes exhibited by the small intestine during diabetes. In the present study, an investigation of the diabetes induced regional changes in fluidity, oxidative damage, non-enzymatic glycation as well as the activities and the kinetic parameters of the enzymes alkaline phosphatase and -glutamyl transpeptidase was carried out on the intestinal BBM. At the end of 6 weeks of diabetes, significant increases in the extent of both oxidative damage and non-enzymatic glycation were observed along the length of the intestine along with a simultaneous decrease in membrane fluidity. A significant correlation between the decrease in BBM fluidity and increase in non-enzymatic glycation was observed in the duodenum and jejunum. Additionally regional variations in the activities and kinetic parameters of both the enzymes were observed.     

Interaction between Cry9Ca and two Cry1A delta-endotoxins from Bacillus thuringiensis in larval toxicity and binding to brush border membrane vesicles of the spruce budworm,Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens

A genetically altered variant of Cry9Ca from Bacillus thuringiensis shows high potency against the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens. Its activity, as measured by feeding inhibition in frass-failure assays, is estimated to be four to seven times greater than B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki HD-1, the strain currently used in commercial products to control this insect. Bioassays against budworm of mixtures of the modified Cry9Ca and two of the Cry1A endotoxin proteins produced by HD-1 show neither synergism nor antagonism. Experiments with brush border membrane vesicles from budworm midgut revealed that Cry9Ca and the Cry1A toxins share a common binding site and that bound Cry9Ca can be displaced from the membrane to some extent by the Cry1A toxins. However, it is uncertain whether the binding site is actually the receptor molecule or a membrane protein associated with pore formation.