三种蛇毒中三种酶的研究

我们选择分属三个不同蛇科的眼镜王蛇(Ⅰ,属眼镜蛇科)、尖吻蝮蛇(Ⅱ,属蝮亚科)和青环海蛇(Ⅲ,属海蛇科)分泌的原毒液,分别测定它们的γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(γ-GT,E.C.2.3.2.2)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH,E.C.1.1.1.27)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP,E.C.3.1.3.1)总酶活力,并应用浓度梯度聚丙烯酰胺电泳(PAGE)和等电聚焦电泳,比较上述三种酶的电泳表现。初步结果,总酶活力为,γ-GT:(Ⅰ)>(Ⅲ)>(Ⅱ)、LDH:(Ⅲ)>(Ⅰ)或(Ⅱ)、AKP:(Ⅰ)>(Ⅲ)>(Ⅱ);浓度梯度PAGE各呈不同酶谱,每种酶均有几种不同估计分子量;等电聚焦电泳显示各不相同等电点的多条酶带。此结果说明上述三种蛇毒中三种酶均存在多种形式,具多型性。     

小鼠小肠四种消化酶活力的胎后发育模式

为明确晚成型小鼠胎后发育肠道消化酶活力的建立过程和发育模式,探讨其与适应性调节假说的关系,测定了从出生后至27日龄小鼠小肠前、中、后段的乳糖酶、蔗糖酶、麦芽糖酶和氨基肽酶的酶活力。结果发现单位组织酶活力方面,乳糖酶活力先增后降,小肠前段在9日龄而中后段在12日龄达到最高,至27日龄时仅中段有微弱的酶活力;蔗糖酶活力12日龄始出现,前段和后段自15日龄迅速升高,至18日龄达最高,但随后显著降低,而中段在15日龄后持续升高至21日龄达到最高,此后维持在较高水平;麦芽糖酶出生时已具有活力,但在15日龄前维持较低水平,此后迅速升高,前后段在18日龄,中段在21日龄达到峰值,此后下降;小肠前段的氨基肽酶活力出生后至27日龄持续下降,而后段和中段从出生到断乳前则持续升高,断乳后略有下降。除乳糖酶总酶活力先增后降,在15日龄达峰值外,其余3种酶的总酶活力均持续增加。在小肠不同位置4种酶活力的分布具有显著差异,且日龄对不同位置酶活力的影响趋势不同。总之,小鼠小肠4种消化酶的酶活力随时间的变化能够与其食物转变的消化需求相匹配,部分地支持适应性调节假说。     

微囊藻毒素-LR对小鼠肠道消化酶的影响

微囊藻毒素-LR(MCLR)是一类对动物和人类健康影响很大的蓝藻毒素。已有调查认为MCLR能导致某些胃肠道疾病,相关实验室资料也证实MCLR能在肠道积累并引起肠道损伤。研究对小鼠连续腹腔染毒MCLR 28d,观察肠道病理水平及超微结构的变化,并测定肠黏膜刷状缘膜酶活性。结果显示,小肠绒毛受损较严重,绒毛数量减少、部分脱落至肠腔,固有层及黏膜下层水肿、充血;电镜观察发现肠细胞细胞质电子密度降低,伴有线粒体肿胀、细胞核变形现象;肠黏膜二糖酶(蔗糖酶、麦芽糖酶、乳糖酶)、碱性磷酸酶及γ-谷氨酰转移酶活性均呈下降趋势。在亚慢性MCLR染毒条件下,肠道的消化功能可能受到抑制,进而导致机体对营养物质吸收不良。研究对理解蓝藻毒素引起的胃肠道不适(如恶心、呕吐、腹痛、腹泻)提供了新的证据。     

云斑尖塘鳢消化酶活力的研究

本文采用酶学分析方法研究了云斑尖塘鳢在正常摄食状态与饥饿的状态下胃、肠及肝胰脏组织中蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶的活性。结果显示,在30℃的条件下,正常摄食组样本在酸性条件下的蛋白酶活力表现为:胃后肠肝胰脏前肠,中性和碱性条件下:后肠肝胰脏前肠及胃;饥饿组样本仅有胃表现出较高的酸性蛋白酶活性,其他器官的蛋白酶活性均很低。在正常和饥饿实验组中肝胰脏的淀粉酶活性均高于其他器官,胃肠的淀粉酶活性均较低。正常摄食组中脂肪酶活力后肠肝胰脏;而在饥饿组中仅有肝胰脏检测到脂肪酶活性。结果表明,云斑尖塘鳢适度饥饿组较正常摄食组消化酶活性大幅降低;其高蛋白酶活力及中等脂肪酶活力与其肉食性相一致;此外云斑尖塘鳢也具备少量的淀粉消化能力。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌CrylA δ-内毒素对家蚕中肠柱状上皮细胞上Mg~(2 )腺苷三磷酸酶活性的影响(英文)

本文研究了来自苏云金芽胞杆菌库斯塔克亚种HD 1菌株的CrylAδ 内毒素对家蚕中肠柱状上皮细胞Mg2 腺苷三磷酸酶活性的影响。细胞化学定位结果表明 ,该酶在家蚕中肠刷状缘的微绒毛膜上分布丰富、活性强。通过强迫饲喂过量CrylA毒素 ,中肠上皮细胞在短时间内出现了明显的病理特征 ,然而在肿胀、泡沫化的微绒毛膜乃至细胞碎片上Mg2 腺苷三磷酸酶仍具有很高的活性 ,而未观察到毒素对该酶的抑制作用。这说明Mg2 腺苷三磷酸酶可能不是δ 内毒素的作用靶子 ,也不是毒素所影响的天然的离子选择性通道。     

鳜鱼消化道黏液细胞和6种酶的组织化学定位

采用阿利新蓝-过碘酸雪夫氏(AB-PAS)染色和酶组织化学方法对鳜鱼消化道各部位黏液细胞和6种酶的分布与定位进行了研究。结果显示,黏液细胞可为分为4种类型,食道黏液细胞多数为Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型,未见Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型;胃贲门和胃幽门黏膜上皮仅有Ⅰ型黏液细胞;胃体黏膜上皮则以Ⅲ型细胞为主;幽门盲囊中主要为Ⅱ型细胞;前肠和中肠中Ⅳ型黏液细胞最多,Ⅰ型最少;后肠黏液细胞则以Ⅳ型和Ⅱ型为主。酸性磷酸酶(ACP)主要分布于幽门盲囊和前肠的黏膜上皮;碱性磷酸酶(ALP)主要分布于食道、幽门盲囊和整个肠道黏膜上皮;非特异性酯酶(NSE)主要分布于胃幽门、中肠和后肠黏膜上皮;过氧化物酶(POX)在胃幽门黏膜上皮中活性较高;琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)主要分布于胃腺中;腺苷三磷酸酶(ATPase)在消化道各部位均有较多分布。鳜鱼消化道黏液细胞和酶的分布型与其它动物有相似之处,也有其一定的特异性,与消化道不同部位的消化吸收机能相适应。     

皱纹盘鲍肠粘膜上皮的结构和功能

以透射电镜和扫描电镜观察、组织化学及酶活性测定等方法研究了皱纹盘鲍的肠和直肠,肠和直肠粘膜上皮由5种细胞组成。具微绒的柱状细胞呈现吸收细胞的超微结构特征,纤毛柱状细胞参与运输食物颗粒和粪便,Ⅰ型腺细胞具蛋白酶、非特异性酯酶和脂酶活性,以顶浆分泌形式分泌消化酶,Ⅱ型腺细胞分泌物可能与包裹粪便有关,状细胞分泌酸性粘多糖。体外酶活性分析表明肠和直肠粘膜上皮分别具有4种和3种植物多糖酶。     

三种底栖淡水鱼类皮肤黏液细胞分布与数量比较

采用常规石蜡切片以及AB-PAS染色方法研究了葛氏鲈塘鳢（Perccottus glenii）、黄颡鱼（Pelteobagrus fulvidraco）以及泥鳅（Misgurnus anguillicaudatus）3种底栖淡水鱼类的皮肤黏液细胞类型以及分布,计数10个视野下（视野面积为43.5 μm × 32.6 μm）3种鱼类头部、背部、腹以及尾部皮肤的黏液细胞数量,并用单因素方差分析（ANOVA）比较鱼体4种黏液细胞数量差异。结果表明：（1）3种鱼类的主要黏液细胞不同,葛氏鲈塘鳢鱼体黏液细胞中Ⅲ型细胞居多,较Ⅰ型细胞多61.5%,较Ⅱ型细胞多85.8%,较Ⅳ型细胞多85.7%;在黄颡鱼体表,Ⅰ型黏液细胞分布数量最多,较Ⅱ型细胞多9.9%,较Ⅲ型细胞多15.1%,较Ⅳ型细胞多53.5%;而在泥鳅体表以Ⅱ型细胞数量最为丰富,较Ⅰ型细胞多88.3%,较Ⅲ型细胞多33.1%,较Ⅳ型细胞多83.5%。（2）对于葛氏鲈塘鳢,黏液细胞集中分布在头部,比背部黏液细胞数量多15.4%,比腹部黏液细胞数量多出38.0%,比尾部黏液细胞数量多56.7%;黄颡鱼以背部黏液细胞数量为多,比头部黏液细胞数量多42.5%,比腹部黏液细胞数量多46.6%,比尾部黏液细胞数量多51.4%;泥鳅也在背部具有丰富的黏液细胞,比头部黏液细胞数量多49.9%,比腹部黏液细胞数量50.6%。（3）3种鱼类之间的黏液细胞总数不同,泥鳅体表的平均黏液细胞数量最多,相较于葛氏鲈塘鳢多38.9%,较黄颡鱼多39.1%。研究结果表明,不同鱼类的鱼体表面黏液细胞种类不同,可能与其生活环境和鱼体本身的特性有关。     

巴西彩龟与中华鳖消化道粘液细胞组织化学染色

利用阿利新蓝和过碘酸雪夫试剂染色对巴西彩龟、中华鳖消化道粘液细胞的类型与分布进行了观察,结果显示消化道粘液细胞表现为4种类型：Ⅰ型玫瑰红色;Ⅱ型蓝绿色;Ⅲ型紫红色;Ⅳ型蓝紫色。食道前部粘膜上皮为复层上皮,粘液细胞形态多样,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ类型均有,食道中部与后部粘膜上皮为柱状上皮,其内有密集排列的杯状细胞,主要是Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型细胞。胃体柱状粘膜上皮细胞与胃腺颈部细胞主要为Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型,粘原颗粒主要集中在细胞的浅部。胃腺粘液细胞主要为Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型,着色较浅。小肠杯状细胞主要为Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型。大肠、泄殖腔杯状细胞主要为Ⅱ型和Ⅳ型。     

Characteristics of the membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius

Summary The membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius are investigated using thin section electron microscopy and freeze-fracture replicas. The plasma membrane is covered by a surface coat and is connected to the outer alveolar membrane by short, sometimes branched, bridges. The inner alveolar membrane is coated on both sides. The epiplasm lies in intimate contact with the cytoplasmic surface of this membrane, and there is a corresponding deposit on the other surface. This deposit is regularly striated.The epiplasmic layer and the alveoli are interrupted at sites of cytotic activity,e.g., the attachment sites of trichocysts, the cytoproct, and the parasomal sacs. The striated deposit ends where the epiplasm ends, indicating a direct relationship between these two epimembranous layers.There is a deposit along the sides of the first part of the tip of the trichocysts, and in this region the trichocyst membrane is free of intramembranous particles.The membrane of the parasomal sacs has a coat on both surfaces. That on the extraplasmic surface is similar to the surface coat of the plasma membrane. The origin of the cytoplasmic coat is unknown. The cytotic activity of these sacs is indicated by their highly irregular profiles.     

The early development of the tail and the transformation of the shape of the nucleus of the spermatid of the domestic fowl,Gallus gallus

Summary The differentiation of the spermatid, especially in reference to the formation of the flagellum, and transformation of the shape of the nucleus was investigated in the domestic fowl.In the early stage of the spermatid, a prominent Golgi apparatus appears around the centrioles. The Golgi vesicles then surround the axial-filament complex which develops from the distal centriole. These vesicles fuse to form continuous membrane at the earliest stage of flagellar formation, and in the succeeding stage Golgi lamellae are attached to the plasma membrane of the developing flagellum. From these observations, it is assumed that Golgi apparatus may be a source of the membrane system of the flagellum.The microtubules distributed around the nucleus form the circular manchette. The anterior region of the nucleus with the manchette is cylindrical in shape and the posterior region without it remains irregular in shape. When the circular manchette has been completed, the whole nucleus acquires a slender cylindrical shape. The circular manchette then changes into the longitudinal manchette. The nuclei of spermatids without a longitudinal manchette are abnormal in shape. In view of these observations it is assumed that the nuclear shaping of the spermatid may be accomplished by circular manchette and the maintenance of shape of the elongated nucleus by longitudinal manchette.The authors wish to thank Mr. Takayuki Mori for his helpful suggestions and technical advices     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418     

Characterization of the composition of the aqueous humor and the vitreous body of the eye of the frog Rana temporaria L

This study aimed to analyze the aqueous humor (AH) and the vitreous body (VB) of the eye of the adult frog Rana temporaria L. as a representative species of amphibians, which lead a semi-terrestrial life. The presence of collagen, albumin, uric acid and electron donors was shown in both media; however, there are slight differences in their concentrations. To determine collagen, a spectral-fluorescent probe, cyanine dye, was used. The presence of collagen in AH of the frog was found at the first time. The total content of electron donors (ascorbic and uric acids, tryptophan, and tyrosine) in VB and HA was roughly estimated at ~ 1.5 × 10^− 4 mol/L. Both VB and AH absorb light in similar UV regions. The total protein and albumin contents in AH were found to be somewhat higher than those in VB. The uric acid content was at an equally low level in both intraocular media. It is supposed that the similarity of VB and AH compositions shown in this work is due to some exchange between VB and AH contents in the course of accommodation. The role of intraocular fluids in physiological functions of the eye and in protecting the retina against UV light is discussed.