黄河三角洲石油化工区农田土壤-玉米体系PAHs的分布特征及风险评价

为明确黄河三角洲石油开采区表层土壤和玉米中多环芳烃（PAHs）的含量及其污染水平,采集农田土壤和玉米各71个样品,检测农田土壤和玉米各部位中16种PAHs含量,并采用内梅罗指数法和健康风险评价模型评估了农田土壤中多环芳烃的生态健康风险。结果表明,农田土壤、玉米根、茎和叶中多环芳烃的含量分别为256.6-1936、291.4-680.9、324.9-527.9、289.5-2400 μg/kg。农田土壤中多环芳烃以4-6环为主。多环芳烃在玉米根茎叶富集系数大小排序为：叶 > 茎 > 根。玉米不同组织中PAHs浓度与相应农田土壤中PAHs浓度的进行相关分析结果表明,农田土壤中PAHs含量与玉米根、茎中PAHs含量均存在极显著正相关关系,相关系数分别为0.98（P<0.01）、0.98（P<0.01）,表明玉米根和茎的多环芳烃主要来源于农田土壤中,农田土壤中PAHs的含量影响着PAHs在玉米根茎中的积累和分布。玉米叶中PAHs含量与农田土壤中PAHs含量与玉米根、茎中PAHs含量不存在相关关系,表明玉米叶中多环芳烃并非来自土壤中PAHs的迁移,可能来源于大气。内梅罗指数结果表明,农田土壤PAHs达到了中度污染,其中BaA、Pyr和BbF达到了偏重污染;健康风险评价结果表明,农田土壤PAHs对儿童和成人的平均非致癌风险分别为0.44和0.12（均小于1）,表明农田土壤多环芳烃对成人和儿童的非致癌风险是可接受;农田土壤PAHs对儿童和成人的平均致癌风险分别为3.6×10^-5、9.0×10^-6,没有超过致癌风险水平上限（10^-4）,致癌风险尚在可接受范围内。3种暴露途径中,皮肤接触是土壤PAHs的最主要暴露方式,其次是经口摄食,吸入暴露途径甚微,可忽略不计。PAHs对儿童健康的威胁风险要大于成人,所以应尽可能避免儿童直接接触或误食土壤等其他介质的污染物。     

水稻—土壤生态系统对Cu,As污染的缓冲作用

通过对冶炼厂区周围水系、土壤和水稻中Ｃｕ、Ａｓ含量分析,探讨其对农田生态环境的影响。结果表明,各稻田耕作层渗出水和相邻塘水中的Ｃｕ平均浓度分别为０．０５９和０．０７０ｍｇ．Ｌ＾－１,Ａｓ为３１．６８和４２．７９μｇ．Ｌ＾－１,稻田土壤中未出现Ｃｕ、Ａｓ明显的梯度累积变化以及水稻能吸收累积相当数量的Ｃｕ、Ａｓ,它们大部分累积在根部,可以认为,水稻土壤生态系统本身对Ｃｕ、Ａｓ污染具有相当大的缓冲作用。     

基于序贯指示模拟的农田土壤重金属风险区域识别

农田土壤重金属的日益累积已对农作物安全、生态环境和人类健康造成严重威胁,高效、精确地识别农田土壤重金属风险区对农田的环境保护、污染预警和风险管控等有重要意义.以广州市增城区为研究对象,共采集204个农田土壤样点,测定了铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、砷(As)和汞(Hg)7种重金属含量.针对实际采样数据中存在异常值与偏态分布,以及传统克里格法存在的平滑效应等问题,将序贯指示模拟引入农田土壤重金属的风险识别中,与常用识别方法进行比较,并根据Hakanson风险指数评价进行风险区划.结果表明:(1)对比普通克里格法,在精度相似情况下,序贯指示模拟法较为精细地模拟了重金属的空间分布,平滑效应低,预测的细节表现好;对比指示克里格法,其在划分风险区域时的不确定评估中准确度较高,其误判率仅为4.9%~17.1%,表明其能更好地适用于模拟农田土壤重金属的空间分布和风险识别;(2)增城区的农田土壤重金属均未超标,但在南部的极少数区域存在潜在中等风险,主要成因是包括企业生产、人类活动和河流沉积物等.本研究以序贯指示模拟为基础,有效克服了传统克里格法存在的异常值信息丢失和平滑效应问题,结合Hakanson风险指数法,为非均匀采样的土壤重金属空间风险的识别提供一种新的尝试.     

铜污染对蚯蚓体重的影响与其铜富集特征

将简育湿润淋溶土和有机物料以体积分数1:1混合,加入硫酸铜模拟成Cu2+0～200mg/kg的污染土壤.投入赤子爱胜蚓,以研究铜污染对蚯蚓生长和铜富集特征的影响.结果表明:蚯蚓体重与土壤铜污染浓度呈抛物线关系,低浓度的铜对蚯蚓生长有促进作用,Cu2+浓度>60mg/kg时对其生长有抑制作用,超过100mg/kg后铜污染浓度提高与污染接触时间延长均会加剧抑制程度,严重时出现负增长.蚯蚓表皮及肠道中铜含量与其铜吸收总量都随外源铜浓度的增加与污染暴露时间的延长而增加,且铜在肠道的积累速率大于表皮.土壤中铜浓度增加时肠道铜向表皮脂肪系统的运输增加,各处理肠道中铜含量与表皮的比值都随着土壤中铜浓度的增加呈下降趋势,但随着时间的推移有所提高.蚯蚓对污染土壤铜的有较强的富集能力,在Cu2+200 mg/kg处理培养21d后,蚯蚓肠道的铜浓度是土壤环境铜浓度的2.65倍,铜富集总量达到最高值0.674 毫克每10条.该结果对于探讨蚯蚓在铜污染土壤的适应机理,提高其对污染土壤的修复能力有重要意义.     

哈尔滨市松北区农田土壤中重金属含量概况

通过对哈尔滨市松北区农田土壤中重金属含量的分析和评价,该地区农田土壤中的铅、砷、汞、镉、铬、铜重金属元素均符合NY/T391—2000《绿色食品产地环境技术条件》中"土壤中各项污染物的含量限值"的标准,这表明该地区的土壤环境质量良好,未受到重金属元素的污染,适宜农业种植生产。     

我国农田生态系统重金属的循环与调控

本文系统分析了我国农田土壤重金属的含量状况,探讨了农田生态系统中重金属的输入、输出及其平衡.农田生态系统中重金属存在一定的累积效应,但整体上超标风险较小,而部分作物、特别是蔬菜可能存在一定的超标风险.在采矿区和冶炼厂周边地区,以及废弃物利用强度较大的农区,土壤和作物中重金属超标的风险较大,是普通农区的十倍甚至数十倍以上.针对我国农田重金属污染现状,提出了调控农田生态系统重金属循环的有效措施,并对相关领域今后的研究进行了展望.     

长期重金属胁迫对农田土壤微生物生物量、活性和种群的影响

调查了沈阳张士灌区长期污水灌溉造成的原位农田土壤重金属污染状况，从土壤微生物生物量、微生物活性和微生物种群数量的角度评价了长期重金属污染对农田土壤生态系统的影响.结果表明，张士灌区土壤存在严重的Cd污染，土壤Cd含量达1.75～3.89 mg·kg ^-1，部分区域还伴有Cu、Zn复合污染.在目前污染程度下，土壤微生物生物量碳(C_mic)、微生物商(qM)、土壤脱氢酶活性以及自生固氮菌数量随土壤重金属含量增加呈下降趋势，代谢商(qCO₂)随土壤重金属含量增加显著升高，而底物诱导呼吸强度(SIR)、纤维素酶活性以及细菌、放线菌和真菌数量无明显变化.相关性分析表明，土壤Cd含量变化是影响微生物参数变化的主要因素，在微生物参数中微生物商和代谢商对重金属污染最敏感.     

结缕草(Zoysia japonica)在镉(Cd)污染农田上开发与应用的研究

为了对Cd污染农田实施农业生态整治及安全高效利用,将Cd污染土壤作为一种特殊的资源,在Cd污染农田建植绿化草坪繁育基地是近年提出的新方法。Cd污染地各种草坪草富集Cd含量的结果表明,结缕草是对污染地中Cd的摄取富集量最低的草坪品种,进行异地栽植,不会造成二次污染,并改变了土壤层中Cd的浓度构成。通过采用草坪生产模式,消除食物链中Cd的危害,为重金属污染地的生物修复和开发利用探索新的途径。     

微生物修复农田土壤重金属污染技术分析

文章通过了解微生物修复的基本定义与特征,结合农田土壤整体重金属污染情况,有针对性地引入了微生物修复技术,并观察其修复实况,分析微生物修复农田土壤重金属污染的效果,并基于此不断调整与优化修复方案,希望最大程度地发挥微生物修复技术的作用。这对于农田土壤的可持续、高效利用具有基本的保障意义,并能为后续相关研究提供可参考数据。     

贵州兴仁煤矿区农田土壤重金属化学形态及风险评估

为了解煤矿区周边农田土壤重金属污染状况,采集了贵州省兴仁县某典型煤矿区农田土壤样品64份,测定了土样中重金属(As、Cr、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg、Cu、Ni)总量及各形态含量,采用单因子指数法、潜在生态风险指数法(Hkanson法)和风险评估编码法(RAC)对研究区主要土壤利用类型(水稻土、薏米地、植烟土和菜园土)中重金属进行潜在生态风险评估和环境风险评价.结果表明： 不同利用类型土壤中重金属含量除Zn外,其他元素均明显超过贵州省背景值.单因子指数法评价结果表明,As、Pb、Hg和Cu污染较为严重,均属重度污染.形态分析表明,土壤中重金属形态构成差异明显,酸可提取态As、酸可提取态Cd所占比例较高;Cr、Zn、Cu、Ni主要以残渣态为主;Pb主要以可还原态和残渣态为主;而Hg的酸可提取态、可还原态、可氧化态均占有相当比例,三者之和大于55%.重金属可利用度大小顺序为:As(63.6%)>Hg(57.3%)>Cd(56.4%)>Pb(52.5%)>Cu(45.7%)>Zn(32.8%)>Ni(26.2%)>Cr(13.2%).潜在生态风险指数表明,各类型土壤潜在生态风险(RI)〖JP2〗为:菜园土(505.19)>薏米地(486.06)>植烟土(475.33)>水稻土(446.86),均处于较高风险.风险评估编码法结果显示,As在水稻土、薏米地及植烟土中均处于高风险,在菜园土中处于中等风险;Cd、Hg均处于中等风险,Cr、Pb、Zn、Cu和Ni均处于低风险.因此,对该区域农田土壤进行管控时应重点考虑As、Cd和Hg污染.     

STUDIES UPON THE COPPER FUNGICIDES

Evidence is presented for the presence, on apple and dwarf bean leaves, of substances which can dissolve copper from dried Bordeaux deposit. The solution of copper is not associated with the bacterial breakdown of these substances. Copper was dissolved by the action of apparently uninjured as well as injured leaves and it is concluded that copper-dissolving substances are liberated from intact leaf surfaces. The capacity of leaves to dissolve copper from dried Bordeaux deposit was not lost by repeated washing of the leaf. This further evidence of the sustained activity of the host plant in bringing copper into solution emphasizes the importance of host action in relation to the fungicidal and phytotoxic action of Bordeaux mixture under field conditions.     

Cropping systems for phytoremediation of phosphorus-enriched soils

Eutrophication of freshwater bodies is frequently attributed to elevated phosphorus (P) concentrations in surface runoff from P-enriched agricultural soils. Forage and grain-cropping systems were compared for their effectiveness at remediating P-enriched soils. At each of four locations, one of three forage systems (Forage I = cereal rye silage and corn silage annually; Forage II = alfalfa; Forage III = annual ryegrass and corn silage annually) and the grain system (corn, small grain, and soybean rotation) were maintained for 3 yr on soils with five distinct initial soil P concentrations that were established by using four annual applications (1994-1997) of five different rates (0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 kg total P ha(-1) y(-1)) of poultry manure, dairy manure, or commercial fertilizer. Across all manure P treatments at all locations, the forage systems had greater removal of P than the grain system. Soil P concentration changes (2001-2004) did not reflect differences in crop P removal. Few significant reductions in soil P concentration were observed for either crop system. When reductions did occur, they were for the more highly enriched soil P treatments. No significant reductions in soil P concentration have occurred for the lowest manure P treatments. Considerable variability in crop P concentrations was observed among species at locations and among years produced. However, crop P concentrations did increase uniformly as soil P concentration increased, indicating that luxury consumption of P does occur in agronomic species produced on P-enriched soils.     

生物耐铜的分子机理及铜污染环境的生物联合修复

铜是动植物和人类必需的微量元素,缺乏或过多都将产生不良影响。随着社会经济的发展,人类活动对环境的干扰日益加剧,工业和农业生产活动常可导致土壤铜污染,铜已成为土壤重金属污染的主要元素之一。总结了铜在植物体内的自发内稳态调节机制,在细菌和真菌体内的吸收、分布、解毒和调节因子,同时以蚯蚓为例简要阐述了土壤动物对铜的解毒机理;从分子生物学角度对重金属铜在生物体内的代谢机理及生物对环境中过量铜的联合修复研究进展进行了综述,以期为铜污染环境的植物、微生物和动物联合修复的分子机理研究提供借鉴。     

Accumulation of copper and zinc from liquid manure in agricultural soils and crop plants

In Northern Italy it is a common practice to utilise slurries and other manure from intensive animal farming to fertilise agricultural soils. Due to the relatively high copper and zinc contents of these materials, this practice could lead to contamination of soils and the crops grown on them. In this study we have evaluated the extent of copper and zinc contamination of soils subjected to different levels of fertilisation with liquid manure and the copper and zinc concentrations in the edible tissues of three crops (maize, sugar beet and lucerne) grown on the same soils. There was a direct correlation between soil copper and zinc contents and the levels of application of animal wastes and copper concentrations were high enough to represent a risk, according to current European legislation. The metal contents in the edible tissues of the three crops were relatively low and variable, but showed no clear correlations with the intensity of liquid manure applications. Overall, there was no risk of contamination of the food chain, as all concentrations were well below levels considered to be toxic to animals.     

鸡桑药共生模式库区土壤养分变化及流失风险

密云水库是北京市主要地表水源地,为了有效防控水源保护区坡耕地以氮磷流失为主的农业面源污染,开展污染防控植物篱种植区散养和单独喂养油鸡试验研究;采集两种模式区土壤和散养模式区饲用桑植物样品,测定氮磷钾养分含量,分析土壤养分变化规律及其流失风险,建立经济有效种养生态防控模式。结果表明,与对照相比,两种油鸡养殖模式区土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮磷钾及硝态氮含量都呈显著或极显著性地升高,促进了散养共生模式区饲用桑和药用植物的生长,增加了对土壤养分的吸收;受养殖密度的影响,60只/666.7m2高密度油鸡喂养模式区或散养集中活动区有机质、全氮、全磷含量显著高于散养活动较少低密度区;受地表径流的影响,散养共生模式区坡下部油鸡少活动区域土壤速效氮磷钾含量与上部活动较多区域相比分别升高20.3%、71.9%和21.9%。喂养模式区承载粪便氮磷环境负荷分别为189 kg/hm2和84.8 kg/hm2,超过欧盟农田氮限量标准170 kg/hm2和粪便年施磷限量80 kg/hm2,具有较大的流失污染风险;20只/666.7m2低密度散养模式区承载粪便氮磷负荷分别为75.6 kg/hm2和33.9 kg/hm2,远小于环境限量标准,具有较小的流失污染风险。饲用桑与药用植物间作植物篱种植区散养油鸡排泄粪便矿化分解提供了植物养分资源,促进它们的生长,形成发达根系系统又可有效阻截模式产生有机物和氮磷流失,同时该模式提供了散养油鸡饲料资源。以上结果说明,桑树/药用植物/低密度散养油鸡是一种有效的农业面源污染生态防控共生模式,资源循环利用效率高,生态环境和经济效益好。     

The redistribution of fungicides on plants

In field trials amounts of soluble copper were found in rain water collected form apple trees sprayed with copper fungicides, but the copper was relatively non-toxic. The solution of copper did not appear to be correlated with the number of micro-organisms on the leaves. Rain washings phate. Some evidence for beneficial redistribution by solution is presented. By contrast, in a greenhouse experiment small amounts of copper were washed by very light rain from coffee seedlings sprayed with copper oxychloride and Bordeaux mixture. The soluble fraction of these washings was generally small and did not vary with ageing of the deposit up to 32 days. There was no changes in the toxicity of the washings from deposits aged up to 32 days. Under static laboratory conditions more copper was usually solubilized form standardized deposits of Bordeaux mixture, copper oxychloride, and cuprous oxide on leaves than on glass. The amount of copper solubilized varied with the leaf used, the nature of the deposit, the presence of adjuvants and the length of time water was left in contact with the deposit. Deposits of Bordeaux mixture and Bordeaux mixture was equally toxic on a leaf surface which caused solution and one which did not. Soluble copper extracts leaves were less toxic than equivalent quantities of copper supplied as copper sulphate.     

长期不同施肥方式对麦田杂草群落的影响

以太湖地区农业科学研究所31a的长期肥料定位试验田为材料,分别于2011—2012年小麦苗期、拔节期和收获期进行了杂草群落调查,研究杂草类型与密度的分布、杂草多样性指数的变化,并对杂草种群分布与土壤养分因子进行冗余分析。结果表明:小飞蓬、看麦娘、大巢菜、稻槎菜、通泉草是本地区小麦生长期的主要杂草类型;随着小麦的生长以及氮肥、有机肥的施入,杂草密度呈下降趋势;施入有机肥降低了麦季杂草的群落多样性指数,在小麦生长的不同时期均衡施肥的CNPK处理以及不施肥的C0处理的群落各项多样性指数能维持在一个较高的水平。RDA分析显示土壤氮含量以及有机质含量与第一排序轴相关性大,是对杂草分布影响最大的两个土壤养分因子。太湖地区稻麦两熟制条件下,长期有机无机肥料单一或配合投入可显著影响麦田杂草的群落组成,其中氮肥和有机肥的施入能显著降低杂草密度;土壤养分的差异影响田面杂草密度和优势种群,均衡施肥能降低优势杂草种群的优势地位,抑制其发生危害程度,提高农田生态系统的生产力及稳定性。     

阜新市农田土壤重金属含量及其分布特征

通过对辽宁省阜新市城郊区县180处农田土壤的取样调查分析,初步了解了农田土壤重金属As、Cu、Zn、Ni的含量特征及其空间分布,并探讨了当地矿业开采活动对农田土壤重金属积累及空间分布的影响.结果表明,研究区域内农田土壤Cu、Zn和Ni的几何平均含量均高于背景值,且这3种重金属存在普遍累积的现象;不同种植类型土壤中,菜地土壤Cu、Zn、As含量显著高于粮田,且重金属积累更为明显;4种重金属的空间分布均呈城区高于郊县的趋势;重金属含量较高的区域与矿山开采区域基本重叠.研究区域内采矿活动是农田重金属的重要来源,同时畜禽养殖业所产生的畜禽粪便可能对农田土壤中Cu、Zn和As的增加有一定作用.当地农牧业生产和布局应适当考虑土壤污染的风险.     

长期不同施肥措施下岩溶水稻土可培养细菌群落变化及其主要影响因素

【背景】施肥是目前提高作物产量的较优策略,不同的施肥措施在不同程度上影响土壤肥力和微生物群落结构。【目的】探究岩溶水稻土理化性质变化与细菌群落变化的对应关系,进而反映不同施肥措施对土壤可培养细菌群落的影响。最后选出最优施肥方案,为后续的合理施肥工作提供依据。【方法】对岩溶水稻土进行不施肥、常规施肥、常规施肥加绿肥3种施肥处理,通过对土壤理化性质、可培养细菌群落丰度及多样性变化的研究,探究在不同施肥措施下对岩溶水稻土壤细菌群落的影响。【结果】对比不施肥处理,常规施肥处理下土壤pH值和有机碳含量下降,结合大量研究结果证明,无机肥或氮肥的长期过量施加使土壤pH值下降,常规施肥加绿肥有利于有机碳的积累。分离纯化共得到164株菌,分别来自Actinobacteria、Bacteroidetes、Firmicutes和Proteobacteria。属水平上常规施肥配施绿肥较常规施肥组优势菌属Sphingomonas、Lysobacter的相对丰度增加。细菌群落多样性增加,出现Paenibacillus、Streptomyces和Pseudomonas等特有功能菌属。优势菌属Sphingopyxis、Lysobacter、Paenibacillus、Bosea、Streptomyces、Pseudomonas和Bacillus与TN存在显著正相关,在常规施肥加绿肥处理土壤中增加。【结论】常规施肥加绿肥处理下,固氮、溶磷等功能菌丰度增加,增加土壤肥力,保持土壤养分的可利用性,对作物的增产起重要作用。岩溶水稻土常规施肥配施绿肥处理的效果优于不施肥和常规施肥处理。     

Effect on soil and plant mineral levels following application of manures of different copper contents

Summary Manure from finishing pigs fed diets with and without a growth stimulating level of added copper (250 ppm in 1972, 370 ppm in 1973 and 300 ppm in 1974) was incorporated into a Groseclose silt loam at the rate of 15.5, 12.9 and 15.7 metric tons of dry matter per hectare, respectively, for 1972, 1973 and 1974. A third treatment was no manure. The manure was applied between rows when corn was about 10 cm tall and worked into the surface 10 cm of the soil with a rotary tiller. The average composition of the manure for the three years on a dry basis was 3.6 per cent nitrogen, 2.87 per cent calcium, 0.93 per cent magnesium, 2.22 per cent phosphorus, 1.30 per cent potassium, 648 ppm zinc, 2191 ppm iron. The copper content was 73 ppm for control manure and 1719 ppm for high copper manure. The copper content in the upper 10 cm of the soil was significantly increased each year when high copper manure was applied. During one growing season, copper did not appear to move down, however, plowing after the first year increased the copper level in the 10–20 cm depth with a small increase in the 20–30 cm depth. Potassium, zinc, phosphorus, calcium and magnesium levels of the soil were increased when manure was applied. There was a small increase in the copper content of the maize ear leaf (average of one ppm per year) when manure from pigs fed diets containing high copper was applied. Copper in the washed roots of the mature maize plants was doubled (5.6 vs 11.2 ppm) when the high copper manure was added. The copper content of grain from plants grown on soil receiving high copper manure was not different from that of grain from soil receiving no manure. The zinc, potassium and phosphorus contents of the maize ear leaf were increased a small amount when both control and high copper manure were applied with the effect of potassium and phosphorus carrying over to the grain. The iron and calcium contents of the ear leaf were not affected by application of manure, but there was a decrease in calcium content of the grain from the application of control and high copper manure. re]19750305Department of Animal ScienceDepartment of AgronomyDepartment of Statistics