红树植物内生真菌的分离鉴定及抗菌活性菌株的筛选

本文对厦门集美红树植物无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala),海马齿(Sesuvium portulacastrum)和秋茄(Kan-delia candel)的多个部位进行内生真菌的分离和形态鉴定,并采用菌饼法对分离到的内生真菌进行抗菌活性筛选。结果显示,从3种红树植物的根、茎、叶中分离得到25株内生真菌,分别隶属8个类群,以链格孢属和曲霉属为主,分别占菌株总数的28.0%和24.0%;有19株菌株对至少一种指示菌有抑制作用,占菌株总数的76.0%。研究结果表明,红树植物来源的内生真菌数量多,种属丰富,同时具有良好的抗菌活性,是研究抗菌活性化合物的重要资源。     

元江印楝植物内生真菌及其抗菌活性筛选的研究

通过抗菌活性初步筛选,从采自云南元江县的印楝(Azadirachta indica A.Juss)植物茎和果实中已分离到的372株内生真菌中筛选出80株作为复筛菌株,经显微形态特征观察鉴定为5目、6科、29个属。选择16种病原微生物作为指示菌检测复筛菌株发酵产物的抗菌活性,结果表明,其中29株内生真菌对细菌、植物病原真菌和皮肤致病真菌中的一种或多种病原微生物有抑制生长作用,活性菌株比例占复筛菌株的36.25%,并显示种群多样性,其中7株内生真菌显示较强的广谱抗菌作用,活性较好的菌株主要分布在曲霉属和交链孢属。     

广西北部湾红树植物内生真菌多样性

【目的】研究广西北部湾地区红树植物内生真菌多样性,建立北部湾红树植物内生真菌种质资源库,为利用内生真菌生物技术促进农业可持续发展提供理论依据。【方法】从广西北部湾地区采集红树植物组织样本,采用表面消毒法分离真菌,通过测定分离菌株对宿主植物是否具有致病性来筛选内生真菌,结合形态学特征和分子生物学分析对内生真菌进行分类与鉴定。【结果】从60个红树植物样本中分离得到1 764个菌株,经过致病性测定筛选获得41株内生真菌,分离率为2.3%。其中从宿主植物红海榄分离得到15株内生真菌,占总菌株数的36.6%,比例最高。通过分析,发现这些内生真菌在ITS-NJ、NS-NJ两个系统发育树上各聚为7个大分支,分属8个科(目)。其中球腔菌属Mycosphaerella、德福里斯孢属Devriesia、假尾孢属Pseudocercospora、枝孢霉属Cladosporium、Pleosporales等属(科)真菌是广西红树林的优势菌。【结论】广西北部湾地区红树植物内生真菌菌种资源丰富。     

构树可培养内生真菌的多样性初探

构树Broussonetia papyrifera为桑科重要的资源植物。为调查逆境构树内生真菌的多样性,我们对铅锌矿区构树根、茎、叶和果实各部位进行内生真菌分离鉴定,从中分离得到187株内生真菌,根据形态学与分子生物学方法鉴定为20属,其中链格孢属Alternaria（50.27%）、镰孢属Fusarium（11.76%）为优势属。不同培养基的内生真菌分离率结果表明,马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基（PDA）分离出的菌株数最多,占总数的73.96%;构树不同部位的菌株分离数目显示,叶中分离出的菌株较多,占38.02%。在属的分类水平上,根、茎、叶、果实不同部位的真菌数量也存在明显差异。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson多样性指数分析结果提示不同样地的构树内生真菌的多样性也存在差异。Chao1指数和ACE指数也提示构树内生真菌丰富度与样地和组织有关。     

云南八角莲内生真菌分离、鉴定的初步探索

通过对云南八角莲(D.aurantiocaulis)内生真菌的分离、鉴定,获得87株内生真菌,并对87株进行分离、鉴定发现内生真菌在宿主植物中具有明显的多样性,无孢类群(22株)是优势菌,其次为镰孢菌属(10株)毛壳菌属(10株)、青霉属(9株)、小齿梗霉属(7株)、丛梗孢属(4株),首次报道云南八角莲内生真菌的类群和区系特点.     

广藿香内生真菌多样性及其对青枯菌的拮抗活性

【目的】对广藿香各部位内生真菌的类群结构及多样性进行系统分析,筛选出对青枯菌具拮抗活性的菌株。【方法】采用组织块分离法从广藿香健康植株的根、茎、叶中分离内生真菌,结合形态学和基于ITS-r DNA序列分析鉴定方法分析广藿香内生真菌的类群结构及多样性,并利用双层平板拮抗法筛选对青枯菌具有抑制活性的菌株。【结果】从广藿香中共分离获得313株内生真菌,隶属于30个属,其中链格孢属(占28.75%)、拟茎点霉属(占23.00%)和炭疽菌属(11.82%)为优势类群,此外还分离到炭皮菌属、弯孢聚壳属、Gibellulopsis、新萨托菌属、葡萄座腔菌属、篮状菌属等较为少见的类群。茎、叶内生真菌的定殖率和分离率明显高于根,而根部多样性指数为2.64,要高于茎(2.00)和叶(1.97);广藿香茎与叶、根与茎、根与叶之间的内生真菌相似性指数分别为0.35、0.20、0.19,均小于0.5,显示各部位之间的内生真菌组成不相似程度高。从313株广藿香内生真菌中通过拮抗实验筛选到16株对青枯菌有拮抗活性的菌株,其中GHXR07、GHXR27和GHXR29的拮抗活性尤为显著,分别被鉴定为Talaromyces sp.、Myrothecium roridum Tode和Talaromyces wortmannii(Kl?cker)Benjamin。【结论】广藿香内生真菌具有丰富的物种多样性且其类群分布具有一定的组织特异性,其中部分菌株对青枯菌具有明显的拮抗活性。     

杜仲内生真菌的多样性分析及其抗植物病原真菌的活性

以河南郑州和江苏徐州采集到的杜仲为材料,采用纯培养方法对杜仲内生真菌进行分离。将分离纯化得到的90株真菌通过形态学鉴定并进行多样性分析,90株内生真菌分别属于13个属,其中茎点霉属(Phoma)和链格孢属(Alternaria)为优势菌群,分别占总菌株数的18%和16%;其次为黑孢属(Nigrospora)和枝孢属(Cladosporium),均占总菌株数的10%。用平板对峙法对分离得到的杜仲内生真菌进行抗植物病原真菌实验,发现有18个菌株对至少一种病原真菌具有明显的拮抗作用。通过比色法进行内生真菌产IAA(吲哚乙酸)定性实验,结果显示,有37株真菌具有产IAA能力,通过分光光度法对这37株真菌进行产IAA定量实验,发现有8株有较好的产IAA活性。     

中国种子植物内生真菌资源及菌植协同进化

综述了中国种子植物内生真菌资源研究概况,比较了裸子植物和被子植物内生真菌种类,它们都具有肉座菌目(Hypocreales),粪壳菌目(Sordariales),散囊菌目(Eurotiales),毛霉目(Mucorales)及不产孢类(Myceliasterilia)内生真菌。裸子植物内生真菌涉及52个属,既包括高等的子囊菌和担子菌,也包括低等的卵菌(Oomycetes)和接合菌(Zygomycetes)类。被子植物涉及60个属,主要为高等的子囊菌(Ascomycetes)和担子菌(Basidiomycetes),低等的卵菌和接合菌报道很少。双子叶植物涉及40个属,单子叶植物内生真菌涉及30个属,两类被子植物所报道的内生真菌只有11个属相同。裸子植物与双子叶植物内生真菌相似程度较高,都具有炭角菌目(Xylariales)、格孢腔菌目(Pleosporales)、柔膜菌目(Helotiales)和白粉菌目(Erysiphales),刺盘孢菌属(Colletotrichum)、拟茎点霉属(Phomopsis)、枝孢霉属(Cladosporium)、地霉属(Geotrichum)等内真菌,共20个属相同。各类种子植物具有自己独特的一些内生真菌。还对植物与其内生真菌的协同进化关系进行了分析。     

贵州西南部艾纳香内生真菌多样性研究

本文以研究不同地点、时期和组织部位的艾纳香内生真菌类群多样性及分布为目标,从艾纳香Blumea balsamifera根、茎和叶中分离得到内生真菌152株,经形态分类学和分子生物学鉴定分别归属于11个属,其中Fusarium、Aspergillus、Trichoderma和Curvularia为艾纳香内生真菌的优势种群。结果表明,叶片内生真菌类群丰富度和类群多样性最高;罗甸、望谟、册亨和贞丰艾纳香内生真菌的分布比较集中,其中罗甸内生真菌类群多样性和类群丰富度最高;7月份在内生真菌类群多样性和类群丰富度上表现突出;而12月份分离获得的内生真菌菌株数量较多;不同地点、不同时期内生真菌分布相似程度较高,茎、根与叶的相似程度差别较大。     

桃儿七和南山荷叶内生真菌的生物活性研究

通过研究桃儿七(Sinopodophyllum hexandrum)与南方山荷叶(Diphylleia sinensis)的内生真菌的生物活性,探讨内生真菌作为生物活性物质资源开发利用的价值。测定内生真菌发酵液的抗细菌、抗真菌、抗卤虫活性后,发现大多数菌株的发酵液都具有不同的生物活性。高活性菌株集中于镰孢霉属、柱孢属、木霉属、色串孢属。桃儿七内生真菌抗真菌活性较强,南方山荷叶内生真菌抗细菌和抗卤虫活性较强。桃儿七和南方山荷叶内生真菌是寻找有价值的活性成分的良好资源。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。