独特的绿色生命

植物园是人们认识和利用植物的桥梁,是人们深化认识植物的场所。活植物收集是植物园的核心部分,辰山植物园通过广泛搜集发掘野生植物资源,收集稀有、珍贵和濒危的植物种类,引进国内外观赏价值高的植物品种,经过科学配置,表现出植物的珍贵、奇特、美丽和高雅。上海辰山植物园设有26个专类植物园,展示植物种类达9000种(含品种)以上,种类涵盖珍稀植物、华东地区特有物种、栽培植物稀有种,以及在经济上和学术上有特殊意义的植物种类。     

河南珍稀濒危保护植物的资源学研究

河南省分布有40种国家重点珍稀保护植物和98种省级重点珍稀保护植物;依据药用、观赏、珍贵木材、芳香、油料、栲胶等利用价值将它们分类,阐述了各类的代表植物的利用价值;对河南珍稀保护植物的保护措施和开发利用提出建议。     

木兰属五种珍贵、稀有植物的生态特性分析

本文通过对黄山木兰、天目木兰、宝华玉兰、小花木兰和凹叶厚朴五种珍贵、稀有木兰属植物的野外调查、引种栽培、幼树生长特性的观测以及植物体元素组成和土壤性质的分析,初步总结了它们的地理分布、幼树生长规律、气候和土壤适应性及其生长过程中矿质元素的吸收和循环等。为保护和发展这几种珍贵、稀有植物提供了科学依据。     

鄂西南山地的珍贵稀有植物

在笔者野外调查和查阅文献的基础上,本文概略论述了鄂西南山地的古地理背景与保存珍贵、稀有植物的关系;初步报道了该区珍稀植物的种类;并简要分析了它们的分布特点和所属的区系。     

人工种子种皮的研究现状

近十年来,植物组织培养技术受到广泛重视并获得迅速发展。目前,这门新兴的技术已为农业、林业和园艺等的植物繁殖提供了一条新途径。特别是在园艺方面,某些珍贵植物品种已经通过组织培养方法实现了商业化生产并显示出良好的经济效益。     

植物园中的明星植物

<正>中国科学院植物研究所北京植物园(以下简称"植物园")以收集保存我国北方温带及其生态环境相似地区野生植物资源为主,重点进行珍稀濒危植物、特有植物、经济植物、观赏植物和环境修复植物等的引种收集和发掘利用研究。建园以来,尤其是改革开放以来,植物园对内对外交流日益广泛,收集了大量国外植物,如王莲、花旗松、北美乔松等,尤其是种植了多种珍贵的"国礼"植物。     

离体保存热带植物种质资源

重视植物种质资源的保护喜马拉雅造山运动,形成了西双版纳独特的古热带、亚热带气候环境,保存了大量珍贵的植物种质资源。这里被国家列为首批重点保护的植物种类有51种,占云南省濒危植物种类的 1/3以上;约占全国保护植物种类的 1/7。它们是远缘杂交、基因工程和作物改良的原始材料。由于无计划的     

热带珍贵树种——擎天树北移引种抗寒性调查

<正> 擎天树(Shorea chinensis)为国家二级珍稀濒危保护植物,主要分布于广西南部、云南南部和东南闻的北热带季雨林地带,在广西,生于海拔250—750米的石灰岩及带钙质的砂页岩山地,是我国典型的热带常绿高大稀有珍贵的龙脑香科植物。自五十和六十年代,我区林业和植物科学研究工作者先后在龙州、都安、巴马、那坡和大新、田阳等地发现了这一野生珍贵树种以来,不少地方都积极进行引种试验,但多局限于北热带季雨林地带内,在中亚热带常绿阔叶林地带引种试验还未见有报道。     

古植物撕片法的研究

古植物研究过程中所获得的各种器官,通常很难象现代植物那样完善。因此,需要对所获得的某些较有意义的材料尽可能完善地进行处理,以便使研究结果最大限度地接近客观实际。对各种大型的石化材料(如粗大的茎干或煤核)或珍贵的微小材料,为减少在切、磨制片时对材料的损失,可采用撕片法弥补制片时的困难和克服对珍贵材料的浪费。     

珍贵药用植物——绞股蓝

葫芦科植物绞股蓝(Gynostemma pentaphyllum)是一种很有发展前途的珍贵药用植物,近年来引起了国内外的广泛兴趣和重视。     

植物生长调节物质的研究进展

述评了近几年国内外在植物激素与植物体内信使的传递、植物激素与基因诱导和表达、植物生长物质的复合使用、新型植物生长物质的开发及植物激素对提高植物抗逆性的作用等方面的研究进展,并展望了植物生长物质的发展趋势。     

植物胚胎学在中国的发展

植物胚胎学在中国的发展大体可划分为 3个时期 :(1)初始时期 ,主要在裸子植物胚胎发育的观察和实验研究方面开展了一些工作。(2 )在 2 0世纪 5 0年代后的十几年是学科的建立时期。这期间培养了一些植物胚胎学的人才和开展了许多胚胎发育的描述性研究。 (3)近二十几年 ,随着国际上这一学科的发展 ,进入植物生殖生物学的发展时期。在这一时期中 ,以被子植物为对象开展了多方面的研究。第一 ,在结构与功能关系方面 ,研究小孢子发生过程中细胞质改组 ,雄配子体发育中营养核与生殖细胞的关系 ;雄性生殖单位与雌性生殖单位的结构 ,细胞质遗传的细胞学机理 ;生殖系统中的细胞骨架和传递细胞的结构与分布 ;胚珠中细胞衰退与其物质的迁移。第二 ,生理活动方面 ,研究钙在受精过程中的作用 ,ATP酶在胚珠物质运输中的参与 ,受精过程中与识别作用相关的柱头表膜和精细胞质膜蛋白的分离与组分的分析。第三 ,与育种相关的胚胎学研究 ,包括雄性不育性、无融合生殖及远缘杂交等。在以裸子植物为对象的研究中 ,首先是对许多我国特有的属种的胚胎发育作出详细的描述 ,以及为讨论系统位置提供胚胎学佐证。这方面的研究是独具特色的。其次 ,在受精作用和精细胞的光镜和电镜的研究也获得了突出的成果     

植物胚胎学在中国的发展

植物胚胎学在中国的发展大体可划分为3个时期: (1) 初始时期, 主要在裸子植物胚胎发育的观察和实验研究方面开展了一些工作. (2) 在20世纪50年代后的十几年是学科的建立时期.这期间培养了一些植物胚胎学的人才和开展了许多胚胎发育的描述性研究.(3)近二十几年,随着国际上这一学科的发展,进入植物生殖生物学的发展时期.在这一时期中,以被子植物为对象开展了多方面的研究.第一,在结构与功能关系方面,研究小孢子发生过程中细胞质改组,雄配子体发育中营养核与生殖细胞的关系;雄性生殖单位与雌性生殖单位的结构,细胞质遗传的细胞学机理;生殖系统中的细胞骨架和传递细胞的结构与分布;胚珠中细胞衰退与其物质的迁移.第二,生理活动方面,研究钙在受精过程中的作用,ATP酶在胚珠物质运输中的参与,受精过程中与识别作用相关的柱头表膜和精细胞质膜蛋白的分离与组分的分析.第三,与育种相关的胚胎学研究,包括雄性不育性、无融合生殖及远缘杂交等.在以裸子植物为对象的研究中,首先是对许多我国特有的属种的胚胎发育作出详细的描述,以及为讨论系统位置提供胚胎学佐证.这方面的研究是独具特色的.其次,在受精作用和精细胞的光镜和电镜的研究也获得了突出的成果.     

Review of ‘The Plant List,a working list of all plant species’

The Plant List ( http://www.theplantlist.org/ ) is an on‐line database of plant names that aims to be comprehensive for all described plant species. Version 1 of The Plant List includes 1 040 426 plant name records, of which 298 900 are accepted names. The Plant List is the product of a consortium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and the Missouri Botanical Garden. In this review, I evaluate the use of this plant taxonomic database for plant ecologists. The web interface of The Plant List allows a quick search for species names and corresponding synonyms. Moreover, users are able to download search or browse results to compile a customized checklist of plant names. The combination of a straightforward web design and the possibility to download search results provides a valuable resource of plant nomenclature information for a wide range of plant ecologists.     

药用植物灯盏花的研究进展

对药用植物灯盏花的特征特性、化学成分、药理作用及栽培技术,以及灯盏花的研究进展进行了综述,为进一步研究该植物提供参考．     

Host plant genus-level diversity is the best predictor of ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity in a Chinese subtropical forest

Microbial diversity is generally far higher than plant diversity, but the relationship between microbial diversity and plant diversity remains enigmatic. To shed light on this problem, we examined the diversity of a key guild of root-associated microbes, that is, ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi along a plant diversity gradient in a Chinese subtropical forest. The results indicated that EM fungal diversity was positively correlated with host plant diversity. Furthermore, this relationship was best predicted by host genus-level diversity, rather than species-level diversity or family-level diversity. The generality of this finding was extended beyond our study system through the analyses of 100 additional studies of EM fungal communities from tropical and temperate forests. Here as well, EM fungal lineage composition was significantly affected by EM plant diversity levels, and some EM fungal lineages were co-associated with some host plant genera. These results suggest a general diversity maintenance mechanism for host-specific microbes based on higher order host plant phylogenetic diversity.     

Crystal structure at 1.1 Angstroms resolution of an insect myrosinase from Brevicoryne brassicae shows its close relationship to beta-glucosidases

The aphid Brevicoryne brassicae is a specialist feeding on Brassicaceae plants. The insect has an intricate defence system involving a beta-D-thioglucosidase (myrosinase) that hydrolyses glucosinolates sequestered from the host plant into volatile isothiocyanates. These isothiocyanates act synergistically with the pheromone E-beta-farnesene to form an alarm system when the aphid is predated. In order to investigate the enzymatic characteristics of the aphid myrosinase and its three-dimensional structure, milligram amounts of pure recombinant aphid myrosinase were obtained from Echerichia coli. The recombinant enzyme had similar physiochemical properties to the native enzyme. The global structure is very similar to Sinapis alba myrosinase and plant beta-O-glucosidases. Aphid myrosinase has two catalytic glutamic acid residues positioned as in plant beta-O-glucosidases, and it is not obvious why this unusual enzyme hydrolyses glucosinolates, the common substrates of plant myrosinases which are normally not hydrolyzed by plant beta-O-glucosidases. The only residue specific for aphid myrosinase in proximity of the glycosidic linkage is Tyr180 which may have a catalytic role. The aglycon binding site differs strongly from plant myrosinase, whereas due to the presence of Trp424 in the glucose binding site, this part of the active site is more similar to plant beta-O-glucosidases, as plant myrosinases carry a phenylalanine residue at this position.     

A meta‐analysis of insect pest behavioral manipulation with plant volatiles

Many insect pests utilize plant volatiles for host location and untangling the mechanisms of this process can provide tools for pest management. Numerous experimental results have been published on the effect of plant volatiles on insect pests. We used a meta‐analysis to summarize this knowledge and to look for patterns. Our goal was to identify herbivore and plant traits that might explain the herbivores’ behavioral response to plant volatiles in field applications. We scored a total of 374 unique plant volatile‐insect herbivore interactions obtained from 34 published studies investigating 50 herbivore pest species. Attractants had a significant effect on insect herbivore abundance but repellents did not; this latter result could be a result of the comparatively small number of field studies that tested plant volatiles as repellents (3%). Females were significantly more attracted to plant volatile baits than males. The diet breadth of herbivores was independent of a behavioral response to plant volatiles, but more case studies show effects of volatiles on chewers, followed by wood‐borers and sap‐feeders. There are more demonstrations of attraction to plant volatiles in Lepidoptera than in Thysanoptera. The method of plant volatile application had a significant effect on herbivore abundance and increasing the number of chemicals in individual baits attracted more herbivores. The magnitude of the response of herbivores to plant volatiles in forest and agricultural habitats was similar. We explore consistent patterns and highlight areas needing research in using plant volatiles to manage insect pests.     

福建三明地区主要环保植物资源及其应用

本文讨论环境污染对植物伤害的症状、植物抗污性标准、环境监测植物的优点和选择指标。在此基础上,筛选出福建三明地区环保植物资源的种类,并推荐适用于当地不同环境特点和功能的环保植物。     

Mycorrhizal symbiosis increases the benefits of plant facilitative interactions

The diversity of pathways through which mycorrhizal fungi alter plant coexistence hinders the understanding of their effects on plant‐plant interactions. The outcome of plant facilitative interactions can be indirectly affected by mycorrhizal symbiosis, ultimately shaping biodiversity patterns. We tested whether mycorrhizal symbiosis enhances plant facilitative interactions and whether its effect is consistent across different methodological approaches and biological scenarios. We conducted a meta‐analysis of 215 cases (involving 21 nurse and 29 facilitated species), in which the performance of a facilitated plant species is measured in the presence or absence of mycorrhizal fungi. We show that mycorrhizal fungi significantly enhance plant facilitative interactions mainly through an increment in plant biomass (aboveground) and nutrient content, although their effects differ across biological contexts. In semiarid environments mycorrhizal symbiosis enhances plant facilitation, while its effect is non‐significant in temperate ecosystems. In addition, arbuscular but not ecto‐mycorrhizal (EMF) fungi significantly enhance plant facilitation, particularly increasing the P content of the plants more than EMF. Some knowledge gaps regarding the importance of this phenomenon have been detected in this meta‐analysis. The effect of mycorrhizal symbiosis on plant facilitation has rarely been assessed in other ecosystems different from semiarid and temperate forests, and rarely considering other fungal benefits provided to plants besides nutrients. Finally, we are still far from understanding the effects of the whole fungal community on plant‐plant interactions, and on plant species coexistence.