甘草黄酮类化合物对酪氨酸酶单酚酶的抑制

研究了甘草中四种黄酮类化合物甘草甙、异甘草素．葡萄糖芹菜甙、异甘草甙和甘草查耳酮甲对酪氨酸酶单酚酶活性的抑制。结果表明异甘草素-葡萄糖芹菜甙、异甘草甙和甘草查耳酮甲的IC50分别为0．072mM,,0．038mM,0.0258mM,它们都属于竞争性抑制剂,甘草甙没有抑制活性。研究表明,异甘草素．葡萄糖芹菜甙、异甘草甙和甘草查耳酮甲可以作为潜在的美白化妆品添加剂。     

细叶小檗果色素成分研究

细叶小檗(Berberis poiretii schneid)之红色浆果,经压榨得鲜果汁。采用醋酸铅沉淀,正丁醇提取的纯化方法,得到纯化色素。此色素在三种溶剂系统中纸层析,均显示两条不同红色谱带。酸水解后,甙元部分与标准品对照,在三种溶剂系统中进行纸层析,证明含有下面两个花青甙元:(1)天竺葵甙元(pelargonidin)、(2)矢车菊甙元(cyanidin)。纸层析制备后,在0.1％盐酸-乙醇中测定两个花青甙元的吸收光谱,最大吸收峰分别在532mm和547mm。配糖的测定用甲酸水解,与标准糖对照纸层析和薄层层析,证明配糖为葡萄糖和阿拉伯糖。色素经纸层析制备成两条谱带后,分别用高效薄层法直接水解,与标准糖对照层析,证明色素1配糖为葡萄糖,色素2配糖为葡萄糖和阿拉伯糖。     

用脉冲辐解法研究苯丙素甙及其类似物与羟自由基的反应

利用脉冲辐解技术研究了从民间中药中提取的一种苯丙素甙 :角胡麻甙C和 3种素似物 :红景天甙、6 氧 阿魏酰葡萄糖、6 氧 对羟基桂皮酰葡萄糖与羟自由基的反应 ,测得反应速率常数为 ( 1 .0 3～ 1 9.1 39)× 1 0 ⁹ L·mol^{- 1}·s^{- 1},说明上述苯丙素甙及其类似物是羟自由基的有效清除剂 .苯丙素甙及其类似物分子中酚羟基的数目与清除能力直接相关 ,即酚羟基数目越多 ,清除能力越强 .比较红景天甙、6 氧 阿魏酰葡萄糖和 6 氧 对羟基桂皮酰葡萄糖与羟自由基反应的速率常数 ,发现苯丙素甙分子中的苯乙基比苯丙烯酰基对清除羟自由基更为重要     

密蒙花皂甙丙的结构

密蒙花（ＢｕｄｄｌｅｊａｏｆｆｉｃｉｎａｌｉｓＭａｘｉｍ）具有抗炎作用（江苏新医学院编,１９７７）,民间用作染饭植物。继从密蒙花中分离鉴定了其色素成分藏红花甙（ｃｒｏｃｉｎ）和黄酮类成分芹菜甙元（ａｐｉｇｅｎｉｎ）、蒙花甙（ｌｉｎａｒｉｎ）及甘露醇（...     

金色补血草化学成分的研究

从金色补血草[Limonium aureum(L.)Hill ex Kuntze]中首次分得5种结晶,经鉴定分别为:(Ⅰ)高北美圣草素、(Ⅱ)柚皮素、(Ⅲ)北美圣草素、(Ⅳ)杨梅树皮素-з-O-β-D-葡萄糖甙、(Ⅴ)杨梅树皮素-з-O-β-D-半乳糖甙。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定杜仲中松脂醇二葡萄糖甙和丁香脂素二糖甙

采用高效液相色谱法建立同时测定杜仲中松脂醇二葡萄糖甙(PDG)和丁香脂素二糖甙(SDG)的方法。色谱条件为:色谱柱为VP-ODSC18柱(150mm×4.6mm,预柱10mm×4.6mm);流动相为甲醇∶水(v/v)=30∶70;流速1mL/min;柱温25℃;进样量10μL;检测波长227nm。松脂醇二葡萄糖甙在和丁香脂素二糖甙进样量分别在30.8~154.0μg/mL之间,SDG的进样量在26.4~88.0μg/mL之间时,线性关系良好;平均回收率分别为99.8%,98.6%。结果表明该方法快速、准确、简单,可用于杜仲中松脂醇二葡萄糖甙和丁香脂素二糖甙的定量测定。     

矮杨梅鲜叶的酚性化学成分

从云南产矮杨梅 (MyricananaCheval.)鲜叶中分离了 10个酚类化合物 ,通过波谱数据鉴定为 :杨梅素、杨梅素 3-O -α -L -阿拉吡喃糖甙、杨梅素 3-O - β -D -半乳糖甙、杨梅甙 (即杨梅素 3-O -α -L -鼠李糖甙 )、山奈酚 3-O - β -D -葡萄糖甙、 (- )表没食子儿茶素 3-O -没食子酸酯、 (- )表儿茶素 3-O -没食子酸酯、原飞燕草素B - 2、原飞燕草素B- 2 3′ -O -没食子酸酯和没食子酸。     

仙人掌红色素的研究

仙人掌红色素是从仙人掌科(Gactaceae)仙人掌属植物(Opuntia dillenii (Ker-Gawl.) Hawl)的成熟果实中提取的一种天然食用色素。在pH2—8范围内呈鲜艳的紫红色。色素的主要化学成份是甜菜花青素(betacyanines):甜菜甙(betanin)。本色素为水溶性色素,对光、热不稳定,抗坏血酸能提高色素的热稳定性。     

栀子的细胞培养研究

茜草科植物栀子(Gardenia jasminoides)是野生常绿灌木。栀子果实中含有京尼平甙。(?)栀子甙等环烯醚萜苷类及藏花素素类胡萝卜素系列的色素,其中藏花索用作黄色的天然食品色素已被开发利用。从栀子成熟果实中提出来的黄色素是一种安全无毒的天然色素,而且对真菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、双球菌等有抑制作用,因而栀子黄色素不仅广泛用于果汁、酒类等饮料中,而且在烹调菜肴、腌制酱菜中以及中西糕点中都成为人们所喜爱的一种天然食用色素,具有很大的开发利用价值,目前国际市场需要量急剧增加,仅仅靠从野生栀子的果实中     

栗柄金粉蕨的黄酮成分

从湖南省江华瑶族自治县产的栗柄金粉蕨（Ｏｎｙｃｈｉｕｍ ｌｕｃｉｄｕｍ）的地上部分分离得到４个黄酮化合物,经光谱鉴定为：木犀草素－７－葡粮甙（１）,３,７－二甲氧基槲皮黄素（２）,槲皮黄素－３－葡糖甙（３）和金粉蕨素（４）,均为首次从该植物中获得。     

Study of hybridization in four species of ground squirrels (spermophilus: Rodentia,Sciuridae) by molecular genetic methods

Four species of ground squirrel--yellow (Spermophilus fulvus), russet (S. major), small (S. pygmaeus), and spotted (S. suslicus)--occur in the Volga region. Between S. major and S. pigmaeus, S. major and S. fulvus, and S. major and S. suslicus, sporadic hybridization was reported. Using sequencing and restriction analysis, we have examined the mtDNA C region in 13 yellow, 60 russet, 61 small, 45 spotted ground squirrels, and 9 phenotypic hybrids between these species. It was shown that 43% of S. major individuals had "alien" mitotypes typical of S. fulvus and S. pygmaeus. Alien mitotypes occurred both within and outside sympatric zones. No alien mitotypes were found in 119 animals of the other three species, which suggests that only one parental species (S. major) predominantly participates in backcrosses. Phenotypic hybrids S. fulvus x S. major and S. major x S. pygmaeus) were reliably identified using RAPD-PCR of nuclear DNA. However, we could find no significant traces of hybridization in S. major with alien mitotypes. Analysis of p53 pseudogenes of S. major and S. fulvus that were for the first time described in the present study produced similar results: 59 out of 60 individuals of S. major (including S. major with S. fulvus mitotypes) had only the pseudogene variant specific for S. major. This situation is possible even at low hybridization frequencies (less than 1% according to field observations and 1.4 to 2.7% according to nuclear DNA analysis) if dispersal of S. major from the sympatric zones mainly involved animals that obtained alien mtDNA via backcrossing. The prevalence of animals with alien mitotypes in some S. major populations can be explained by the founder effect. Further studies based on large samples are required for clarifying the discrepancies between mitochondrial and nuclear DNA data.     

甘蓝型油菜芥酸含量的主基因＋多基因遗传

应用植物数量性状主基因＋多基因混合遗传模型对甘蓝型油菜无芥酸品种HSTC     

Comparison of the A2 gene locus in Leishmania donovani and Leishmania major and its control over cutaneous infection

In Old World Leishmania infections, Leishmania donovani is responsible for fatal visceral leishmaniasis, and L. major is responsible for non-fatal cutaneous leishmaniasis in humans. The genetic differences between these species which govern the pathology or site of infection are not known. We have therefore carried out detailed analysis of the A2 loci in L. major and L. donovani because A2 is expressed in L. donovani but not L. major, and A2 is required for survival in visceral organs by L. donovani. We demonstrate that although L. major contains A2 gene regulatory sequences, the multiple repeats that exist in L. donovani A2 protein coding regions are absent in L. major, and the remaining corresponding A2 sequences appear to represent non-expressed pseudogenes. It was possible to restore amastigote-specific A2 expression to L. major, confirming that A2 regulatory sequences remain functional in L. major. Although L. major is a cutaneous parasite in rodents and humans, restoring A2 expression to L. major inhibited its ability to establish a cutaneous infection in susceptible BALB/c or resistant C57BL6 mice, a phenotype typical of L. donovani. There was no detectable cellular immune response against L. major after cutaneous infection with A2-expressing L. major, suggesting that the lack of growth was not attributable to acquired host resistance but to an A2-mediated suppression of parasite survival in skin macrophages. These observations argue that the lack of A2 expression in L. major contributed to its divergence from L. donovani with respect to the pathology of infection.     

Resolution of an infection with Leishmania braziliensis confers complete protection to a subsequent challenge with Leishmania major in BALB/c mice

Both Leishmania major and L. braziliensis induce cutaneous leishmaniasis in BALB/c mice. Whereas BALB/c mice die of infection with L. major, they cure an infection with L. braziliensis. We report here that after curing an infection with L. braziliensis, BALB/c mice are resistant to challenge with L. major. When challenged with L. major, L. braziliensis pre-treated BALB/c mice mounted a delayed-type hypersensitivity response to L. major and produced high amounts of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) but low amounts of interleukin-4. The IFN-gamma produced by the L. braziliensis pre-infected mice was involved in the protection seen against L. major challenge since treating the mice with a neutralizing anti-IFN-gamma abrogated the protection. This suggests that cross-reactive antigen epitopes exist between L. braziliensis and L. major and that pre-infection with L. braziliensis primes BALB/c mice to epitopes on L. major that can elicit a protective Th1 response to the parasite.     

Leishmania tropica infection, in comparison to Leishmania major, induces lower delayed type hypersensitivity in BALB/c mice

Leishmania tropica and L. major are etiologic agents of human cutaneous leishmaniasis. Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) is an immunologic response that has been frequently used as a correlate for protection against or sensitization to leishmania antigen. In BALB/c mice, L. tropica infection results in non-ulcerating disease, whereas L. major infection results in destructive lesions. In order to clarify the immunologic mechanisms of these 2 different outcomes, we compared the ability of these 2 leishmania species in induction of DTH response in this murine model. BALB/c mice were infected with L. major or L. tropica, and disease evolution and DTH responses were determined. The results show that the primary L. major infection can exacerbate the secondary L. major infection and is associated with DTH response. Higher doses of the primary L. major infection result in more disease exacerbation of the secondary L. major infection as well as higher DTH response. L. tropica infection induces lower DTH responses than L. major. We have previously reported that the primary L. tropica infection induces partial protection against the secondary L. major infection in BALB/c mice. Induction of lower DTH response by L. tropica suggests that the protection induced against L. major by prior L. tropica infection may be due to suppression of DTH response.     

利用P1、P2和DH或RIL群体联合分离分析的拓展

QTL定位常报道主基因数多于3的情形.然而,利用基因型杂合的分离群体拓展3对主基因+多基因混合遗传模型非常困难,而DH或RIL群体是遗传分析的很好群体且拓展3对主基因+多基因模型相对容易些.在文献1～4的基础上,拓展利用亲本和DH或RIL群体的2对连锁主基因、2对连锁主基因+多基因、3对主基因和3对主基因+多基因4类遗传模型.通过大豆科丰1号×1138?2构成的RIL群体及其亲本研究了大豆开花期的遗传规律。 Abstract:More than three major genes controlling quantitative trait are often obtained in QTL mapping.However,it is very difficult to develop joint segregation analysis with three major genes but for DH or RIL population.There fore,an expansion of the inheritance model,such as linkage between two major genes,three major genes,three major genes plus polygenes,was developed in this paper.Finally,an example of the inheritance of flowering date of soybean for using P1,P2 and RIL populations derived from a cross between Keifeng 1 and Nannong 1138-2 was used to explain the procedures.     

Caste specialization in food storage in the dimorphic antColobopsis nipponicus (Wheeler)

Summary Food-storage abilities of both minor and major workers of the dimorphic antColobopsis nipponicus were examined to prove the hypothesis that major workers of this species have a trophic role in addition to a defensive one. Both worker subcastes accumulated water, that was supplied with water-soluble food, as well as fat, that probably originated from food given. However, the major workers accumulated much larger amounts of water and fat than did the minor workers. Difference in water accumulation increased as food supply increased. In spite of their difference in body weight, the residual amount of fat after starvation did not differ between the two subcastes. Although the amount of stored fat increased with colony size in both subcastes, the stored fat per dry weight of the major worker was significantly larger than that of the minor worker regardless of the colony size. When workers of a colony were starved, minor workers with a single major worker survived significantly longer than those without a major worker. In addition, about half the behavioral acts of major workers were regurgitation for minor workers. These results demonstrate that major workers ofC. nipponicus functioned as a trophic caste. On the basis of the results, quantitative relationships of storage abilities between the two worker subcastes are discussed.     

Macrophage interactions with neutrophils regulate Leishmania major infection

Macrophages are host cells for the pathogenic parasite Leishmania major. Neutrophils die and are ingested by macrophages in the tissues. We investigated the role of macrophage interactions with inflammatory neutrophils in control of L. major infection. Coculture of dead exudate neutrophils exacerbated parasite growth in infected macrophages from susceptible BALB, but killed intracellular L. major in resistant B6 mice. Coinjection of dead neutrophils amplified L. major replication in vivo in BALB, but prevented parasite growth in B6 mice. Neutrophil depletion reduced parasite load in infected BALB, but exacerbated infection in B6 mice. Exacerbated growth of L. major required PGE(2) and TGF-beta production by macrophages, while parasite killing depended on neutrophil elastase and TNF-alpha production. These results indicate that macrophage interactions with dead neutrophils play a previously unrecognized role in host responses to L. major infection.     

The surface wax composition of the exuviae and adults of Aleyrodes singularis

Long-chain aldehydes, alcohols, hydrocarbons and wax esters were major components of the external lipids of adult Aleyrodes singularis. In exuviae, acetate esters replaced the hydrocarbons as a major component. The major long-chain alcohol and aldehyde from adults were C32 and were essentially the exclusive components of the wax particles. The major alcohol from exuviae was C26 and the aldehydes were C26, C28, C30 and C32. The major acetate esters were C28 and C30 in both adults and exuviae. There were wax esters of similar carbon number in adults and exuviae although the exuviae had a greater amount of wax esters with unsaturated fatty acids. The fatty acid and alcohol composition of the wax esters differed markedly between adults and exuviae. Wax esters of adults had similar amounts of C16, C18, C20, C22 and C24 fatty acids while those from exuviae contained largely C16 and C18. The major alcohol in the wax esters of adults was C22 and those of exuviae were C26 and C28. The distribution of fatty acids and alcohols among wax esters of varying chain length also differed between adults and exuviae: in adults C22 was the major fatty acid found in the dominant wax ester, C44 and the C22 alcohol was the major alcohol and found in wax esters C42 and C44. In exuviae C16 and C18 were the major fatty acids found in most wax esters and a C28 alcohol was the major alcohol found in wax esters C44 and C46, the two dominant wax esters in exuviae. It was clear that the difference in chemistry of the wax esters between the adults and exuviae is not evident unless the acid and alcohol moieties are characterized.     

Standard bipolar surface EMG estimations mischaracterize pectoralis major activity in commonly performed tasks

The pectoralis major assists in several shoulder movements, such as humeral vertical and horizontal adduction, flexion, extension, and internal rotation. Despite its involvement in numerous functional activities, its role in typical shoulder function is ambiguous. Due to this, its purpose in arm movement is largely diminished. However, mounting evidence associates pectoralis major injuries to long-term debilitating arm disability. Therefore, a more deliberate investigation of its role in typical shoulder function is paramount. The purpose of this paper is to outline the current limitations in the acquisition and characterization of pectoralis major activation using standard bipolar surface electromyography. Macroscopic level analyses are used to investigate pectoralis major activation in eight tasks at low (15–25% of maximal voluntary effort (MVE) and moderate (50% MVE) efforts in healthy males. Virtually derived bipolar EMG amplitudes are quantified for the clavicular and the upper sternocostal regions based on the common locations used to acquire EMG signals from classic EMG. HD-sEMG amplitudes from three pectoralis major regions (i.e. clavicular, upper, and lower sternocostal) were compared to virtually derived bipolar EMG amplitudes (i.e. clavicular and upper sternocostal) to determine if current EMG methods misestimate pectoralis major activity. Current findings indicate that classic EMG recordings mischaracterize pectoralis major activation in several tasks and effort levels, highlighting the importance of acquiring signals from multiple pectoralis major regions.