蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)光合参数对水分胁迫的响应机理

针对当前植物光合机理模型中植物光合参数没有考虑干旱胁迫影响的不足,以东北地区蒙古栎为研究对象,基于蒙古栎对不同水分响应的植物生理生态模拟试验,探讨了蒙古栎光合参数对水分胁迫的定量响应.结果表明,水分胁迫严重影响蒙古栎叶片的光合参数.其最大净光合速率(Pmax)与土壤含水量呈抛物线关系(P<0.01),且在土壤体积含水量35.45%(相当于土壤质量含水量23.63%)接近田间持水量(27.4%)时达到最大值.蒙古栎幼苗叶片的最大羧化速率(Vcmax)、最大电子传递速率(Jmax)和磷酸丙糖利用率(TPU)均与土壤水分呈抛物线关系(P<0.01),即Vcmax、Jmax 、TPU对土壤水分具有相同的响应趋势,但各光合参数达到最大时的土壤水分阈值却不相同.同时,基于蒙古栎光合作用参数对水分变化响应的定量分析,建立了水热因子协同影响的植物光合参数模型,为最终建立适用于所有植物的水热因子协同影响的光合参数模型提供了依据与技术示范.     

水分胁迫对羊草光合产物分配及其气体交换特征的影响

 通过对典型草原优势植物种羊草(Leymus chinensis)的盆栽实验,模拟5个土壤水分梯度（分别为土壤持水量的75%～80%(对照)、60%～65%、50%～55%、35%～40%和25%～30% ）对羊草叶片相对含水量、光合速率、光合产物分配和种群CO2交换速率的影响。结果表明：随着土壤水分胁迫的增加,羊草叶片相对含水量呈先增加而后下降的单峰型变化,且在50%～55%处理下达到最大;叶片光合速率随着水分胁迫的增加而减小,且75%～80%、60%～65%、50%～55%的水分处理与35%～40%、25%～30%的水分处理的叶片光合速度日动态规律不同。羊草总生物量及根、鞘、叶生物量均随着水分胁迫的增加呈下降趋势。干旱促进早期羊草根的分配和根冠比增加, 但到后期却使它们降低, 表明羊草在受到较长期的持续干旱后通过增加根部的比重来提高抗旱性的能力逐渐降低。羊草根茎的生物量和分配随着土壤水分含量降低均呈现出先增加而后下降的趋势,羊草根茎的生物量在50%～55%处理下达最大（1.28 g·株-1）,而羊草根茎的分配在35%～40%处理下达最大（48.5%）。羊草种群CO2的净交换速率随着水分胁迫的增加而减小,其日交换量随着水分胁迫的增加而增加,且在60%～65%处理下达到最高,而后呈下降趋势,并在25%～30% 处理下为负值。研究结果表明,土壤持水量的40%可能是羊草对于水分变化响应的阈值。     

复水对旱后不同玉米品种植株生长恢复能力及其生理响应特性的影响

该研究选用2个抗旱能力相似但旱后恢复能力存在显著差异的玉米品种‘P3’和‘郑单958’为材料,采用盆栽称重控水法在苗期进行干旱及复水处理,通过测定其生长、水分状况、光合参数、叶绿素荧光参数以及叶绿素含量在干旱及复水过程中的变化规律,探讨干旱及复水过程中生理生化响应与旱后恢复能力的关系。结果发现:(1)抗旱性相同的2个玉米品种在干旱复水后的生长恢复能力表现为‘P3’显著强于‘郑单958’。(2)干旱胁迫后,‘郑单958’和‘P3’的叶片相对含水量差异不显著,但‘P3’能维持较高的叶水势、PSⅡ最大光化学效率和叶绿素含量。(3)经干旱胁迫复水后,‘P3’的净光合速率,PSⅡ最大光化学效率和气孔导度恢复速度快于‘郑单958’,说明‘P3’光合损失恢复能力高于‘郑单958’。研究表明,玉米品种‘P3’的旱后复水生长恢复能力较强,因‘P3’在干旱胁迫下能维持较高的Fv/Fm值和叶绿素含量,光系统的损伤较轻,而且复水后也能较快的恢复;在干旱过程中减轻干旱胁迫对植物光合系统的伤害是旱后复水快速恢复生长的基础,而在复水后快速修复光系统损失能够加快植物复水的恢复速度。     

不同生育期玉米叶片光合特性及水分利用效率对水分胁迫的响应

利用大型移动防雨棚开展了玉米水分胁迫及复水试验,通过分析玉米叶片光合数据,揭示了不同生育期水分胁迫及复水对玉米光合特性及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:水分胁迫导致玉米叶片整体光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度下降以及光合速率日变化的峰值提前;水分胁迫后的玉米叶片蒸腾速率、光合速率和气孔导度为适应干旱缺水均较对照显著下降,从而提高了水分利用效率,缩小了与水分充足条件下玉米叶片的水分利用效率差值;在中度和重度水分胁迫条件下,玉米叶片的水分利用效率降幅低于光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度的降幅, 有时甚至高于正常供水条件下的水分利用效率;适度的水分胁迫能提高玉米叶片的水分利用效率,从而增强叶片对水分的利用能力,抵御干旱的逆境;水分亏缺对玉米光合速率、蒸腾速率及水分利用效率的影响具有较明显滞后效应,干旱后复水,光合作用受抑制仍然持续;水分胁迫时间越长、胁迫程度越重,叶片的光合作用越呈不可逆性;拔节-吐丝期水分胁迫对玉米叶片光合作用的逆制比三叶-拔节期更难恢复。     

土壤水分与短期遮光对棉花光合及其气孔响应的影响

以陆地棉（Ｇｏｓｓｙｐｉｕｍ ｈｉｒｓｕｔｕｍ Ｌ．Ｚｈｏｎｇｍａｉｎ,Ｎｏ２３）为供试材料,探讨了在充分供水－水分胁迫－复水的处理过程中,短期不同遮光水平对棉花光合特性及其气孔响应的影响。结果表明,在水分处理过程中,所有不同遮光水平的棉花叶片对短期遮光具有相似的基本响应规律;短期遮光使净光合速率迅速降低,气孔导度减少,但减少速率缓慢;遮阳网去掉后,叶片气 重新开放速率和光合恢复被延迟,水分胁迫期     

生长光强对六个橡胶树品种幼苗光合特性的影响

研究了6个橡胶树品种幼苗(适应1年后)在不同生长光强(100%、50%、25%和5%自然光)下的叶片光合系统对光强和CO2浓度的响应特性。结果表明,6个橡胶树品种对不同的光环境均表现出较强的适应性。在不同生长光强下,橡胶树幼苗叶片的最大光合速率(Pmax)、光补偿点(LCP)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)、磷酸丙糖利用速率(TPU)、最大羧化速率(Vcmax)和最大电子传递速率(Jmax)以及叶绿素含量(Chl)均有显著差异(P<0.05),而光饱和点(LSP)和AQY(表观量子效率)则无显著差异。相同生长光强下,6个橡胶树品种间叶片的最大光合速率(Pmax)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)、磷酸丙糖利用速率(TPU)、最大电子传递速率(Jmax)和叶绿素含量(Chl)有显著差异(P<0.05),其光补偿点(LCP)、最大羧化速率(Vcmax)和表观量子效率(AQY)则无显著差异。综合比较各参数,RRIM600、云研77-4和PR107适宜于相对光强为100%~50%的植胶环境,而云研77-2、GT1和热研523适宜于相对光强为50%~25%的植胶环境。     

土壤干旱胁迫对黄栌叶片光合作用的影响

采用CIRAS-2型便携式光合作用系统,设置充足供水、轻度、中度和重度胁迫4种土壤水分处理,研究土壤干旱和强光胁迫对3年生黄栌苗木叶片光合作用的影响.结果表明:土壤干旱胁迫对黄栌叶片的光合性能参数影响显著,随着土壤水分胁迫的加剧,黄栌叶片的光合速率、蒸腾速率和光量子效率明显降低,光补偿点增高,水分利用效率在轻度水分胁迫(土壤相对含水量60%～65%)下最高;在强光(有效辐射强度1000～1800μmol.m-2.s-1)范围内,叶片光合速率和水分利用效率均较高,而对弱光的光能吸收和光量子效率较低,并随土壤水分胁迫加剧明显下降.     

羊草叶片气体交换参数对温度和土壤水分的响应

 采用生长箱控制的方法研究了羊草(Leymus chinensis)幼苗叶片光合参数对5个温度和5个水分梯度的响应和适应。结果表明：轻度、中度土壤干旱并没有限制羊草叶片的生长,对气体交换参数亦无显著影响,反映了羊草幼苗对土壤水分胁迫的较高耐性。叶片生物量以26 ℃时最大,其它依次为23 ℃、20 ℃、29 ℃和32 ℃。温度升高使气孔导度和蒸腾速率增加, 却使光合速率和水分利用效率降低。水分和温度对叶片生物量、光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率存在显著的交互作用,表明高温加强了干旱对叶片生长和气体交换的影响, 降低了羊草对土壤干旱的适应能力。高温和干旱的交互作用将显著减少我国半干旱地区草原的羊草生产力。     

阶段性干旱及复水对小麦光合特性和产量的影响

在田间人工遮雨条件下,研究了持续、缓慢的干旱胁迫及复水对小麦旗叶光合特性及产量的影响.结果表明:返青至成熟期充分供水(S0)的小麦旗叶叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光参数、光合参数和产量较高;返青至成熟期(S3)或开花至成熟期(S2)遭受干旱胁迫的小麦上述光合特征参数与产量显著下降;开花至成熟期复水(S1)的小麦其上述光合参数与S0相比表现出超补偿效应,但产量略低于S0;S1、S2与S3水分利用效率分别为S0的143.2％、86.5％和97.3％;由此得出0～ 40 cm土层平均土壤相对含水量在返青至开花期保持在55％±5％,开花至灌浆期保持在70％±5％,可在获取一定产量的同时高效节水;由于水分和密度在产量表现上存在互作,得出0 ～ 40 cm土层平均土壤相对含水量在返青至开花期保持在55％ ±5％,开花至灌浆期保持在70％ ±5％,并采取675株·m-2的密度是该地区最佳的水分密度组合.     

不同光强下焕镛木和观光木的光合参数变化

 生长在全日光强下的焕镛木(Woonyoungia septentrionalis)和观光木(Tsoongiodendron lotungensis)幼树叶片的最大光合速率、表观量子产率和光能转换效率均较生长在40%和20%日光强的高。当生长光强从全日光强降低至40%日光强时,焕镛木的表观量子产率和光能转换效率分别降低13.1%和6.3%,而观光木则相应分别降低23.8%和33.4%。生长光强降低至40%日光强时,焕镛木的Rubisco最大羧化速率(Vcmax)未见变化;而最大电子传递速率（Jmax）则降低14.1%,表明Jmax对光强降低的响应较Vcmax敏感。当生长光强从全日光强降低到40%和20%日光强时,观光木的Vcmax分别降低7.7%和31.7%,而Jmax则分别降低9.7%和42%。光强从全日光强降低至40%日光强,焕镛木叶氮在Rubisco和捕光叶绿素蛋白复合体中的分配系数没有明显改变,而叶氮在生物力能学组分中的分配系数降低则较为明显（20.4%）,表明生长光强降低对叶氮在光合电子传递链组分分配的影响较在Rubisco的大。结果表明,焕镛木表现阳生树种特性,在迁地保育中宜选择向阳小生境种植,而观光木较耐荫,可种植在较遮荫的环境。     

Effect of fruit load and girdling on leaf photosynthesis in Mangifera indica L

Leaf nitrogen concentration (Nm), mass-to-area ratio, amount of nitrogen per unit leaf area (Na), non-structural carbohydrate concentration (TNCa), maximal rate of carboxylation (Vcmax), light-saturated rate of photosynthetic electron transport (Jmax), dark respiration (Rd), net photosynthetic assimilation (Anet), quantum yield of photosystem II (PhiPSII), and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) were measured in Mangifera indica L. leaves on three types of fruit-bearing branches (non-girdled, NG; girdled with high (HFL) and low (LFL) fruit load), experiencing similar light exposure. TNCa, Vcmax/Na, Jmax/Na, Rd/Na, Ci, and the initial quantum yield of photosynthetic electron transport (alpha) were similar in both HFL and NG treatments, but Nm, Na, and photosynthetic capacity parameters (Vcmax and Jmax) were lower in the HFL than in the NG treatment. The strong depressing effect of girdling on leaf nitrogen concentration cannot therefore be attributed to a change in TNCa. By contrast, Na and TNCa were lower and higher, respectively, in the LFL than in the HFL treatment, suggesting that carbohydrate content may become the driving force behind photosynthetic acclimation to changing source-sink relationships, like the ones resulting from the presence of developing fruits. Vcmax/Na and Jmax/Na were lower in the LFL than in the HFL treatment, while Rd/Na, Ci, and alpha were not affected by fruit load. It is concluded that girdling and high fruit load affect photosynthesis permanently by decreasing and increasing, respectively, leaf nitrogen concentration. Fruit load, moreover, may have an additional effect on photosynthetic capacity by affecting the relationship between Vcmax and Jmax, and Na.     

干旱和复水对大豆光合生理生态特性的影响

选用大豆作为实验材料,研究干旱和复水对大豆光合生理的影响,以期为大豆抗旱栽培和高效利用水分提供理论依据.通过研究发现,在土壤相对含水量高于47%时,处理组大豆凌晨叶片水势和对照组相比基本没有下降,但当土壤相对含水量低于47%时,处理组叶片水势急剧下降,表现为一定的阈值反应,存在明显的凌晨叶水势临界值.大豆开花前期叶片的凌晨叶水势阈值约为-1.02MPa,低于此临界值,叶片水势急剧下降,叶片净光合速率也明显降低.研究发现,在实验的第3天,处理组土壤相对含水量为47%,叶片水势与对照组相比下降了7%,蒸腾速率为对照组的67%,净光合速率为对照组的90%,水分利用效率比对照组高35%,这说明大豆的蒸腾比光合对干旱更敏感.因此,可利用这一结果采取适度干旱等措施达到节水增产的目的.复水后大豆叶片水分状况得到改善,大豆叶片的净光合速率和蒸腾速率都表现为接近于直线的上升,气孔导度的恢复也很快,这表明大豆存在着胁迫解除后快速生长的特征.但是,干旱对大豆的生长等生理过程是否存在滞后效应,滞后效应的大小等问题还需要进一步的研究.     

Responses of photosynthetic parameters of Quercus mongolica to soil moisture stresses

The effect of drought on plant photosynthetic parameters has not been quantitatively described in the models of plant photosynthetic mechanism, so the seedlings of Quercus mongolica from Northeast China were used to study the responses of the photosynthetic parameters to soil water stresses. The results showed that the relationship between the maximum net leaf photosynthetic rate (P_max) of Quercus mongolica and soil moisture could be expressed as a quadratic curve (P < 0.01), and P_max reached the maximum when soil volume moisture was close to 35.45% of the field water holding capacity. The maximum rate of carboxylation (V_cmax), the maximum potential rate of electron transport (J_max) and triose phosphate utilization (TPU) rate of Quercus mongolica also had quadratic relationships with soil water content (P < 0.01). Namely, V_cmax, J_max and TPU had similar response curves to soil water, but had different optimal soil water contents. Based on the temperature and responses of plant photosynthetic parameters to water, this function provides researchers with the parameters and methodology for understanding and simulating the responses of plant photosynthetic parameters to drought stress.     

Responses of photosynthetic parameters of Quercus mongolica to soil moisture stresses

The effect of drought on plant photosynthetic parameters has not been quantitatively described in the models of plant photosynthetic mechanism, so the seedlings of Quercus mongolica from Northeast China were used to study the responses of the photosynthetic parameters to soil water stresses. The results showed that the relationship between the maximum net leaf photosynthetic rate (P_max) of Quercus mongolica and soil moisture could be expressed as a quadratic curve (P < 0.01), and P_max reached the maximum when soil volume moisture was close to 35.45% of the field water holding capacity. The maximum rate of carboxylation (V_cmax), the maximum potential rate of electron transport (J_max) and triose phosphate utilization (TPU) rate of Quercus mongolica also had quadratic relationships with soil water content (P < 0.01). Namely, V_cmax, J_max and TPU had similar response curves to soil water, but had different optimal soil water contents. Based on the temperature and responses of plant photosynthetic parameters to water, this function provides researchers with the parameters and methodology for understanding and simulating the responses of plant photosynthetic parameters to drought stress.     

Effects of water stress and high nocturnal temperature on photosynthesis and nitrogen level of a perennial grass Leymus chinensis

Water deficit and high temperature are important environmental factors restricting plant growth and photosynthesis. The two stresses often occur simultaneously, but their interactions on photosynthesis and nitrogen level have been less studied. In the present experiment, we measured photosynthetic parameters, stomatal density, and nitrogen levels, as well as soluble sugar content of leaves of a perennial grass, Leymus chinensis, experiencing two day/night temperature regimes of 30/20 °C and 30/25 °C, and five different soil moisture contents (the soil relative-water content ranged from 80% to 25%). Leaf relative water content, leaf biomass, whole plant biomass, the ratio between the leaf biomass and total plant biomass, and the photosynthetic rate, as well as water-use efficiency decreased at high night temperature, especially under severe water stress conditions. Stomatal index was also increased by soil water stress except very severe water stress, and high nocturnal temperature decreased the leaf stomatal index under soil water stress. Nocturnal warming decreased nitrogen concentration in the leaves and increased it in the roots, particularly when plants were subjected to severe water stress. There were significant positive correlations between the photosynthetic rate and both soluble sugar concentration and nitrogen concentration at low nocturnal temperature. It is suggested that nocturnal warming significantly exacerbates the adverse effects of soil water stress, and their synergistic interactions might reduce the plant productivity and constrain its distribution in the region dominated by L. chinensis, based on predictions of global climate change.     

不同土壤水分条件对七叶一枝花光合特性及有效成分皂苷含量的影响

采用盆栽土壤水分胁迫试验方法,分析不同土壤水分含量（5．78％～21．32％）对珍稀濒危药用植物七叶一枝花（Parispolyphylla）光合特性和主要有效成分皂苷积累的影响,以期为人工栽培中水分的管理提供依据。结果表明,随着水分胁迫的加剧,叶绿素含量、最大净光合速率（Amax）和光饱和点（LSP）逐渐下降,而光补偿点（LCP）和暗呼吸速率（Rd）逐渐升高;根茎体内总皂苷含量则随土壤水分含量的降低先增加后降低,当土壤含水量为12．44％时皂苷含量最大（11．95％）。可见水分胁迫不利于七叶一枝花的光合作用,但适度水分胁迫可提高其皂苷含量。因此,人工栽培七叶一枝花时,前期需提供较充足水分以满足其营养生长,后期则可进行适当的水分胁迫,以提高皂苷含量。     

Effects of water stress on photosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism in vegetative and reproductive shoots of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Leymus chinensis</Emphasis>

In Leymus chinensis, mild water stress (soil moisture 60–65 % of field capacity) had no significant effects on nitrogen metabolism, photosynthesis, and chlorophyll fluorescence. Severe water stress (35–40 %) significantly decreased the activities of nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase, and glutamate dehydrogenase, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, maximal efficiency of photosystem 2 photochemistry (F_v/F_m), actual quantum yield, and photochemical quenching, but increased the endopeptidase activity and malondialdehyde contents. The adverse effects on photosynthesis and N metabolism were markedly greater in reproductive shoots than in vegetative shoots.