云南马铃薯地方彩色品种“剑川红”和“转心乌”的花色苷主成分分析

彩色马铃薯富含花色苷,是一种天然抗氧化食品.本研究采用高效液相色谱质谱联用技术以引进品种“黑美人”为对照分析了云南马铃薯地方特色品种“剑川红”和“转心乌”花色苷的主要成分.结果表明:“剑川红”色素主要为酰化天竺葵色素类花色苷,其主要成分为天竺葵素3-[ 6-O-( 4-O-E-p-香豆酰-O-α-吡喃鼠李糖苷)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷]-5-O-β-D-毗喃葡萄糖苷.“转心乌”和“黑美人”所含色素相似,主要为酰化矮牵牛色索、锦葵色素、芍药色素类衍生物,主要成分均为矮牵牛花色素3-[ 6-O-( 4-O-E-p-香豆酰-O-α-吡喃鼠李糖苷)-β-D-毗喃葡萄糖苷]-5-O-β-D-毗喃葡萄糖苷.     

香雪兰花瓣的花色苷组成

为研究不同品种香雪兰的花色苷组成、含量及与花色表型之间的关系,阐明香雪兰花色形成机理,该研究以不同花色的香雪兰(Freesia hybrida) 11个品种为材料,采用英国皇家园艺学会比色卡(RHSCC)和色差仪进行花色描述,利用特征颜色反应初步确定色素类型,通过pH示差法测定花瓣中总花色苷的含量,进而利用UPLC-Q-TOF-MS技术分析各品种花瓣中花色苷种类和相对含量。结果表明:11个所选品种涵盖香雪兰四大色系,即白色系、黄色系、红色系、蓝紫色系;所选品种都含有黄酮类化合物,不含或含有极低量的类胡萝卜素,除‘White River’‘Fragrant Sunburst’‘Gold River’‘Tweety’外,均含有花色苷;‘Red Passion’花瓣中总花色苷含量最高,最低是‘Lovely Lavender’,其含量仅为‘Red Passion’的24%;在香雪兰花瓣中共检测出10个花色苷组分,分别为飞燕草-二葡萄糖苷、矢车菊素-二葡萄糖苷、矮牵牛素-二葡萄糖苷、飞燕草素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、芍药素-二葡萄糖苷、锦葵素-二葡萄糖苷、矮牵牛素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、芍药素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、锦葵素-3-O-葡萄糖苷;红色系品种‘Red Passion’和‘上农红台阁’花瓣中主要成分为矢车菊素类化合物,蓝紫色系品种‘Pink Passion’‘Castor’‘上农淡雪青’和‘上农紫玫瑰’花瓣中主要成分为矮牵牛素类和锦葵素类化合物,‘Lovely Lavender’花瓣仅含飞燕草素类化合物。研究表明不同品种香雪兰花瓣颜色的呈现与花色苷种类有关,花瓣着色程度则与花瓣中花色苷总含量成正比。该研究结果为新品种培育、花色改良和育种工作提供理论依据。     

黑果枸杞中花色苷的提取与结构鉴定

采用紫外-可见光谱法并结合高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱对黑果枸杞中花色苷的组成及结构进行了鉴定。结果显示:(1)黑果枸杞花色苷在0.1%盐酸-甲醇溶液中呈紫红色表明花色苷中的主要成分可能是飞燕草色素、牵牛花色素、锦葵色素及其衍生物中的一种或几种;向提取溶液中加入5%Al Cl3甲醇溶液后无红移现象表明花色苷结构B环上无邻位酚羟基;A440nm/Aλmax比值小于20%表明该色素是3,5位均带有糖苷键的双取代花色苷;在304 nm处有一最大吸收峰表明该色素分子内含有酰基;色素水解后主要生成葡萄糖。由上述可初步推测出黑果枸杞色素中主要为酰基化的锦葵色素-3,5-二葡萄糖苷;(2)经紫外分光光度法、质谱和文献报道综合分析鉴定出黑果枸杞中含有8种花色苷,分别是:飞燕草素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、芍药素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、矮牵牛素-5-O-葡萄糖苷、矮牵牛素-3-O-(6-O-对香豆酰)芸香糖苷-5-O-葡萄糖苷、锦葵色素-3-O-(6-O-对香豆酰-3-O-乙酰)-5-O-二葡萄糖苷、飞燕草素-3-O-(6-O-乙酰)葡萄糖苷、锦葵色素-3-O-(6-O-对香豆酰)葡萄糖苷和锦葵色素-3,5-二葡萄糖苷,其含量依次为0.86%、1.17%、2.38%、11.79%、68.35%、0.63%、5.24%、9.58%。花色苷是黑果枸杞中重要的组成成分,该试验可为黑果枸杞的质量控制提供依据。     

丽格海棠花青素苷成分及分布对花色的影响

以红色、红心白边、粉红、玫红、黄色、黄心红边、浅粉和白色8种花色丽的格海棠花瓣为试验材料,采用目视测色法、RHSCC比色法和色差仪测定花瓣表型,通过组织切片法观察花瓣色素细胞的显微结构和分布特点,采用双光束紫外-可见光分光光度计和高效液相色谱-电喷雾离子化-质谱连用技术(HPLC-ESI-MS)测定分析花瓣中花青素苷的成分和含量,为探讨丽格海棠花色的呈色机理和花色育种提供参考。结果显示:(1)丽格海棠的明度L*随花瓣颜色变深而降低,红度a*则表现出相反趋势,红度(a*)和彩度(C*)值与明度(L*)呈显著负相关关系,且a*和C*是影响L*的主要因素。(2)红花品种花瓣色素主要分布于上表皮细胞和海绵组织中;红白花品种花瓣色素主要分布于上下表皮中,且下表皮积累量更多;粉色花和玫红花品种花瓣色素主要分布于上下表皮细胞;黄红花和粉白色花品种花瓣上表皮中含有少量色素,而黄花和白花品种花瓣几乎没有色素积累。各花色丽格海棠花瓣上表皮细胞均为圆锥形,且红花和红白花品种锥形化程度最高,它们花瓣下表皮细胞均呈扁平的长方形。(3)8个丽格海棠品种花瓣中共检测出15种花青素苷,其中10种为芍药素苷,3种为矢车菊素苷,1种为锦葵素苷,1种为飞燕草素苷,酰化花青素苷占多数;红花品种花瓣中总花青素苷含量最高,玫红花品种次之,黄花和白花品种中未检出;除粉红花品种外,其余含花青素苷的品种中芍药素苷含量最高,均占总花青素苷含量的50%以上,是花瓣的主要呈色物质。(4)丽格海棠花瓣中总花青素苷含量与其红度(a*)、彩度(C*)值呈正相关关系、与其L*值呈负相关关系。研究表明,花青素苷的积累有利于丽格海棠花瓣红色化,并影响其花瓣彩度(C*)及明度(L*);色素分布细胞数量和上表皮细胞锥形化明显影响花瓣呈色,且花瓣主要的呈色物质为芍药素苷,酰基化修饰可能影响其明度。     

外源咖啡酸和阿魏酸对黑莓汁中花色苷的辅色研究

为增强黑莓汁中花色苷的稳定,添加适量咖啡酸和阿魏酸到黑莓清汁中,采用可见吸收光谱和高效液相色谱-质谱研究其对黑莓花色苷的辅色作用。研究结果表明:黑莓汁中添加咖啡酸和阿魏酸显著增加了花色苷的最大吸收值(Aλmax),最大吸收波长(λmax)红移,说明咖啡酸和阿魏酸对黑莓汁中花色苷产生了辅色作用,辅色效应随时间的延长和咖啡酸、阿魏酸浓度的增加显著增强。HPLC-DAD-MS分析发现,咖啡酸辅色产生了两种新的花色苷衍生物(矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷-4-乙烯基儿茶酚和矢车菊-3-O-草酸酐酰葡萄糖苷-4-乙烯基儿茶酚),阿魏酸辅色产生了三种新的花色苷衍生物(矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷-4-乙烯基愈创木酚、矢车菊-3-O-草酸酐酰葡萄糖苷-4-乙烯基愈创木酚和矢车菊-3-O-阿拉伯糖苷-4-乙烯基愈创木酚),这些衍生物均为羟苯基-吡喃花色苷。     

理化因子导致梅花''南京红''花色色素的颜色变化

梅花是中国的候选国花之一。属于花色苷的梅花'南京红'花色色素用含1％浓盐酸(v／v)的甲醇提取,并呈现纯净的紫红色。体外试验表明:该色素在pH0-3范围内颜色稳定,因不同光质、热、氧化剂、还原剂、螯合剂而呈现无色、墨绿色或黄绿色,因不同金属离子、离子的不同浓度而呈现程度不同的红色、紫色、黑黄色、红中带黑或微蓝绿色,葡萄糖和低浓度苯甲酸钠几乎不影响其色泽,蔗糖使颜色变淡,柠檬酸却使其颜色变深。该文可为梅花红色花色的机理探索、梅花花色苷的分子结构鉴定、梅花红色花色色素的开发利用提供参考和前提。     

2个石榴品种果皮花色苷合成相关基因表达分析

以2个不同红色石榴品种‘红宝石’和‘墨石榴’为试验材料,采用荧光定量PCR方法,分析花色苷合成相关基因CHS、CHI、F3H、DFR、ANS、UFGT等6个基因在果实发育过程中的转录表达特性,同时分析基因表达量与果皮花色苷积累的关系。结果表明:(1)在整个果实发育期内‘墨石榴’花色苷含量明显高于‘红宝石’;随着果实的发育,‘红宝石’果皮中总花色苷含量不断增加,而‘墨石榴’中总花色苷含量初期很高,随后迅速下降,后期维持在较低水平。(2)‘红宝石’中CHS、CHI、F3H、DFR、UFGT等5个基因均在果实发育的早期和晚期出现2个表达高峰,而ANS基因的表达量在整个果实发育期内不断升高;在‘墨石榴’中CHS、CHI、F3H、DFR、ANS等5个基因的表达高峰均出现在早期,随着果实的发育表达量均呈下降变化趋势,但UFGT基因在中期时表达量最高。(3)‘红宝石’石榴的ANS基因表达量与总花色苷含量呈显著正相关,‘墨石榴’中CHS和ANS基因的表达水平与总花色苷含量显著相关。研究认为,花色苷合成相关基因的初期和末期表达差异是2个石榴品种着色差异的主要原因,ANS在‘红宝石’着色中起关键作用,CHS和ANS可能在‘墨石榴’花色苷积累中起重要作用。     

两个八仙花品种花色苷的提取、鉴定和理化稳定性

为优化八仙花花色苷提取条件，探究具有不同花色可调性的八仙花花色苷组分和理化稳定性差异，初步解释八仙花花色可调性存在差异的原因，该文以花色不可调的‘蒂亚娜(Tijana)’和花色可调的‘拉维布兰(Ravi Brent)’八仙花(Hydrangea macrophylla)为材料，通过L₉(3³)正交试验确定超声波法提取花色苷的最优条件，利用UPLC-Q-TOF-MS法进行花色苷组分的鉴定，分析离体条件下温度、光照、金属离子和糖类对八仙花花色苷理化稳定性的影响。结果表明：(1)花色苷提取的最优条件是‘蒂亚娜’和‘拉维布兰’的乙醇浓度分别为70%和80%,料液比均为1∶20,提取时间均为20 min。(2)二者的主要花色苷组分均为飞燕草素-3-O-葡萄糖苷。(3)八仙花花色苷在温度≤70℃暗处保存效果更好。(4)花色不可调的‘蒂亚娜’八仙花花色苷对光照、糖类和大多金属离子更稳定；只有花色可调的‘拉维布兰’八仙花花色苷加入中低浓度(10～30 mmol·L^-1)Al³⁺后由粉色变为蓝色且稳定性提高，而‘蒂亚...     

"彩色马铃薯"块茎花色苷分子结构研究进展

“彩色马铃薯”是指块茎的“皮”和／或“肉”为红、紫、蓝或橙色的马铃薯,其块茎“皮”和“肉”变化多端的着色模式源于花色苷的积累,块茎各种颜色在根本上由花色素决定。在“彩色马铃薯”块茎中已发现6种花色素,即矮牵牛色素、花葵素、锦葵色素、芍药色素、花青素和花翠素;不同颜色块茎所含的花色素种类不同,同一颜色块茎所含花色素种类也可能不同;紫色块茎所含的花色素种类最为多样化。“彩色马铃薯”块茎的各种花色素一般在C3位经过氧一糖苷键实现1个芸香糖基取代,在苷元的C5位,要么以氧．糖苷键实现单葡萄糖基取代,要么不发生取代。“彩色马铃薯”块茎花色苷常在花色素C3位二糖取代基上或在C5位的单糖取代基上进一步发生反式单酰基取代,实现酰基取代的酚酸多为对香豆酸,其次为阿魏酸和咖啡酸。“彩色马铃薯”块茎矮牵牛素、锦葵色素、花葵素和芍药色素的对香豆酸酰化衍生物的惯用名分别为“petanin”,“malvanin”,“pelanin”和“peonanin”。本文可以为“彩色马铃薯”块茎颜色呈现的机理探索及其花色苷的分子结构鉴定提供参考。     

梅花‘南京红须’、‘南京红’花色的呈现特征

梅花‘南京红须’、‘南京红’的花色主要存在着花发育阶段导致的时间变化,反映其花色受花发育控制。二者的花色都在蕾期最浓艳,在初花期略淡,在盛花期又稍浓,在末花期最淡,尽管花瓣在花开放时便开始衰老;在整个花发育时期,同一朵花不同层次花瓣的颜色浓淡均为：外层花瓣〉中层花瓣〉内层花瓣,即花瓣在花冠中的具体排列位置决定着该片花瓣的特定颜色深浅;但不同层次花瓣颜色的变化趋势不完全一致。同时,两个品种外层花瓣的总黄酮含量变化与外层花瓣的色度变化成正相关。而花朵在树冠的着生部位导致的花色差异极不显著,表明‘南京红须’、‘南京红’的花色的空间变化极微。本文可为梅花红色花色的机理探索和花色色素生物合成关键酶基因cDNA克隆中的花朵选择提供参考。     

A New Acylated Anthocyanin from the Red Flowers of Camellia hongkongensis and Characterization of Anthocyanins in the Section Camellia Species

Twelve anthocyanins (1-12) were isolated from the red flowers of Camellia hongkongensis Seem. by chromatography using open columns. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analyses, that is, proton-nuclear magnetic resonance, carbon 13-nuclear magnetic resonance, heteronuclear multiple quantum correlation, heteronuclear multiple bond correlation, high resolution electrospray ionization mass and ultraviolet visible spectroscopies. Out of these anthocyanins, a novel acylated anthocyanin, cyanidin 3-O-(6-O-(Z)-p-coumaroyl)-β-galactopyranoside (6), two known acylated anthocyanins, cyanidin 3-O-(6-O-(E)-p-coumaroyl)-β-galactopyranoside (7) and cyanidin 3-O-(6-O-(E)-caffeoyl)-β-galactopyranoside (8), and three known delphinidin glycosides (10-12) were for the first time isolated from the genus Camellia. Furthermore, pigment components in C. japonica L., C. chekiangoleosa Hu and C. semiserrata Chi were studied.The results indicated that the distribution of anthocyanins was differed among these species. Delphinidin glycoside was only detected in the flowers of C. hongkongensis, which is a special and important species in the section Camellia. Based on the characterization of anthocyanins in the section Camellia species, there is a close relationship among these species,and C. hongkongensis might be an important parent for creating new cultivars with bluish flower color.     

梅花"粉皮宫粉"花色色素的花青苷实质和花色的动态变化

特征颜色反应和紫外-可见光谱分析初步表明梅花"粉皮宫粉"的粉红色花色色素为花青素-3-糖苷.用分光光度法检测梅花"粉皮宫粉"不同花发育时期、在树冠不同着生部位花朵花瓣的相对花青苷含量,结果表明"粉皮宫粉" 的花色主要存在着花发育时期而导致的时间变化.花色在蕾期最浓艳,花瓣展开后便逐渐变淡;在整个花发育时期,同一朵花不同层次花瓣的颜色浓淡均为外层花瓣>中层花瓣>内层花瓣,且不同层次花瓣颜色的变化趋势几乎一致.虽然树冠下部单花的花色浓于上部的、树冠内层的浓于外层的,但花朵在树冠的着生部位导致的花色差异并不显著.花青苷除了导致"粉皮宫粉"的粉红花色外,还可能增强其花的抗寒性,为花的凌寒而开创造了条件.本文可为梅花的美学鉴赏、梅花红色花色的机理探索及其色素的分子结构鉴定提供参考.     

梅花‘南京红须’、‘南京红’花色的呈现特征(英文)

梅花‘南京红须’、‘南京红’的花色主要存在着花发育阶段导致的时间变化,反映其花色受花发育控制。二者的花色都在蕾期最浓艳,在初花期略淡,在盛花期又稍浓,在末花期最淡,尽管花瓣在花开放时便开始衰老;在整个花发育时期,同一朵花不同层次花瓣的颜色浓淡均为:外层花瓣>中层花瓣>内层花瓣,即花瓣在花冠中的具体排列位置决定着该片花瓣的特定颜色深浅;但不同层次花瓣颜色的变化趋势不完全一致。同时,两个品种外层花瓣的总黄酮含量变化与外层花瓣的色度变化成正相关。而花朵在树冠的着生部位导致的花色差异极不显著,表明‘南京红须’、‘南京红’的花色的空间变化极微。本文可为梅花红色花色的机理探索和花色色素生物合成关键酶基因cDNA克隆中的花朵选择提供参考。     

Relationship between the composition of flavonoids and flower colors variation in tropical water lily (Nymphaea) cultivars

Water lily, the member of the Nymphaeaceae family, is the symbol of Buddhism and Brahmanism in India. Despite its limited researches on flower color variations and formation mechanism, water lily has background of blue flowers and displays an exceptionally wide diversity of flower colors from purple, red, blue to yellow, in nature. In this study, 34 flavonoids were identified among 35 tropical cultivars by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with photodiode array detection (DAD) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Among them, four anthocyanins: delphinidin 3-O-rhamnosyl-5-O-galactoside (Dp3Rh5Ga), delphinidin 3-O-(2"-O-galloyl-6"-O-oxalyl-rhamnoside) (Dp3galloyl-oxalylRh), delphinidin 3-O-(6"-O-acetyl-β-glucopyranoside) (Dp3acetylG) and cyanidin 3- O-(2"-O-galloyl-galactopyranoside)-5-O-rhamnoside (Cy3galloylGa5Rh), one chalcone: chalcononaringenin 2'-O-galactoside (Chal2'Ga) and twelve flavonols: myricetin 7-O-rhamnosyl-(1 → 2)-rhamnoside (My7RhRh), quercetin 7-O-galactosyl-(1 → 2)-rhamnoside (Qu7GaRh), quercetin 7-O-galactoside (Qu7Ga), kaempferol 7-O-galactosyl-(1 → 2)-rhamnoside (Km7GaRh), myricetin 3-O-galactoside (My3Ga), kaempferol 7-O-galloylgalactosyl-(1 → 2)-rhamnoside (Km7galloylGaRh), myricetin 3-O-galloylrhamnoside (My3galloylRh), kaempferol 3-O-galactoside (Km3Ga), isorhamnetin 7-O-galactoside (Is7Ga), isorhamnetin 7-O-xyloside (Is7Xy), kaempferol 3-O-(3"-acetylrhamnoside) (Km3-3"acetylRh) and quercetin 3-O-acetylgalactoside (Qu3acetylGa) were identified in the petals of tropic water lily for the first time. Meanwhile a multivariate analysis was used to explore the relationship between pigments and flower color. By comparing, the cultivars which were detected delphinidin 3-galactoside (Dp3Ga) presented amaranth, and detected delphinidin 3'-galactoside (Dp3'Ga) presented blue. However, the derivatives of delphinidin and cyanidin were more complicated in red group. No anthocyanins were detected within white and yellow group. At the same time a possible flavonoid biosynthesis pathway of tropical water lily was presumed putatively. These studies will help to elucidate the evolution mechanism on the formation of flower colors and provide theoretical basis for outcross breeding and developing health care products from this plant.     

Triacylated cyanidin 3-(3X-glucosylsambubioside)-5-glucosides from the flowers of Malcolmia maritima

Three acylated cyanidin 3-(3(X)-glucosylsambubioside)-5-glucosides (1-3) and one non-acylated cyanidin 3-(3(X)-glucosylsambubioside)-5-glucoside (4) were isolated from the purple-violet or violet flowers and purple stems of Malcolmia maritima (L.) R. Br (the Cruciferae), and their structures were determined by chemical and spectroscopic methods. In the flowers of this plant, pigment 1 was determined to be cyanidin 3-O-[2-O-(2-O-(trans-sinapoyl)-3-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-beta-D-xylopyranosyl)-6-O-(trans-p-coumaroyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside]-5-O-[6-O-(malonyl)-(beta-D-glucopyranoside) as a major pigment, and a minor pigment 2 was determined to be the cis-p-coumaroyl isomer of pigment 1. In the stems, pigment 3 was determined to be cyanidin 3-O-[2-O-(2-O-(trans-sinapoyl)-3-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-beta-D-xylopyranosyl)-6-O-(trans-p-coumaroyl)-beta-d-glucopyranoside]-5-O-(beta-D-glucopyranoside) as a major anthocyanin, and also a non-acylated anthocyanin, cyanidin 3-O-[2-O-(3-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-beta-D-xylopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside]-5-O-(beta-D-glucopyranoside) was determined to be a minor pigment (pigment 4). In this study, it was established that the acylation-enzymes of malonic acid has important roles for the acylation of 5-glucose residues of these anthocyanins in the flower-tissues of M. maritima; however, the similar enzymatic reactions seemed to be inhibited or lacking in the stem-tissues.     

The blue anthocyanin pigments from the blue flowers of Heliophila coronopifolia L. (Brassicaceae)

Six acylated delphinidin glycosides (pigments 1-6) and one acylated kaempferol glycoside (pigment 9) were isolated from the blue flowers of cape stock (Heliophila coronopifolia) in Brassicaceae along with two known acylated cyanidin glycosides (pigments 7 and 8). Pigments 1-8, based on 3-sambubioside-5-glucosides of delphinidin and cyanidin, were acylated with hydroxycinnamic acids at 3-glycosyl residues of anthocyanidins. Using spectroscopic and chemical methods, the structures of pigments 1, 2, 5, and 6 were determined to be: delphinidin 3-O-[2-O-(β-xylopyranosyl)-6-O-(acyl)-β-glucopyranoside]-5-O-[6-O-(malonyl)-β-glucopyranoside], in which acyl moieties were, respectively, cis-p-coumaric acid for pigment 1, trans-caffeic acid for pigment 2, trans-p-coumaric acid for pigment 5 (a main pigment) and trans-ferulic acid for pigment 6, respectively. Moreover, the structure of pigments 3 and 4 were elucidated, respectively, as a demalonyl pigment 5 and a demalonyl pigment 6. Two known anthocyanins (pigments 7 and 8) were identified to be cyanidin 3-(6-p-coumaroyl-sambubioside)-5-(6-malonyl-glucoside) for pigment 7 and cyanidin 3-(6-feruloyl-sambubioside)-5-(6-malonyl-glucoside) for pigment 8 as minor anthocyanin pigments. A flavonol pigment (pigment 9) was isolated from its flowers and determined to be kaempferol 3-O-[6-O-(trans-feruloyl)-β-glucopyranoside]-7-O-cellobioside-4′-O-glucopyranoside as the main flavonol pigment.On the visible absorption spectral curve of the fresh blue petals of this plant and its petal pressed juice in the pH 5.0 buffer solution, three characteristic absorption maxima were observed at 546, 583 and 635 nm. However, the absorption curve of pigment 5 (a main anthocyanin in its flower) exhibited only one maximum at 569 nm in the pH 5.0 buffer solution, and violet color. The color of pigment 5 was observed to be very unstable in the pH 5.0 solution and soon decayed. In the pH 5.0 solution, the violet color of pigment 5 was restored as pure blue color by addition of pigment 9 (a main flavonol in this flower) like its fresh flower, and its blue solution exhibited the same three maxima at 546, 583 and 635 nm. On the other hand, the violet color of pigment 5 in the pH 5.0 buffer solution was not restored as pure blue color by addition of deacyl pigment 9 or rutin (a typical flower copigment). It is particularly interesting that, a blue anthocyanin-flavonol complex was extracted from the blue flowers of this plant with H₂O or 5% HOAc solution as a dark blue powder. This complex exhibited the same absorption maxima at 546, 583 and 635 nm in the pH 5.0 buffer solution. Analysis of FAB mass measurement established that this blue anthocyanin-flavonol complex was composed of one molecule each of pigment 5 and pigment 9, exhibiting a molecular ion [M+1] ⁺ at 2102 m/z (C₉₃H₁₀₅O₅₅ calc. 2101.542). However, this blue complex is extremely unstable in acid solution. It really dissociates into pigment 5 and pigment 9.     

Acylated cyanidin 3-sambubioside-5-glucosides from the purple-violet flowers of Matthiola longipetala subsp. bicornis (Sm) P. W. Ball. (Brassicaceae)

A novel acylated cyanidin 3-sambubioside-5-glucoside was isolated from the purple-violet flowers of Matthiola longipetala subsp. bicornis (Sm) P. W. Ball. (family: Brassicaceae), and determined to be cyanidin 3-O-[2-O-(2-O-(trans-feruloyl)-β-xylopyranosyl)-6-O-(trans-feruloyl)-β-glucopyranoside]-5-O-[6-O-(malonyl)-β-glucopyranoside] by chemical and spectroscopic methods. In addition, two known acylated cyanidin 3-sambubioside-5-glucosides, cyanidin 3-O-[2-O-(2-O-(trans-sinapoyl)-β-xylopyranosyl)-6-O-(trans-feruloyl)-β-glucopyranoside]-5-O-[6-O-(malonyl)-β-glucopyranoside] and cyanidin 3-O-[2-O-(β-xylopyranosyl)-6-O-(trans-feruloyl)-β-glucopyranoside]-5-O-[6-O-(malonyl)-β-glucopyranoside] were identified in the flowers.     

Anthocyanins acylated with gallic acid from chenille plant, Acalypha hispida

Three anthocyanins were isolated from the red flowers of chenille plant, Acalypha hispida Burm. (Euphorbiaceae) by a combination of chromatographic techniques. Their structures were elucidated mainly by homo- and heteronuclear nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and electrospray mass spectrometry, and supported with complete assignments of 13C NMR resonances. The novel pigment, cyanidin 3-O-(2"-galloyl-6"-O-alpha-rhamnopyranosyl-beta-galactopyranoside) (5%), contains the disaccharide robinoside. The other anthocyanins were identified as cyanidin 3-O-(2"-galloyl-beta-galactopyranoside) (85%), and cyanidin 3-O-beta-galactopyranoside (5%). Anthocyanins acylated with gallic acid have previously been identified in species from the families Nymphaeaceae and Aceraceae, and tentatively in Abrus precatorius (Leguminosae).