染色质免疫共沉淀实验方法

染色质免疫共沉淀(ChIP)技术是一种检测蛋白质与DNA结合的实验技术。该方法可以先进行样品交联, 然后将蛋白质与DNA复合物进行随机DNA切断, 再借助免疫学方法特异性富集与目的蛋白相结合的DNA片段, 从而检测转录因子等目的蛋白质与DNA的结合情况, 鉴定基因启动子或其它DNA结合位点。该方法同时也可应用于研究基因组特定位点的组蛋白修饰情况。该文介绍了依赖交联固定的常规免疫共沉淀(X-ChIP), 以及适用于10³细胞级别微量实验材料的基于微球菌核酸酶非交联免疫共沉淀(ULI-NChIP)具体操作过程和注意事项。     

染色质免疫共沉淀实验方法

染色质免疫共沉淀(ChIP)技术是一种检测蛋白质与DNA结合的实验技术。该方法可以先进行样品交联,然后将蛋白质与DNA复合物进行随机DNA切断,再借助免疫学方法特异性富集与目的蛋白相结合的DNA片段,从而检测转录因子等目的蛋白质与DNA的结合情况,鉴定基因启动子或其它DNA结合位点。该方法同时也可应用于研究基因组特定位点的组蛋白修饰情况。该文介绍了依赖交联固定的常规免疫共沉淀(X-ChIP),以及适用于10~3细胞级别微量实验材料的基于微球菌核酸酶非交联免疫共沉淀(ULI-NChIP)具体操作过程和注意事项。     

一种微小染色质免疫共沉淀方法的建立

染色质免疫共沉淀(chromatin immunoprecipitation assay,ChIP)是目前研究蛋白与DNA相互作用的强有力的技术之一.然而传统的ChIP实验方法的最大缺陷是要求大量的细胞数,这限制了它应用于少量细胞数的样品.在传统ChIP实验的基础上综合国外文献建立了一种能在少量细胞样品中进行的染色质免疫共沉淀实验,称之为微小染色质免疫共沉淀(miniChIP).并通过对诱导前后的MEL细胞中表达的β珠蛋白基因簇组蛋白H4乙酰化(acH4)的研究,证实了其可靠性和特异性.结果显示:高敏位点HS2和活跃基因β-maj的启动子区域存在一定的组蛋白H4乙酰化水平,DMSO诱导后显著增加,而不活跃基因Ey的启动子区域则检测到极低水平的组蛋白H4乙酰化,且诱导后无明显变化.     

下一代测序中ChIP-seq数据的处理与分析

将染色质免疫共沉淀技术(ChIP)与下一代高通量测序技术相结合的染色质免疫共沉淀测序(ChIP-seq),已成为功能基因组学、特别是基因表达调控领域研究的关键技术。ChIP-seq实验带来的海量数据向生物信息学研究人员提出了新的挑战。由于此领域数据处理技术的发展大大滞后于实验技术进步,有必要系统地介绍和回顾ChIP-seq数据处理的各个方面,以便更多研究人员进入此领域设计或改进相应的算法。文章结合实例详细介绍了ChIP-seq数据整个流程,并重点讨论了其中的主要问题和关键环节,为这一研究领域的科研人员提供一个快速而深入的认识。     

Alpha 1抗胰蛋白酶核基质附着区增强RNA聚合酶Ⅱ依赖的转录

核基质附着区是一种真核生物的DNA元件,能调控染色体结构和活性。为研究体内MAR相关的染色质准入和转录调控,我们从人基因组中克隆了Alpha 1抗胰蛋白酶核基质附着区（α1-AT MAR）并将其连入pEGFP-C1载体。分别以空载体和携带MAR的载体通过脂质体法转染人胚肾293细胞系。经G418筛选20天的细胞池用作实验分析。半定量RT-PCR及荧光显微镜观察显示此MAR能够增强临近基因的表达。进一步用染色质免疫共沉淀（ChIP）共定位CMV启动子和RNA聚合酶Ⅱ（RNAPⅡ）,PCR结果显示存在MAR元件时,更多的RNA聚合酶Ⅱ被富集到启动子区。ChIP方法可用于证实MAR介导的转录激活,在实时检测方面比RT-PCR提供了更多动力学信息。这项技术为我们进一步研究基因表达调控提供了技术平台。     

ChIP技术及其在基因组水平上分析DNA与蛋白质相互作用

染色质免疫沉淀(Chromatin immunoprecipitaion,ChIP)技术是分析细胞内生理状态下DNA结合蛋白与基因组DNA相互作用的技术。ChIP与高密度芯片(ChIP-chip)或高通量测序(ChIP-Seq)相结合能产生大量的研究数据,在细胞的基因表达调控网络研究中发挥重要作用。文章主要介绍ChIP、ChIP-chip和ChIP-Seq的技术特点以及发展趋势,重点讨论了ChIP-Seq数据分析方法及相关的应用实例。     

运用染色质免疫沉淀技术筛选出AP-2α的靶基因GALK1

在后基因组时代,DNA-蛋白质的相互作用是研究基因表达调控的一个重要领域.与其他方法相比,染色质免疫沉淀技术 (chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, ChIP ) 是一种近来研究体内 DNA 与蛋白质相互作用的最好方法之一.本研究利用 ChIP 克隆方法, 找出了 AP-2α所调控的新的下游靶基因 GALK1,并应用 Luciferase assay和 RT-PCR 实验进行了初步的验证.这一新发现,有利于我们进一步研究转录因子AP-2α的功能.     

去泛素化酶与基因表达调控

泛素化是常见的蛋白质翻译后修饰方式之一,其参与了生物体内细胞分裂与分化、生长发育、转录调节、损伤应激、免疫应答等多方面的生理活动.近年来,泛素研究领域的重要成员之一——去泛素化酶(deubiquitylating enzymes)被不断发现和报道.作为一类可以移除泛素的异肽酶类,去泛素化酶具有结构和功能的多样性.基因表达调控一直是分子遗传学的研究热点,系统整理和总结去泛素化酶与基因表达调控的关系具有重要意义.本文综述了去泛素化酶与基因表达调控的关系,包括去泛素化酶与染色质稳态维持、细胞周期调控和DNA损伤修复等三个方面,并对该领域未来的研究方向进行了预测和讨论.     

染色质免疫沉淀法筛选转录因子Nanog调控的目的基因

目的：利用染色质免疫沉淀法筛选转录因子Nanog调控的目的基因。方法：用甲醛固定胚胎干细胞,利用超声将其染色质随机断裂成0.5～1.0kb的染色质片段,通过免疫沉淀富集与Nanog结合的DNA片段,回复交联后分离纯化DNA片段,最终用凝胶迁移阻滞实验验证Nanog与DNA片段的结合。结果：我们发现fzr为Nanog调控的目的基因,并通过电泳迁移率变动分析证明了二者的结合。结论：Fzr在细胞周期调控中发挥重要作用,这为阐明Nanog的作用机理奠定基础。     

运用染色质免疫沉淀技术筛选AP-2α的靶基因

在后基因组时代,DNA-蛋白质的相互作用是研究基因表达调控的一个重要领域.染色质免疫沉淀技术(chromatin immunoprecipitation assay,简称CHIP)是目前唯一研究体内DNA与蛋白质相互作用的方法.对与ChIP有关的实验条件进行了优化,获得了较优的实验条件,并运用ChIP实验筛选出了转录因子activator protein-2 alpha (AP-2a)的未知靶基因,对于进一步研究AP-2a的功能和调控网络打下了基础.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.