东海浮游枝角类和涟虫类生态适应性

根据1997-2000年东海23°30′-33°00′N、118°30′-128°00′E海域4个季节海洋综合调查资料,以及2002-2003年长江口外海29°00′-32°00′N、122°00′-123°30′E海域4个季节资料,对浮游枝角类、涟虫类丰度和同步的表层温、盐度数据进行曲线拟合,构造数学模型,计算各物种分布的最适温度和盐度,分析其地理分布和生态特征,确定物种的生态类型。结果表明:鸟喙尖头溞(Penilia avirostris)、肥胖三角溞(Evadne tergestina)是亚热带近海种,具有广温广盐的生态特征;诺氏三角溞(Evadne nordmanni)、萨氏异涟虫(Heterocumasarst)和细长涟虫(Iphinoe tenera)是亚热带外海种,其中诺氏三角溞具有暖温种的特征,后两种涟虫(Bodotria ovalis)是典型的亚热带外海种;卵圆涟虫仅仅在长江口近海出现,是亚热带近海种。东海浮游枝角类大多数物种最适盐度偏低,尤其是鸟喙尖头溞和肥胖三角溞,它们的高丰度分布区是沿岸水团的标志。     

猪粪堆肥化处理过程中的氮素转变及腐熟度研究

经过63d堆肥化处理后,猪粪与木屑混合堆肥及猪粪,木屑与树叶混合堆肥的T－N分别从开始的1．57％和1．78％增加到2．0％和2．11％;水溶性NO3－N／水溶性T－N均从接近于0的水平增加到3％左右;水溶性有机N／水溶性T－N分别增加到70％和76％;水溶性NH4－N／水溶性T－N则分别从开始52％和61％下降至堆肥结束时的30％和24％。种子发芽系数的测定结果表明,加入树叶有利于猪粪的腐熟化,可使猪粪堆肥化处理所城的时间从42d缩短至35d。化学指标与种子发芽系数的相关分析结果表明,水溶性NH4－N／水溶性T－N,水溶性NO3－N／水溶性T－N和水溶性有机N／水溶性T－N均与种子发芽系数呈显著相关,可作为堆肥的腐熟度评价指标。     

畜禽粪便堆肥过程中各种氮化合物的动态变化及腐熟度评价指标

对不同畜禽粪便在堆肥过程中各种含氮化合物的动态变化进行了研究,结合综合性腐熟度评价指标——种子发芽指数（GI）,探讨了畜禽粪便堆肥过程中与氮有关的腐熟度评价指标.结果表明：随着堆肥的进行,除奶牛粪外,其它畜禽粪便的全氮（TN）含量均呈先下降而后平稳变化趋势,奶牛粪则呈先增加而后平稳变化趋势;各种畜禽粪便中,碱解性氮（HN）含量先增后降;NH₄⁺-N含量先下降而后保持平稳;NO₃^- -N含量则持续增加;NH₄⁺ -N/NO₃^- -N迅速降低.堆肥腐熟度指标中,除综合性评价指标GI值外,HN/TN和NH₄⁺ -N/TN也可作为评价畜禽粪便腐熟程度的优选指标,而NO₃^- -N/TN只能作为一般性评价指标.根据综合性评价指标GI值达到腐熟要求的标准（GI>0.50）,除仔猪粪外,其它畜禽粪便在HN/TN<20.77％、NH₄⁺ -N/TN<10.06％及NO₃^- -N/TN>0.38％时基本达到腐熟要求.     

生物垃圾堆肥的过程研究及腐熟度评价

目的：研究静态强制通风发酵工艺对合肥市农贸市场的生物废弃物进行好氧堆肥处理过程的物质变化和腐熟效果。方法：分析发酵过程中温度、含水率、挥发分含量、纤维素、半纤维素和木质素含量等物理指标和化学指标。结果：一次发酵中堆肥的温度在55℃以上的有3d,经过一次发酵和二次发酵,堆肥中挥发分含量由85.4%降低到51.2%。纤维素的含量由20.90%减少到15.48%,半纤维素的含量由7.20%减少到1.36%,,纤维素、半纤维素在二次发酵中降解率比一次发酵的小,木质素虽在一次发酵中基本没有降解。但在二次发酵中得到有效降解,木质素含量由8.30%减少到5.38%。堆肥后物料在70d堆肥后,基本上达到腐熟程度。结论：温度、含水率、挥发性物质、淀粉实验、生物可降解度实验等指标检测可以评价静态强制通风发酵工艺对合肥市农贸市场的生物废弃物进行好氧堆肥处理过程的物质变化和腐熟效果。     

畜禽粪便堆肥的理化腐熟指标及其红外光谱

选择新鲜的牛粪、猪粪和鸡粪为堆肥原料,通过室内模拟直接堆肥试验,研究堆肥过程理化参数变化、种子发芽指数以及腐熟物红外光谱特征.结果表明: 堆肥过程温度变化明显,牛粪出现一次堆肥高温阶段,鸡粪和猪粪各两次,堆肥温度超过50 ℃以上时间均大于10 d,温度可以最直观地表征堆肥的腐熟程度.堆肥过程中pH值变化幅度较大,其中猪粪的pH值从6.63上升至7.74,鸡粪从7.73上升至8.66,牛粪则先从7.86上升至8.36再下降至7.52;有机碳含量逐渐降低,牛粪、猪粪和鸡粪分别下降23.3%、28.2%和31.7%;堆肥过程中,牛粪、猪粪和鸡粪的铵态氮含量分别下降87.8%、73.6%和79.7%,硝态氮含量分别增加至堆肥前的56.81、6.49和4.85倍,铵态氮/硝态氮均下降至2以下.温度、pH值、有机碳含量和铵态氮/硝态氮能较好地反映3种粪便高温堆肥的腐熟程度,且与种子发芽率相关性较高(P≤0.05).红外光谱分析表明,在堆肥过程中,牛粪和猪粪的脂肪族、多糖类物质减少,芳香结构化增强,腐殖化程度增加;鸡粪则相反.在建立理化指标体系的同时,应兼顾物质结构的稳定性.     

有机物料腐熟剂中纤维素酶活力测定方法的验证

验证有机物料腐熟剂中纤维素酶活力测定方法,为本品活力测定方法的确定提供科学依据。通过DNS显色,对测定方法进行线性关系、准确度（加样回收率）、精密度、重复性等进行验证。此方法线性关系良好,R=0.999 0,平均加样回收率为98.29%,RSD%=0.513 3%（n=9）小于2%。精密度和重复性均符合要求。本测定方法稳定、可靠,可以作为有机物料腐熟剂中纤维素酶活力的测定方法。     

蚯蚓处理猪粪与秸秆的最适碳氮比及混合物腐熟度评价

以猪粪和水稻秸秆混合作饵料,通过90 d的室内培养试验,用平均体质量、日均质量增加倍数、日均产茧量和累计繁殖量等指标衡量4个处理（C/N 20、C/N 25、C/N 30和C/N 35）中蚯蚓的生长繁殖状况,并通过35 d的混合物（C/N 25、C/N 30和C/N 35）腐熟试验,采用pH、C/N和水溶性有机碳（DOC）3个指标综合评定混合物腐熟度.结果表明: 处理C/N 30的蚯蚓生长繁殖状况显著优于其他处理.35 d的混合物腐熟试验以21 d为拐点,pH和DOC均呈现先下降后上升的趋势,C/N则呈现持续下降趋势;但综合3个指标衡量,混合物至试验结束尚未完全腐熟.处理C/N 25在7～35 d时C/N＜20,表明C/N＜20不适宜作为衡量混合物腐熟与否的单一指标,应结合其他指标综合判定混合物的腐熟情况.     

采用本土蔬菜种子替代水堇评价污泥有机肥腐熟度

旨在筛选出对城市污泥毒性物质敏感、与国际通用的水堇种子相似、可用于评价处理后的城市污泥有机肥的植物毒性的本土植物种子。试验采用我国常见的5个科的17种蔬菜种子,检测了不同腐熟度的城市污泥堆肥以及经植物处理的城市污泥产品的种子发芽系数,同时以水堇(Lepidium sativum L.)种子发芽系数为标准作比较分析。结果表明,对于未腐熟的污泥堆肥,油青四九菜心(Brassica parachinensis Bailey)、青江白菜(Brassica campestris Pekinensis)、京丰一号甘蓝(Brassica oleracea L.)等种子对污泥植物毒性较敏感,与水堇种子较相似。对于植物处理后的污泥产品,青江白菜和京丰一号甘蓝与水堇种子又有明显差异,只有油青四九菜心与进口水堇种子对污泥腐熟度的响应未表现出明显差异。而且油青四九菜心种子发芽系数与水堇之间的直线相关系数R²达到0.7465,水堇种子发芽系数0.5时对应于的该菜心种子发芽系数为0.53,因此较适合代替目前广泛用于检测污泥有机肥腐熟度的进口水堇种子。     

八角下脚料、甘蔗滤泥、桐麸联合堆肥的腐熟度指标研究

测定八角下脚料与甘蔗滤泥、桐麸联合堆肥过程中温度、C/N比、种子发芽指数(GI)等腐熟度指标,研究各项指标在堆肥进程中的变化情况。结果表明:GI可作为八角下脚料与甘蔗滤泥、桐麸联合堆肥评价堆肥腐熟度的主要评价指标。在起始C/N比为31.45条件下进行八角提油下脚料、甘蔗滤泥、桐麸的联合高温好氧堆肥,堆制21 d和26 d时,三种腐熟度指标未全部显示堆肥腐熟;堆制31 d时,C/N比为18.55,T值为0.59(小于0.6),发芽指数GI为93.7%(大于80%)。从温度、发芽指数和C/N比三个指标均可认为堆肥已达到腐熟。     

奶牛粪好氧堆肥过程中不同含碳有机物的变化特征以及腐熟评价

对奶牛粪好氧堆肥过程中不同含碳有机物的变化特征以及腐熟程度进行了研究。根据腐熟指标(温度、种子发芽率、种子发芽指数、大肠杆菌以及蛔虫卵死亡率)的要求,奶牛粪经过堆肥后能够达到腐熟要求。堆肥过程中全碳、易氧化有机碳呈逐渐下降趋势,腐殖酸碳呈逐渐增加的趋势;微生物量碳和水溶性碳呈先增后降而后平稳的变化趋势;氧化稳定系数和H/F比(胡敏酸与富里酸比值)呈先降后增的变化趋势,而胡敏酸的E4/E6值(465和665nm处吸光系数比值)与氧化稳定系数和H/F比变化趋势相反。通过相关性分析发现,堆肥过程中易氧化有机碳和腐殖酸碳是影响全碳变化的主要因素;易氧化有机碳、腐殖酸碳、氧化稳定系数、H/F比、E4/E6值均能很好地表征奶牛粪堆肥的腐殖化和稳定化程度;微生物量碳和水溶性碳之间存在相互转化的关系。     

堆肥中木质素降解微生物对腐殖质形成的作用

堆肥化是处理有机固体废物的主要方法之一。但传统堆肥法存在历时长、肥效低等问题 ,因此加速腐殖化进程可提高堆肥效率和堆肥质量。综述了堆肥中降解木质素的微生物种类的腐殖质的组成 ,介绍了木质素降解与腐殖质形成的关系 ,最后阐述了堆肥中各木质素降解微生物对腐殖质形成的作用。     

Biofiltration of composting gases using different municipal solid waste-pruning residue composts: monitoring by using an electronic nose

The concentration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during the composting of kitchen waste and pruning residues, and the abatement of VOCs by different compost biofilters was studied. VOCs removal efficiencies greater than 90% were obtained using composts of municipal solid waste (MSW) or MSW-pruning residue as biofilter material. An electronic nose identified qualitative differences among the biofilter output gases at very low concentrations of VOCs. These differences were related to compost constituents, compost particle size (2-7 or 7-20 mm), and a combination of both factors. The total concentration of VOCs determined by a photoionization analyser and inferred from electronic nose data sets were correlated over an ample range of concentrations of VOCs, showing that these techniques could be specially adapted for the monitoring of these processes.     

Composting of animal manures and chemical criteria for compost maturity assessment. A review

New livestock production systems, based on intensification in large farms, produce huge amount of manures and slurries without enough agricultural land for their direct application as fertilisers. Composting is increasingly considered a good way for recycling the surplus of manure as a stabilised and sanitised end-product for agriculture, and much research work has been carried out in the last decade. However, high quality compost should be produced to overcome the cost of composting.     

辽西褐土施肥及养分循环再利用中长期试验Ⅲ.磷和氮在堆腐过程中的循环率及有机肥料中养分利用率

9年的试验结果表明 ,农产品中N、P经堆腐后损失率平均为 30 % .在丰产条件下 ,6 0 %的收获产品直接堆腐回田 ,可循环回田的养分量为N 5 5～ 70kg·hm-2 、P 9～ 11kg·hm-2 ,相当于这一系统中每年化肥N用量的 37%～ 4 7%和P肥用量的 36 %～ 4 4 % .有机肥料中N和P的表观利用率随施肥年限延长而有增长趋势 ,表明有残效叠加效应存在 .有机肥料中N和P的当季表观利用率 8年平均分别为 2 3%～5 0 %和 37%～ 6 5 % .通过此项研究可以证明 ,农业生态系统养分的循环再利用是保持土壤肥力 ,提高养分利用效率 ,减少化学肥料消费的重要措施 .     

Stability and maturity of a green waste and biowaste compost assessed on the basis of a molecular study using spectroscopy,thermal analysis,thermodesorption and thermochemolysis

The organic matter (OM) of a green waste and bio waste compost was characterised over 8 months and the observed evolution was correlated with physico-chemical parameters (temperature, pH, carbon content, C/N ratio). Thermochemolysis and thermodesorption were used to monitor bacterial activity (stability) whereas diffuse reflectance infrared fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and thermodifferential analysis (TDA) permitted to determine the degree of OM humification (maturity). DRIFT spectroscopy and TDA provide two indicators of maturity since, with these two techniques, the signals associated with the biodegradable organic matter decrease relatively to the signals associated with refractory organic matter. This increase in R_TG and R_IR ratios between aromatic to aliphatic signals constitutes a proof for OM complexification. It correlates with humic acids/fulvic acids ratio known to be a maturity index.     

Investigation of the microbial community structure and activity as indicators of compost stability and composting process evolution

In a bid to identify suitable microbial indicators of compost stability, the process evolution during windrow composting of poultry manure (PM), green waste (GW) and biowaste was studied. Treatments were monitored with regard to abiotic factors, respiration activity (determined using the SOUR test) and functional microflora. The composting process went through typical changes in temperature, moisture content and microbial properties, despite the inherent feedstock differences. Nitrobacter and pathogen indicators varied as a monotonous function of processing time. Some microbial groups have shown a potential to serve as fingerprints of the different process stages, but still they should be examined in context with respirometric tests and abiotic parameters. Respiration activity reflected well the process stage, verifying the value of respirometric tests to access compost stability. SOUR values below 1 mg O₂/g VS/h were achieved for the PM and the GW compost.     

An integrated mathematical model for co-composting of agricultural solid wastes with industrial wastewater

An integrated model for the composting process was developed. The structure of the model is such that it can be implemented in any mixture of different substrates, even in the case of co-composting of a solid waste with industrial wastewater. This paper presents a mathematical formulation of the physicochemical and biological principles that govern the composting process. The model of the co-composting ecosystem included mass transfer, heat transfer and biological processes. The biological processes included in the model were hydrolysis of particulate substrates, microbial growth and death. Two microbial populations (bacteria and fungi) were selected using Monod kinetics. Growth limiting functions of inhibitory factors, moisture and dissolved oxygen were added in the Monod kinetics. The bacteria were considered to utilise the easy biodegradable carbon hydrolysis product, fungi the difficult one, while both could degrade the carbon of wastewater. The mass balances of the most important nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorous, were also included in this approach. Model computer simulations provided results that fitted satisfactory the experimental data. Conclusively, the model could be a useful tool for the prediction of the co-composting process performance in the future and could be used to assist in the operation of co-composting plants.     

Bioremediation of PAHs-contaminated soil through composting: Influence of bioaugmentation and biostimulation on contaminant biodegradation

The degradation of several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil through composting was investigated. The selected PAHs included: fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene, and chrysene, with concentrations simulating a real creosote sample. The degradation of PAHs (initial concentration 1 g of total PAHs kg⁻¹ dry soil) was assessed applying bioaugmentation with the white-rot fungi Trametes versicolor and biostimulation using compost of the source-selected organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) and rabbit food as organic co-substrates. The process performance during 30 days of incubation was evaluated through different analyses including: dynamic respiration index (DRI), cumulative oxygen consumption during 5 days (AT₅), enzymatic activity, and fungal biomass. These analyses demonstrated that the introduced T. versicolor did not significantly enhance the degradation of PAHs. However, biostimulation was able to improve the PAHs degradation: 89% of the total PAHs were degraded by the end of the composting period (30 days) compared to the only 29.5% that was achieved by the soil indigenous microorganisms without any co-substrate (control, not amended). Indeed, the results showed that stable compost from the OFMSW has a greater potential to enhance the degradation of PAHs compared to non-stable co-substrates such as rabbit food.     

A modified static respiration assay and its relationship with an enzymatic test to assess compost stability and maturity

Despite the numerous compost stability and maturity tests, no universally accepted compost stability or maturity index exists. The fluorescein di-acetate (FDA) enzymatic assay, originating from soil studies, is examined here as a potential new compost stability test, and is compared to microbial respiration and phytotoxicity indices. Thirteen composts were used in the study from different source materials. Static microbial respiration activity indices calculated were the cumulative O₂ consumptions, O₂ consumption rates, total C-CO₂ production, the respiratory quotient and the bio C/N ratio. Compost phytotoxicity was quantified via a 7-day tomato seed germination assay. Results showed that the net fluorescein release rates correlated with all stability indices. The germination index marginally correlated with the fluorescein release rates, but not with any of the other stability indices. New limits to classify composts regarding their stability were proposed.